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Evidenced Based Practice > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Qualitative Designs

A

using words to provide evidence

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2
Q

Benefits to qualitative research

A 
systemic, subjective approach to describe life experiences/give them meaning
focuses on understanding
flexible
does not test hypothesis
not true causality
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3
Q

Four major types of Qualitative Research

A

phenomenology
ethnography
grounded theory
historical

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4
Q

Phenomenology

A

describes teh meaning of human experience

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5
Q

Bracketing

A

process of identifying and holding abay preconceived beliefs and opinions about phenomenon that is being studied

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6
Q

Reflective Journal

A

clarify persona vlaues/areas of bias

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7
Q

Main data source for phenomenology

A

in-depth conversations with participants

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8
Q

Grounded Theory

A

aims to discover theoretical precepts about social psychological processes and social structures (grounded in data)

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9
Q

Grounded Theory has

A

number of theoretical roots (symbolic interaction)

focuses on social psychological processes and social structures

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10
Q

Ethnography

A

focuses on the culture of a group of people

seeks to understand an emic perspective (insiders’ view)

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11
Q

Etic perspective

A

researcher’s perspectives/interpretation

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12
Q

Ethnography relies on

A

fieldwork and participant observation

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13
Q

Historical Research

A

establishes facts about/relationships among past events

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14
Q

Historical research sources

A

written records
photographs
interviews
pictures

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15
Q

historical research

A 
external criticism (authenticity of the source)
internal criticism (worth of the evidence)
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16
Q

Other types of qualitative research

A 
case studies
narrative analysis (focus on studies and individuals)
feminist research
participatory action research 
descriptive qualitative
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17
Q

Qualitative Sampling

A

not representative
not random selection
stop sampling when data saturation is met

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18
Q

Convenience sampling

A

volunteer (not preferred but economical)

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19
Q

snowball sampling

A

network sampling

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20
Q

purposive sampling

A

researchers choose cases that will contribute to the study the most

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21
Q

theoretical sampling

A

involves decisions about where to find data to develop an emerging theory optimally

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22
Q

maximum variation sampling

A

cases with wide variation on phenomenon of interest

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23
Q

extreme case sampling

A

most unusual/extreme cases

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24
Q

typical case sampling

A

cases that illustrate what is typical

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25
Q

homogenous sampling

A

reducing variation

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26
Q

Focus group discussion pros

A

cost effective
tend to be enjoyable
interactions enhance data

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27
Q

focus group cons

A 
number of questions
available response time
skill of interviewer
minority perspective
confidentiality
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28
Q

artifacts

A

diaries
photos
letter
books

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29
Q

qualitative data

A 
texts
transcripts
field notes
memos
books
pictures
maps
memoirs
videos
audio tapes
newspapers
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30
Q

qualitative data analysis occurs

A

concurrently with data collection

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31
Q

ways to analyze qualitative data

A 
transcribing and checking
reading the whole and between the line
coding
identify themes
validate themes/patterns
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32
Q

Coding data:

A

inductive analysis

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33
Q

open coding/codes

A

primary coding

first level

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34
Q

axial coding

A

naming categories
second level of coding
sorting/grouping

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35
Q

selective coding

A

naming theme

higher level of coding

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36
Q

qualitative data interpretation

A

verifying the analysis (representativeness/replication)
researcher offers their own interpretation
can focus on usefulness of findings for practice

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37
Q

trustworthiness

A

the “truth value” of qualitative data and analysis

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38
Q

four criteria of trustworthiness

A

credibility (confidence of truth in data)
dependability (stability over time and conditions)
confirmability (objectivity of data)
transferability (extent that findings can be transferred to other settings/groups)

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39
Q

strategies enhancing trustworthiness

A 
prolonged engagement 
persistent observation 
comprehensive/vivid recording of info
audit trail/decision trail
member checking (provide feedback to participants and obtain reactions--controversial)
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40
Q

strategies enhancing trustworthiness II

A

data triangulation (use of multiple data sources, time/space/person)
negative case analysis (specific search for invalidating cases)
peer review/debriefing
inquiry audit (formal scrutiny of data/supporting documents by external reviewer)
thick/contextualized description
researcher credibility

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41
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of distribution and determinants of disease in human population

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42
Q

distribution

A

frequency/pattern

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43
Q

determinants

A

causes/risk factors

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44
Q

disease

A

health conditions/events

45
Q

epidemiologic triangle

A

host
agent
environment

46
Q

count data
ratio
proportion
rate

A

raw number
a/b
a/a +b multiplied by 1000
number of cases divided by the size of population per unit of time

47
Q

Prevalence

A

number of existing cases of a disease in a population regardless of when acquired

48
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases of a disease during a specific period

49
Q

analytic epidemiology

A

use of a comparison group

50
Q

descriptive epidemiology

A 
use to generate hypotheses
5W's who (person) where (place) when (time) why/how (causes/risk factors/modes of transmission) what (health issue)
examples: case report/series
ecologic studies
cross-sectional studies
51
Q

case report/case series

A

1 patient or over one patient
describes new disease
used to explain changes in disease patterns/alert healthcare community to unusual signs/symptoms
lacks a comparison group = no hypothesis

52
Q

ecologic studies

A

compare summary measure disease frequency
uses aggregate data
uses a population as unit of analysis
expedient
lacks link of exposure to disease to specific individuals

53
Q

cross-sectional studies

A

measures exposure/disease as each exists in one defined population at one specific point in time
snapshot of population characteristic
calculates prevalence ratio
difficult to distinguish determinants of cause of disease from determinants of survival

54
Q

analytic epidemiology

A

used to test hypotheses
test association between exposure/disease
case-control studies/cohort studies (observational)
intervention/experimental studies

55
Q

case-control studies

A

sample group WITH and group WITHOUT disease or outcome measure under study
ask individual to recall past exposures to risk factors
determine cases(individuals with disease of interest) and controls (without disease but at risk to develop disease)
calculate odds ratio

56
Q

Odds Ratio

A

A(# RFw/Disease) x D (#noRFw/oDisease) / B(#RFw/odisease) x C(noRFw/Disease)
=1 exposure does not affect odds
>1 exposure positively associated
<1 exposure negatively associated

57
Q

cohort study

A

researcher records whether each study participant is expose or not and tracks participant to see if they develop disease of interest
representative group of target population
compare probability of disease in exposed individuals to unexposed individuals
calculate relative risk

58
Q

relative risk

A

incidence in exposed group / incidence in unexposed group
=1 no association
>1 positive association
<1 negative association

59
Q

intervention studies

A

manipulates exposure of interest
assigns subjects to one or more exposure groups (placebo/standard of care and intervention)
uses random assignment
uses risk ratio

60
Q

evidence hierarchy

A
  1. systematic reviews/ meta analysis/ EBP guidelines
  2. randomized controlled trials
  3. controlled trials w/out randomization
  4. cohort studies/case control studies
  5. evidence from systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies
  6. evidence from single descriptive/qualitative study
  7. evidence from opinion of authorities/reports of expert committees
61
Q

screening

A

tests people w/out known disease to determine if they have a disease
offers early detection
aims to reduce morbidity/mortality

62
Q

screening validity measures

A

sensitivity
specificity
positive predictive value

63
Q

sensitivity

A

ability of test to correctly id people w/ disease w/ positive test result (%true positive)
true positive + false-negative

64
Q

specificity

A

ability of test to id people w/out disease by negative test result (%true negative)
true negative + false positive

65
Q

positive predictive value

A

probability that person screening positive actually has the disease
(true positive / (true positive + false positive)

66
Q

Experimental Designs

must have

A 
cause-and-effect
strong causality
1. manipulation of independent variable 
2. randomization of subjects
3. control
67
Q

Quasi-Experiment
must have
but can lack

A

can test cause and effect
weaker causality
manipulation
randomization or control/comparison group

68
Q

six types of true experimental designs

A 
two group, pretest-posttest (classic) 
two group, posttest only 
solomon four-group
multiple experimental groups (but one control group)crossover designs
factorial design
69
Q

Factorial design

A

researches add at least one additional intervention

tests for multiple causality

70
Q

three common quasi-experimental designs

A

nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest
time series design
pre-experimental designs

71
Q

nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest

A

two groups measured before and after an intervention
experimental/comparison groups but no randomization
threats to internal validity (selection, maturation, testing, mortality)

72
Q

time series design

A

one group is measured prior to an intervention then measured multiple times over a prolonged period
useful for determining trends over time
data collected multiple times to determine change from baseline

73
Q

pre-experimental designs

A

posttest only design
experimental and/or comparison groups neither is pretested nor measured
no randomization used
useful when testing effects are suspected to be a threat to internal validity

74
Q

non-experimental designs used for

A

describing a phenomenon in detail

explaining/predicting relationships among variables

75
Q

non-experimental research designs

A

no manipulation
no randomization
no control group

76
Q

Types of non experimental design

A

descriptive

correlational

77
Q

exploratory descriptive research

A

conduced in natural setting to answer a research question r/t incidence/prevalence/frequency of a phenomenon

78
Q

comparative descriptive resaesrch

A

two distinct groups are described and compared in terms of their variables

79
Q

survey research

A

collects detailed descriptions of existing variables

uses self-report questionnaire

80
Q

correlational research design

A

qualifying strength/direction (+/-) of relationship

flexible and efficient

81
Q

Descriptive (simple) correlational design

A

uses statistics

82
Q

model-testing designs

A

tests proposed relationship w/in a theoretical model
uses statistical tests
usually path analyses and structural equation modeling

83
Q

quantitative design

A

examines cause and effect

experimental and quasi-experimental

84
Q

potential sources of bias

A 
operational definitions
measurement methods
sample
researches or research assistants
individual subjects
data
85
Q

between groups designs

A

compare different groups of subjects

86
Q

within-groups designs

A

compare same group but at different point in time

87
Q

panel designs

A

same subjects provide data at multiple points in time

88
Q

trend studies

A

non experimental

gather data in target pop across time

89
Q

crossover design

A

subjects receive more than one experimental tx and then followed over time

90
Q

study validity

A

internal validity
statistical conclusion validity
external validity
construct validity

91
Q

internal validity threats

A

intrusion of extraneous variables
established by ruling out threats
selection bias
history (past event that effects DV)
maturation (developmental processes that operation w/in a person over time)
testing
instrumentation (changes in equipment used)
mortality (or attrition)
statistical conclusion validity (no type II error)

92
Q

external validity

A

degree to which the results of the study can be generalized to other subjects/setting/times

93
Q

threats to external validity

A 
construct validity (instruments are actually measuring theoretical concepts)
effects of selection 
interx of tx and selection of subjects 
interx of tx and setting/history
94
Q

metaparadigm of nursing

A

global perspective of a discipline

person - environment - health - nursing

95
Q

deductive approach

A

use to test a theory
involve quantitative approach
start with a research question/testable idea

96
Q

inductive approach

A

use to develop a theory
involve qualitative approach
start with data

97
Q

introduction section

A

problem statement

literature review

98
Q

guidelines for conducting ethical research

A 
nuremberg code
declaration of helsinki
informed consent
the ana
voluntary consent 
rights of subjects to withdraw
protection of subjects from physical and mental harm/suffering/death
balance of benefits and risks
99
Q

vulnerable populations

A 
children
pregnant women 
unborn fetuses
frail elderly
prisoners
mentally handicapped
100
Q

minimal risk =

A

expedited review

ex noninvasive monitoring, research on benign drugs

101
Q

no apparent risk =

A

exempt from review

most educational research

102
Q

associative hypothesis

A

relationship between variables

103
Q

causal hypothesis

A

causal relationship between variables

104
Q

non directional hypothesis

A

an association between variables

105
Q

directional hypothesis

A

positive or negative relationship

106
Q

null hypothesis

A

no relationship between variables

107
Q

Evidence-based practice

A

integration of best research evidence, clinical expertise and patient values

108
Q

nursing research

A

planned/systematic activity that leads to new knowledge and/or discover of solutions r/t nursing

109
Q

steps of ebp

A 
ask clinical question
search literature
critically appraise evidence
implement practice change
evaluate outcomes

Evidenced Based Practice (2 decks)

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