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Science > Midterm 8th Grade > Flashcards

Midterm 8th Grade Flashcards

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1
Q

What four pieces of key information about an element are found in a single cell of the periodic table? What does each signify?

A

Element name - the name of element
Element symbol - abbreviation
Atomic number - number of protons
Atomic mass - average of all isotopes

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2
Q

What are the rows and columns of a periodic table called?

A

Rows are called periods, and columns are called groups or families

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3
Q

What are the three subatomic particles in an atom?

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

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4
Q

What are the three major classes of elements?

A

Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids

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5
Q

What are valence electrons and why are they important to know? What is the maximum number of valence electrons that an element can have?

A

Valence electrons are the electrons on the outermost electron shell of an atom. They determine the reactivity of an element. There can be up to 8 valence electrons on an atom

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6
Q

What are the differences between ionic bonds and covalent bonds?

A

Ionic bonds transfer electrons; covalent bonds share electrons. Ionic bonds are harder to break than covalent bonds. Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals; covalent bonds form between nonmetals and nonmetals

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7
Q

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar bonds?

A

Both are covalent bonds, but polar bonds have a slight positive and negative charge

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8
Q

What are the three types of chemical reactions?

A

Synthesis, Decomposition, and Replacement

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9
Q

What are the three possible signs that a chemical reaction has occurred?

A

Color change, Gas production, Formation of a precipitate

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10
Q

What is the difference between an exothermic and an endothermic reaction?

A

Exothermic reactions produce more energy than was required for the reaction, and endothermic reactions absorb more energy than is released

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11
Q

What are the different parts of the chemical equation?

A

Reactant, yield arrow, product, coefficient, subscript

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12
Q

What is a reactant?

A

Reactants are the elements or compounds that are put into a chemical reaction, and they appear on the left side of the equation.

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13
Q

What is a yield arrow?

A

The yield arrow shows that a chemical reaction occurred.

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14
Q

What is a product?

A

The products are the elements or compounds that result from a chemical reaction, and they appear on the right side of the equation..

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15
Q

What is a coefficient?

A

A coefficient is a large number that appears in front of an element or compound, showing how much of that element or compound is present in the equation.

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16
Q

What is a subscript?

A

A subscript is a small number that appears after an atomic symbol, showing how much of a particular element is present in a compound.

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17
Q

What are the factors that could change the speed of a chemical reaction?

A

Surface area, temperature, concentration, and the presence of a catalyst or inhibitor

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18
Q

What is a synthetic material? What is the most common synthetic material?

A

A man-made material, the most common being plastic

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19
Q

What is a monomer and a polymer?

A

Monomer - a compound that be repeated many times in a chain
Polymer - a long chain of compounds made up of repeating monomers

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20
Q

Define motion

A

Motion - the position of an object changes compared to another object

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21
Q

Define reference point

A

Reference point - an object used for comparison to determine if another object is moving

22
Q

Define force

A

Force - a push or pull

23
Q

Define speed

A

Speed - the distance an object travels per unit of time

24
Q

Define velocity

A

Velocity - the speed of an object traveling in a particular direction

25
Q

Define acceleration

A

Acceleration - the rate at which velocity changes (a change in speed or direction)

26
Q

Define inertia

A

Inertia - resistance to change in motion

27
Q

Define mass

A

Mass - the amount of matter in an object

28
Q

Define friction

A

Friction - the force created when two objects rub against each other

29
Q

Define gravity

A

Gravity - the force that pulls objects toward each other (relative to their masses)

30
Q

Define weight

A

Weight - the measure of the force of gravity on an object

31
Q

What is a contact force?

A

Contact forces involves objects that touch each other, like friction

32
Q

What is a non contact force

A

Noncontact forces can act upon objects whether they are touching or not, like gravity, magnetism, or electrical forces

33
Q

What is net force and how do you solve for it?

A

Net force is the total amount of forces acting on an object, either the sum of all forces moving in the same direction (add them together) or the difference between forces moving in opposing directions (subtract the smallest from the largest)

34
Q

Speed formula

A

Speed = distance/time

35
Q

Average speed formula

A

Average speed = total distance/total time

36
Q

Acceleration formula

A

Acceleration = (Final velocity - initial velocity)/time

37
Q

SI unit for force

A

Force = Newtons (N)

38
Q

SI unit for speed

A

Speed = Meters per second (m/s)

39
Q

SI unit for acceleration

A

Acceleration = Meters per second per second (m/s^2)

40
Q

SI unit for mass

A

Mass = Kilograms (kg)

41
Q

Newtons First Law of Motion

A

An object in motion/rest will stay in motion/rest until acted upon by another force.

42
Q

Newtons Second Law of Motion

A

Mass determines the amount of force needed to accelerate an object

43
Q

Newtons Third Law of Motion

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

44
Q

What is inertia and what does it have to do with Newton’s First Law of Motion?

A

Inertia is a resistance to a change in motion.
Another name for the first law of motion is the “Law of Inertia”

45
Q

What is the formula for calculating force?

A

Force = mass x acceleration

46
Q

Static Friction

A

Static friction - a stationary object rests on another stationary object

47
Q

Rolling friction

A

Rolling friction - objects move across each others’ surfaces, but at least one of the objects is rotating

48
Q

Fluid friction

A

Fluid friction - water or air resistance

49
Q

Sliding friction

A

Sliding friction - objects move across each others’ surfaces

50
Q

What is the Law of Universal Gravitation?

A

The force of gravity acts between all objects in the universe that have mass

51
Q

What is terminal velocity?

A

The force of friction and the force of gravity on an object achieve equilibrium which stops acceleration and the objects travels at a constant velocity.

Science (8 decks)

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