Final

Question 1

define muscular antagonism

Answer 1

occurs when two or more sets of muscles contract in opposing directions. creates a balance (or struggle) that helps control bodily movement in a coordinated fashion.

Question 2

name the 3 types of muscles found within the human body

Answer 2

cardiac and smooth (involuntary), skeletal (voluntary)

Question 3

describe cardiac muscle

Answer 3

involuntary, found only in the heart

Question 4

describe smooth muscle

Answer 4

involuntary, found primarily in the blood vessels (veins and arteries)

Question 5

describe skeletal muscle

Answer 5

voluntary, consists of striated fibers, under voluntary control through the nervous system; all muscles of phonation, respiration, and articulation are skeletal muscles.

Question 6

what types of muscles are skeletal muscles?

Answer 6

all muscles of phonation, respiration, and articulation are skeletal muscles.

Question 7

define voluntary muscles

Answer 7

muscles under our control through the nervous system, though not necessarily “direct control.” identify: phonation, respiration, articulation muscles.

Question 8

define involuntary muscles

Answer 8

muscles whose contraction cannot be consciously controlled. some degree of control is possible through indirect means. identify: cardiac and smooth (blood vessels).

Question 9

define total lung capacity

Answer 9

the maximum amount of air that the lungs can contain, 4-7 liters

Question 10

define vital capacity

Answer 10

the amount of air that can actually be expelled following a maximal inhalation, 3-5 liters

Question 11

define residual volume

Answer 11

the difference between the total lung capacity and vital capacity, the quantity of air that cannot be expelled from the lungs regardless of the expiratory force applied, 1-2 liters

Question 12

numbers for total lung capacity, vital capacity, and residual volume consecutively.

Answer 12

4-7 liters, 3-5 liters, 1-2 liters

Question 13

what are the inspiratory muscles?

Answer 13

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Question 14

define the diaphragm with 3 phrases (1)

Answer 14

1. the primary muscle of inspiration
2. a dome-shaped muscle
3. second largest muscle of the body

Question 15

what does the diaphragm bisect? (2)

Answer 15

it bisects the body, separating the contents of the thorax from the abdomen

Question 16

how does the diaphragm function? (3)

Answer 16

on contraction, the diaphragm lowers and flattens. it acts like the plunger of a syringe.

Question 17

what is the range of motion of the diaphragm? (4)

Answer 17

up to 6-7 centimeters

Question 18

what does the diaphragm NOT do? (5)

Answer 18

it does not force air out of the body to assist in expiration. it does perform its work / contraction during inhalation. it is generally passive during exhalation, making little or no contribution to breath pressure or air flow.

Question 19

what are the two unpaired muscles in the body? (6)

Answer 19

the diaphragm and procerus, all others are symmetrically paired

Question 20

completely describe and define the diaphragm. (7)

Answer 20

the primary muscle of inspiration, a dome shaped muscle, second largest muscle in the body. it bisects the body separating the contents of the thorax from the abdomen. on contraction, the diaphragm lowers and flattens. it acts like the plunger of a syringe. its range of motion is up to 6-7 centimeters. the diaphragm DOES NOT force air out of the body to assist in expiration. the diaphragm performs its work- its contraction- during inhalation. it is generally passive during exhalation, making little or no contribution to breath pressure or air flow. it is an unpaired muscles, one of two in the body.

Question 21

identify the 6 different sets of expiratory muscles.

Answer 21

internal intercostal muscles, and the 5 abdominals: external obliques, internal obliques, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, quadratus lumborum.

Question 22

identify 4 different breathing techniques.

Answer 22

clavicular, thoracic, abdominal, appoggio

Question 23

where does clavicular breathing occur?

Answer 23

upper chest. pronounced lifting of the shoulders, clavicles, and thorax. poor for singing.

Question 24

where does thoracic breathing occur?

Answer 24

lower chest

Question 25

what is another term for abdominal breathing?

Answer 25

belly breathing

Question 26

what is appoggio breathing?

Answer 26

a combination of thoracic and abdominal breathing

Question 27

define epiglottis.

Answer 27

a curved structure that arises from the closed point (tip of the "v") of the vocal folds. its purpose is to cover the airway during swallowing and direct food into the esophagus toward the stomach.

Question 28

what are the different layers of tissue which construct the vocal folds?

Answer 28

1. external layer or cover - "vocal fold mucosa" 2. body of the vocal folds - thyroarytenoid muscle 3. transitional layer that lies between the external "mucosa" and the internal thyroarytenoid muscle: in 3 layers: the superficial, intermediate, deep

Question 29

identify the 3 transitional layers of the vocal folds

Answer 29

superficial (outer layer), intermediate (middle layer), deep (inner layer)

Question 30

define mucosal wave

Answer 30

the surface of the vocal folds ripples in a wavelike motion

Question 31

identify the cycle of phonation (1-8)

Answer 31

1. the vocal folds are closed 2. air pressure increases beneath the closed glottis. 3. air pressure increases and begins to open the glottis (from bottom to top). 4. glottis continues to open and air begins to excape. 5. air velocity increases and pressure decreases (Bernouli Effect). 6. low air pressure results in glottic beginning to close. 7. glottis completes closure. (bottom to top) 8. cycle repeats once closure is complete.

Question 32

hyoid

Answer 32

a wishbone-shaped bone located in front of the neck, just below the jaw. the larynx "hangs" suspended from the Hyoid bone. Because the Hyoid bone has no joint connecting it to the skeleton, it enjoys a substantial freedom of movement, much like the patella or kneecaps.

Question 33

define laryngeal drift

Answer 33

as you swallow, the hyoid and larynx ascend a little; if you yawn they descend. because the larynx is attached to the hyoid, any movement of that bone is transferred to the larynx.

Question 34

what 5 cartilages form the basic laryngeal framework?

Answer 34

thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, epiglottis, trachea

Question 35

describe the thyroid cartilage.

Answer 35

it is shaped somewhat like a shield. it is the largest cartilage in the larynx. it forms a complete circle. it is basically on the "bottom" of the larynx where it attaches to the trachea.

Question 36

describe cricoid cartilage.

Answer 36

it is the second largest cartilage in the larynx. it forms a complete circle. it is basically on the "bottom" of the larynx where it attaches to the trachea.

Question 37

describe arytenoid cartilages.

Answer 37

these sit on top of the back of the cricoid cartilage. they are shaped like wilting pyramids that droop at the top toward the read of the larynx.

Question 38

describe the epiglottis. (as one of the basic laryngeal framework)

Answer 38

it is found at the top of the larynx. it is basically a "flap" or cartilage that serves to fold over during swallowing to direct anything we swallow into the esophagus (gullet-stomach) and prevent it from going down the trachea (lungs).

Question 39

describe the trachea.

Answer 39

also known as the windpipe. the trachea is composed of a series of cartilaginous rings held together and closed at the back by a membrane. this gives the gives the trachea great flexibility. resembles the flexible tubing that is used to vent clothes dryers.

Question 40

define adduction

Answer 40

the drawing together of the vocal folds to close the glottis. must occur to initiate and sustain phonation.

Question 41

define abduction.

Answer 41

to cease phonation and allow for inhalation, the vocal folds must be drawn apart, opening the glottis. the pulling apart of the vocal folds to open the glottis.

Question 42

where do the intrinsic laryngeal muscles exist?

Answer 42

these reside within the larynx itself and directly interact with the vocal folds or epiglottis

Question 43

describe the extrinsic laryngeal muscles.

Answer 43

these connect to the larynx (often through the hyoid bone) and serve to position it in the vertical plane, raising and lowering it for swallowing and articulation.

Question 44

define onset

Answer 44

the initiation of vocal tone which requires two actions: 1. the vocal folds must be adducted 2. breath pressure must be increased to the point pulmonary pressure exceeds phonatory threshold pressure

Question 45

define phonatory threshold pressure (PTP)

Answer 45

the pressure required to overcome the resistance of glottal adduction and initiate vocal fold oscillation

Question 46

define glottal onset

Answer 46

the glottis is squeezed tightly shut by the adductor muscles, after which pressure is increased below the glottis until breath explodes out between the vocal folds. occurs when strong adduction precedes breath energy.

Question 47

define aspirate onset

Answer 47

essentially the opposite of a glottal onset. also called a breathy onset, the order of adduction and breath flow is reversed. breath flow is started first, and the vocal folds are slowly adducted into the moving air until the Bernoulli Effect takes over and oscillation begins. Often is accompanied by an audible "h" sound.

Question 48

define balanced onset

Answer 48

the result of adduction and airflow beginning at essentially the same moment. singers can practice a balanced onset using exercises that require gentle re-articulation of repeated notes.

Question 49

what is the ideal laryngeal position?

Answer 49

the ideal laryngeal position is not high, and not low, but neutral. regardless of where the larynx is positioned, it must not be held rigidly in place.

Question 50

define tracheal pull

Answer 50

on inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, descending 3-5 centimeters into the abdomen. there is a general downward motion of the lungs as they fall more deeply into the thoracic cavity. since the lungs are attached to the trachea, it is pulled downward as well. the trachea is connected to the larynx and therefore gently "pulls" it downward slightly.

Question 51

strategies for maintaining proper vocal health

Answer 51

``` speak well sing well moderation hydration rest use good hygiene avoid unnecessary drug use stay physically fit don't sing if you are ill ```

Question 52

describe the strategies for maintaining proper vocal health

Answer 52

good speaking habits are very important for maintaining vocal health. use healthy singing technique at all times. limit the number of hours of voice use (a combination of singing and speaking). the vocal folds require adequate hydration for normal function. the voice is naturally resilient, but requires adequate rest for recovery. sleep. wash you hands! avoid antihistamines, decongestants, aspirin, ibuprofen, alcohol, tobacco, marijuana. commit to regular exercise.

Question 53

define laryngitis

Answer 53

a medical term that indicates laryngeal inflammation; a common symptom of allergies such as hay fever, adverse drug reactions, alcohol/tobacco use, overuse of the vocal instrument, dehydration, or GERD

Question 54

define inflammation

Answer 54

a vascular event that results in swelling*. | *this is different from the swelling caused by edema.

Question 55

define edema

Answer 55

a non-vascular event of swelling resulting from the accumulation of excess fluid

Question 56

define GERD

Answer 56

gastro-esophageal reflux disease. a medical condition in which acid from the stomach retrogrades / backs-up into the esophagus through the hiatal sphincter. in some cases, the acid spills over from the esophagus to the larynx, causing irritation of the laryngeal tissues and the vocal folds themselves.

Question 57

what are the 4 varieties of laryngitis?

Answer 57

acute subacute chronic recurrent

Question 58

describe acute laryngitis

Answer 58

lasting a short duration - usually only hours or days, usually resulting from voice use or viral illness

Question 59

describe subacute laryngitis

Answer 59

of non-specific origin with mild to moderate voice impairment that does not progress to the complete aphonia (no voice at all).

Question 60

describe chronic laryngitis

Answer 60

long-lasting inflammation that can result in permanent changes to the vocal instrument. generally caused by an irritant. found in extreme vocal abusers, heavy smokers or drinkers, and those with GERD.

Question 61

describe recurrent laryngitis

Answer 61

it repeatedly comes and goes

Question 62

what is available laryngitis treatment?

Answer 62

for most cases or moderate to severe laryngitis, the treatment of first choice is voice rest accompanied by thorough hydration. if your voice is hoarse and you suspect, you have some degree of laryngitis, do not sing and do NOT go to the practice room to "pound your voice back into shape." TLDR; rest and hydration

Question 63

describe vocal fold hemmorhage

Answer 63

a rupture of one or more blood vessels within the vocal folds. hemorrhages are generally caused by trauma or extreme overuse.

Question 64

describe / elaborate on vocal nodules

Answer 64

callous-like lesions located along the vibrating margin of the vocal folds. they impair normal phonation by creating a physical obstacle between the vocal folds and by damping mucosal wave formation. nodules almost always occur bilaterally (one on each fold) near the middle of the vibrating portion of the fold. vocal nodules are almost exclusively a problem for women. caused by misuse, overuse, or abuse of the voice.

Question 65

what problems do vocal nodules cause within the voice

Answer 65

they impair normal phonation by creating a physical obstacle between the vocal folds and by damping mucosal wave formation.

Question 66

define misuse

Answer 66

unintentional abuse of the voice that might occur in someone with improper speaking or singing technique. the individual potentially has not received instruction that would lead to more healthy voice production.

Question 67

define overuse

Answer 67

too much of something that is otherwise acceptable

Question 68

define abuse

Answer 68

voice use in a damaging manner in spite of conscious awareness of potential consequences. e.g., shouting, loud talking, deliberately making sounds that "hurt", singing with a pressed sound, especially in high tessitura

Question 69

plan for essay prompt

Answer 69

The vocal folds consist of an extremely complicated multi-layered structure. Write an essay describing this structure. Be sure to include how and why these different structures interact to help us create vocal phonation.

Question 70

identify diagrams

Answer 70

pause and identify.