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Evidenced Based Practice > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

measurement

A

process of assigning numbers to objects, events or situations representing the amount of an attribute using a specified set of rules

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2
Q

nominal measurement

A

classify or categorize data
labels
lowest of 4 levels

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3
Q

ordinal measurement

A

order/rank values w/out equal intervals
continuum of numeric values w/ small numbers representing lower levels and large number higher lvls but adding them has no meaning
3rd lowest
ex: ordering

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4
Q

interval measurement

A 
give values meaning w/ equal intervals
may or may not contain a sero
manmade scales of measurements
2nd highest level of evidence 
ex. scored response survey
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5
Q

ratio measurement

A

give values meaning with equal intervals w/ absolute zero point
highest form of measurment
numbers in order
ex: weight or height

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6
Q

measurement error

A

difference between the true measure and what is actually measured

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7
Q

systematic error

A

error that occurs in the same way with each measurement

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8
Q

random error

A

errors that occur by chance w/out pattern during measurement

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9
Q

correlation coefficient

A

measures reliability (consistency)
1.00 is perfect reliability wheras 0.00 is none
needs to be at least .7
test for 3 attributes
stability, equivalence, internal consistency

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10
Q

methods to test for reliablity

A

test-retest reliability

parallel or alternate form

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11
Q

validity of an instrument

A

the extent that an instrument measures a concept accurately

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12
Q

types of validity

A 
content validity (face validity/content validity index)
criterion-related validity (concurrent - degree of correlation btwn two variables or predictive - measure btwn a measure and a future measure)
construct validity (how much an instrument actually measures the theoretical concept)
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13
Q

qualitative data methods

A 
questionnaires
interviews
focus groups
case studies
observations
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14
Q

appraising qualitative data collection

A

assess sample/setting
data collection and report
report of biases

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15
Q

phenomenology

A

indepth interviews/diaries/artwork

track an experience/phenomenon

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16
Q

grounded theory

A

observations/open-ended questions w/ individuals or small groups
develops a theory

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17
Q

ethnography

A

participant/direct observations/interviews/diagrams/documents/photographs

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18
Q

historical

A

open-ended interviews/documents/photographs/artifacts

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19
Q

sampling error

A

difference btween a sample statistic and a population parameter

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20
Q

sampling bias

A

occurs when the sample is not representative of whole pop

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21
Q

4 steps to ensure representative sample

A

define the target population and their essential characteristics
ID a pop the researcher has access to for the study and see if it resembles the target pop
develop a method to approach them (sampling frame)
select subjects from the accessible population to include in sample

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22
Q

simple random sampling

A

probability sampling
each subject has the same chance to be selected
randomized

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23
Q

stratified random sampling

A

probability sampling
strata must be mutually exclusive so a subject can be assigned to only one stratum
random sampling to select subject from each stratum

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24
Q

cluster sampling

A

probability sampling

simple random sampling selects groups/cluster then select subjects w/in each cluster

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25
Q

systematic sampling

A

probability sampling

count each kth subject by first IDing the start location

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26
Q

convenience sampling

A

nonprobability

inclusion criteria ID then subjects invited to participate

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27
Q

quota sampling

A

nonprobability

strata mutually exclusive then convience sampling used to select subject from each stratum

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28
Q

purposive sampling

A

nonprobability
research selects sample of experts
commonly used in qualitative research
research chooses based on defined criteria

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29
Q

theoretical sampling

A

nonprobability
data collection and analysis occurs simultaneously
usually for grounded theory research

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30
Q

power analysis

A

statistical analysis to determine acceptable sample size (standard power of .8)

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31
Q

effect size

A

estimate of how large a difference will be observed between gorups

32
Q

alpha level

A

level of significance

0.05 0.01 or 0.001

33
Q

nursing as a sceince

A 
propositional knowledge (knowledge that is formal, explicit and derived from research/scholarship) 
generalizable
34
Q

case study

A

“real life” context
used to report the story of one patient in a clinical scenario
methodologies for qualitative research studies

35
Q

concept analysis

A

provide for the exploration of the attributes and characteristics of a concept

36
Q

Walker & AVant

A

process of concept analysis

select concept, determine purpose of analysis, ID use of concept, determine attributes, …define empirical referents

37
Q

systematic review

A

rigorous synthesis of research findings about a clinical problem

38
Q

literature/narrative reviews

A

article based on common/uncommon elements

little concern fr research methods/design/reporting

39
Q

integrative reveiws

A

scholarly paper synthesizing published studies

40
Q

meta-analysis

A

scholarly paper that combines results of studies published and unpublished into a statistical predictor

41
Q

meta-synthesis

A

study that combines results of many qualitative studies

42
Q

“S”tatistics

A

branch of mathematics that collects, analyzes, interprets and presents data related to samples and populations

43
Q

statistics

A

numerical outcomes and probability from accumulations on raw data

44
Q

descriptive statistics

A

collection and presentation of data to explain characteristics about the variable

45
Q

inferential statistics

A

analysis of data to base your predictions related to what you’re studying/phenomenon of interest
strongly related to your hypothesis

46
Q

univariate analysis

A

presents information on only one variable at a time

frequency distribution, central tendency, shape of distribution, variability

47
Q

bivariate analysis

A

describes relationship btwen 2 variables

correlations, direction, magnitude

48
Q

multivariate analysis

A

relationship btween 3+ variables

regressions, clustering, concept mapping

49
Q

grouped frequencies

A

interval and ratio raw data collapsed into classification to ease interpretations
group size should be consistent
easier to interpret but may lose some information

50
Q

ungrouped frequencies

A

presenting nominal an ordinal data where the raw data represents a characteristic of data

51
Q

central tendency

A

most frequently occuring value in the dataset

mode

52
Q

median

A

exact point where 1/2 of the data is above and 1/2 below

average but not very affected by any outliers

53
Q

mean

A

mathematical average of the data

most commonly used

54
Q

distribution

A

visual representation of the central tendencies (normal = symmetrical, same value for mean/median/mode)
skewed (negatively asymptomatic or positively)

55
Q

kurtosis

A

how peaked or flat the dataset appears in a distribution

56
Q

homogenous

A

little variability, lost of similarity

57
Q

heterogenous

A

lost of variability

little similarity

58
Q

confidence intervals

A

ranges taht estimate the probability of being correct

commonly 95 or 99%

59
Q

type I error

A

researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted
thought something happened but nothing actually does

60
Q

type II error

A

researcher accepts null hypothesis but it should have been rejected
an intervention was successful but not seen as so due to error or chance

61
Q

alpha level .05

A

likely to make a type I error

usually used in nursing research

62
Q

alpha .01

A

likely making a type II

63
Q

between group statistical test

A 
chi square
t statistic (determine if there's difference between interval and ratio data)
analysis of variance
64
Q

relationships among variables

A

pearson’s r (correlation coefficient)
multiple regressions (describes rlt of 3+ variables interval or ratio)
nominal data(phi, point biserial, contingency coefficients)
ordinal data

65
Q

outcomes

A

consequences or visible results

who, types, time, nursing care effectiveness

66
Q

choosing outcomes

A 
need indicator (specific quantitative data)
consider other factors
67
Q

3 Ps of dissemination

A

poster
presentation
paper

68
Q

oral presentations best suited for

A

philosophical work
theoretical work
completed work

69
Q

content in EBP posters

A 
clinical question
review of literature
methods
title/authors/affiliations
synthesis of findings
decision about practice
implementation 
evaluation 
discussion 
acknowledgements/references
70
Q

5 step approach for EBP from straus

A 
ask
acquire
appraise
apply
assess
71
Q

active rejection

A

pilot was tried or innovation adopted but no further implementation of innovation

72
Q

passive rejection

A

reviewing info/evidence then decide not to make any changes

73
Q

stetler EBP

A

focus on how individuals adopt research findings at the bedside
de-emphasizes ritual/isolated unsystematic clinical experience ungrounded

74
Q

John Hopkins Nursing EBP PET process

A

practice question
evidence
translation

75
Q

strats to promote adoption of EBP

A

put in writing the evidence
use quick reference guides/decision aids
clinical reminders

Evidenced Based Practice (2 decks)

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