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Final Flashcards

1
Q

measurement

A

process of assigning numbers to objects, events or situations representing the amount of an attribute using a specified set of rules

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2
Q

nominal measurement

A

classify or categorize data
labels
lowest of 4 levels

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3
Q

ordinal measurement

A

order/rank values w/out equal intervals
continuum of numeric values w/ small numbers representing lower levels and large number higher lvls but adding them has no meaning
3rd lowest
ex: ordering

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4
Q

interval measurement

A 
give values meaning w/ equal intervals
may or may not contain a sero
manmade scales of measurements
2nd highest level of evidence 
ex. scored response survey
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5
Q

ratio measurement

A

give values meaning with equal intervals w/ absolute zero point
highest form of measurment
numbers in order
ex: weight or height

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6
Q

measurement error

A

difference between the true measure and what is actually measured

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7
Q

systematic error

A

error that occurs in the same way with each measurement

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8
Q

random error

A

errors that occur by chance w/out pattern during measurement

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9
Q

correlation coefficient

A

measures reliability (consistency)
1.00 is perfect reliability wheras 0.00 is none
needs to be at least .7
test for 3 attributes
stability, equivalence, internal consistency

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10
Q

methods to test for reliablity

A

test-retest reliability

parallel or alternate form

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11
Q

validity of an instrument

A

the extent that an instrument measures a concept accurately

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12
Q

types of validity

A 
content validity (face validity/content validity index)
criterion-related validity (concurrent - degree of correlation btwn two variables or predictive - measure btwn a measure and a future measure)
construct validity (how much an instrument actually measures the theoretical concept)
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13
Q

qualitative data methods

A 
questionnaires
interviews
focus groups
case studies
observations
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14
Q

appraising qualitative data collection

A

assess sample/setting
data collection and report
report of biases

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15
Q

phenomenology

A

indepth interviews/diaries/artwork

track an experience/phenomenon

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16
Q

grounded theory

A

observations/open-ended questions w/ individuals or small groups
develops a theory

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17
Q

ethnography

A

participant/direct observations/interviews/diagrams/documents/photographs

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18
Q

historical

A

open-ended interviews/documents/photographs/artifacts

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19
Q

sampling error

A

difference btween a sample statistic and a population parameter

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20
Q

sampling bias

A

occurs when the sample is not representative of whole pop

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21
Q

4 steps to ensure representative sample

A

define the target population and their essential characteristics
ID a pop the researcher has access to for the study and see if it resembles the target pop
develop a method to approach them (sampling frame)
select subjects from the accessible population to include in sample

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22
Q

simple random sampling

A

probability sampling
each subject has the same chance to be selected
randomized

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23
Q

stratified random sampling

A

probability sampling
strata must be mutually exclusive so a subject can be assigned to only one stratum
random sampling to select subject from each stratum

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24
Q

cluster sampling

A

probability sampling

simple random sampling selects groups/cluster then select subjects w/in each cluster

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25
systematic sampling
probability sampling | count each kth subject by first IDing the start location
26
convenience sampling
nonprobability | inclusion criteria ID then subjects invited to participate
27
quota sampling
nonprobability | strata mutually exclusive then convience sampling used to select subject from each stratum
28
purposive sampling
nonprobability research selects sample of experts commonly used in qualitative research research chooses based on defined criteria
29
theoretical sampling
nonprobability data collection and analysis occurs simultaneously usually for grounded theory research
30
power analysis
statistical analysis to determine acceptable sample size (standard power of .8)
31
effect size
estimate of how large a difference will be observed between gorups
32
alpha level
level of significance | 0.05 0.01 or 0.001
33
nursing as a sceince
``` propositional knowledge (knowledge that is formal, explicit and derived from research/scholarship) generalizable ```
34
case study
"real life" context used to report the story of one patient in a clinical scenario methodologies for qualitative research studies
35
concept analysis
provide for the exploration of the attributes and characteristics of a concept
36
Walker & AVant
process of concept analysis | select concept, determine purpose of analysis, ID use of concept, determine attributes, ...define empirical referents
37
systematic review
rigorous synthesis of research findings about a clinical problem
38
literature/narrative reviews
article based on common/uncommon elements | little concern fr research methods/design/reporting
39
integrative reveiws
scholarly paper synthesizing published studies
40
meta-analysis
scholarly paper that combines results of studies published and unpublished into a statistical predictor
41
meta-synthesis
study that combines results of many qualitative studies
42
"S"tatistics
branch of mathematics that collects, analyzes, interprets and presents data related to samples and populations
43
statistics
numerical outcomes and probability from accumulations on raw data
44
descriptive statistics
collection and presentation of data to explain characteristics about the variable
45
inferential statistics
analysis of data to base your predictions related to what you're studying/phenomenon of interest strongly related to your hypothesis
46
univariate analysis
presents information on only one variable at a time | frequency distribution, central tendency, shape of distribution, variability
47
bivariate analysis
describes relationship btwen 2 variables | correlations, direction, magnitude
48
multivariate analysis
relationship btween 3+ variables | regressions, clustering, concept mapping
49
grouped frequencies
interval and ratio raw data collapsed into classification to ease interpretations group size should be consistent easier to interpret but may lose some information
50
ungrouped frequencies
presenting nominal an ordinal data where the raw data represents a characteristic of data
51
central tendency
most frequently occuring value in the dataset | mode
52
median
exact point where 1/2 of the data is above and 1/2 below | average but not very affected by any outliers
53
mean
mathematical average of the data | most commonly used
54
distribution
visual representation of the central tendencies (normal = symmetrical, same value for mean/median/mode) skewed (negatively asymptomatic or positively)
55
kurtosis
how peaked or flat the dataset appears in a distribution
56
homogenous
little variability, lost of similarity
57
heterogenous
lost of variability | little similarity
58
confidence intervals
ranges taht estimate the probability of being correct | commonly 95 or 99%
59
type I error
researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted thought something happened but nothing actually does
60
type II error
researcher accepts null hypothesis but it should have been rejected an intervention was successful but not seen as so due to error or chance
61
alpha level .05
likely to make a type I error | usually used in nursing research
62
alpha .01
likely making a type II
63
between group statistical test
``` chi square t statistic (determine if there's difference between interval and ratio data) analysis of variance ```
64
relationships among variables
pearson's r (correlation coefficient) multiple regressions (describes rlt of 3+ variables interval or ratio) nominal data(phi, point biserial, contingency coefficients) ordinal data
65
outcomes
consequences or visible results | who, types, time, nursing care effectiveness
66
choosing outcomes
``` need indicator (specific quantitative data) consider other factors ```
67
3 Ps of dissemination
poster presentation paper
68
oral presentations best suited for
philosophical work theoretical work completed work
69
content in EBP posters
``` clinical question review of literature methods title/authors/affiliations synthesis of findings decision about practice implementation evaluation discussion acknowledgements/references ```
70
5 step approach for EBP from straus
``` ask acquire appraise apply assess ```
71
active rejection
pilot was tried or innovation adopted but no further implementation of innovation
72
passive rejection
reviewing info/evidence then decide not to make any changes
73
stetler EBP
focus on how individuals adopt research findings at the bedside de-emphasizes ritual/isolated unsystematic clinical experience ungrounded
74
John Hopkins Nursing EBP PET process
practice question evidence translation
75
strats to promote adoption of EBP
put in writing the evidence use quick reference guides/decision aids clinical reminders

Evidenced Based Practice (2 decks)

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