Midterm Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
define infection
A
the spread of disease
2
Q
define Infectious disease
A
a micro organism that causes infection
3
Q
define Nosocomial Infection
A
infection gotten in a hospital, not for what you went in for
4
Q
define pathogen
A
micro organism that causes a disease
5
Q
define host
A
a pest
6
Q
define microbes
A
tiny organism
7
Q
define pandemic
A
a spread of disease that pans over a large area
8
Q
define epidemic
A
localized spread of a disease
9
Q
are all bacteria bad?
A
some bacteria are good and some are bad
10
Q
what can bacterial infection be treated?
A
antibiotics
11
Q
can antibiotics be used for viruses?
A
no
12
Q
what are used to control viruses?
A
vaccines
13
Q
what is an example of a virus?
A
- small pox
- herpes
14
Q
do bacteria or virus require a host?
A
virus
15
Q
where is fungi found, skin or inside body?
A
on surface, often on skin
16
Q
does fungi grow only if illness present
A
no
17
Q
how to treat fungi?
A
antifungal medications (usually topical)
18
Q
what is one of the worst fungal infections?
A
ringworm (another example is athletes foot)
19
Q
where does fungi like to grow?
A
in dark moist places ex) crotch, armpit
20
Q
are parasites multicellular or unicellular?
A
unicellular
21
Q
where do parasites divide?
A
within a host
22
Q
do parasites need a host to survive?
A
yes but eggs can live outside cell for longer
23
Q
how are parasites contacted?
A
through food, feces, sometimes go through skin
24
Q
what are some examples of parasites?
A
- malaria
- toxoplasmosis
- dysentery
25
what is a possible illness cause by a mosquito bite?
malaria
26
A _______ form is __________ from food which causes ________
A Protozoa form is toxoplasmosis from food which causes dysentery
27
what is dysentery?
toxic poop or diarrhea (causes loose stools)
28
Giardiasis from contaminated water with the ________ giardia
protoza
29
_______ such as roundworms and tapeworms in or on your body
Helminths
30
what are Ectoparasites?
mites, fleas, ticks, lice that live off your skin
31
where does Clostridium Difficile effect in the body?
large intestine
32
What does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin-Resisitant Staphylococcus Aureus
also staph infections
33
what does VRE stand for?
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus
34
what is the difference between Antiseptic and Disinfectant?
antiseptic-prevent the growth of disease causing micro-organism
disinfectant- a chemical liquid that destroys bacteria and interfere with cell replication
35
what are some examples of antiseptics?
anything used on human tissue
- antibiotic
- mouthwash
- alcohol
36
what are some examples of disinfectants?
- vinegar is a natural disinfectant
- sterilizer
- cleaner
- germicide
- antseptic
37
what are some current challenges keeping up with infection control programs?
- new diseases are constantly evolving
- bugs change
- bugs adapt
- pathogens can change by how they spread (droplet to airborne)
38
under what circumstances must you wash your hands with soap and water and not hand sanitizer?
- visibly dirty
- norovirus and C. diff are not killed by alcohol
- after using the washroom
- wet or sticky
- cuts on hands
- allergic
39
what does RPAP stand for?
Routine Practices And Precautions
40
name the items used for PPE
- gloves
- face protection
- gown
- goggles
- masks and respirators
41
under what circumstances do you remove your gloves?
- if the glove is torn
- heavily soiled (dirty)
- after use of a patient
42
What does PPE stand for?
Personal Protective Equipment
43
where do you put PPE on?
before entering the room and contacting the patient. `
44
Where do you remove PPE?
either at doorway or immediately outside patient room. Remove respirator outside room
45
what does don and doff mean
don- put on
| doff-remove
46
how to don a gown?
- select appropriate size and type
- put on with opening in the back
- secure at neck and waist
47
what do you do if gown is too small?
use 2 gowns
- #1 ties in front
- #2 ties in back
48
how to don a mask?
- place over nose, mouth, and chin
- fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge
- secure on head with ties or elastic
- adjust to fit
49
how to don a particulate respirator?
- select a fit tested respirator
- place over nose, mouth, and chin
- fit nose piece over bridge
- secure on head with elastic
- adjust to fit
- perform a fit check
50
what is a fit check with a respirator mask?
- inhale-respirator should collapse\
| - exhale-check for leakage around face
51
how to don a eye and face protection
- position goggles over eyes and secure to the head using ear pieces or headband
- position face shield over face and secure on brow with headband
52
how to don gloves
- select correct glove and size
- insert hands into gloves
- extend gloves over isolation gown cuffs
53
do you don gloves first or last
last
54
how to remove gloves
- grasp outside edge near wrist
- peel away from hand, turning glove inside out
- hold in opposite gloved hand
- slide ungloved finger under the wrist of the remaining glove
- peel off from inside, creating a bag for both gloves
- discard
55
how to remove goggles or face sheild
- grasp ear or head pieces with ungloved hands
- lift away from face
- place in designated receptacle for reprocessing or disposal
56
how to remove isolation gown
- unfasten ties
- peel gown away from neck and shoulder
- turn contaminated outside toward the inside
- fold or roll into a bundle
- discard
57
how to remove a mask
- unite the bottom, then top, tie
- remove from face
- discard
58
how to remove particulate respirator
- lift the bottom elastic over your head first
- lift off the top elastic
- discard
59
who is infected by influenza?
everyone
60
How many influenza types are there?
3 (ABC)
61
which influenzas can cause epidermics?
- A=seasonal in humans
| - B=seasonal in humans
62
describe A/Fujian/411/2002/(H3N2)
- A=virus type
- Fujian=geographic origin
- 411=strain number
- 2002=year of isolation
- H3N2=virus subtype
63
what is the difference between antigen shift and antigen drift?
antigen shift-occurs when 2 or more different strains of a virus or when two completely different viruses store RNA leading to a new mix of surface antigens from the original strains or viruses (new subtype)
antigenic drift-occurs when the proteins are altered by genetic mutation and selection (small mutations)
64
Describe phases 1-3 in pandemic influenza
predominantly animal infections, few humans
65
What occurs in phase 4 of pandemic influenza?
sustained human to human transmission
66
what occurs in phase 5 of the pandemic influenza?
circled on slideshow
| Pandemic-widespread human infection
67
Why is post peak not the end of the pandemic?
because of possibility of recurrent events
68
What occurs in post pandemic phase?
the disease activity at seasonal levels
69
What is actually in the flu vaccine?
a portion of the virus
| egg and mercury as well
70
Which types of flu does it cover to lessen symptoms?
Influenza A (H1N1), Influenza A (H3N2) and one or two of the Influenza B viruses are covered in each year's vaccine
71
How long before the vaccine effective?
2 weeks?
72
what are the symptoms of the flu?
Type of Infection - can involve upper and lower respiratory
- Fever
- Chills and sweats
- Aching muscles
- Headache
- Dry persistent cough
- Fatigue and weakness
- Respiratory symptoms (from sore throat or nasal congestion to difficulty breathing)
73
what are the symptoms of a cold?
- some fatigue
- sneezing
- stuffy nose
- sore throat
- headache
74
what are some sharps you could encounter?
- needle
- broken glass
- knife
75
When do you uncover the sharps?
right before use
76
When do you put the cover back on?
NEVER
77
When do you remove the needle from the syringe?
NEVER
78
When do you dispose of sharps?
right after use
79
Where will the sharps container be located?
near the location your using your sharps
80
What are the potential hazards of sharps? (3)
- cutting yourself
- infecting yourself
- infecting others
81
What are the essential criteria for a Sharps Container? (4)
- fill line
- puncture proof container
- biohazardous symbol
- lid
82
What are the 3 major blood borne pathogens that concern us?
- hepatitis (B/C)
- AIDS
- HIV
83
what can weaken the immune system?
- stress
- fatigue
- young or old age
- chronic illness
- pregnant women
84
In the event of a blood exposure, what investigations will be done to assist in any necessary treatments?
????
85
how many subtypes does haemagglutinin (HA) have?
18 (H1-H18)
86
how many subtypes does neuraminidase (NA) have?
11 (N1-N11)
87
RNA can store ________
the genetic blueprint
88
what does HAI stand for?
Hospital Acquired Infections
89
what are the ways disease can be spread?
- contact (flu, C.Diff)
- airborne (TB, Chicken Pox)
- droplet (whooping cough, flu)
90
what is RSV and how can it be spread?
RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
causing flu like symtoms mostly in children and can lead to pneumonia
highly contagious by droplets
91
what is parainfluenza and how is it spread?
similar to RSV, causing flu like symtoms in children and can lead to pneumonia
highly contagious by droplet and contact
92
what is "GAS" wounds and how is it spread?
GROUP A STREP
caused by bacteria which can lead to strep throat, scarlet fever, necrotizing fascilitis
spread by droplets and contact
93
what is ESBL and how is it spread?
Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase
bacteria that produces an enzyme that inactivates antibiotics
spread by contact
94
what is Norovirus and how is it spread?
virus causing gastroenteritis
| spread by contact
95
what is Disseminated Shingles and how is it spread?
caused by herpes zoster virus with symptoms of painful rash.
spread by contact
96
what are the 3 important things a sign will say?
- type of spread
- stop sign
- PPE worn
- see nurse
97
what are the 4 moments of hand hygiene?
- before initial patient
- before aseptic procedure
- after bodily fluid
- after patient
98
how long should you be washing your hands with soap and water?
2 minutes (scrub time-20 sec)
99
how long should you be sanitizing your hands
15-20 secs
100
what is the sequence for donning PPE?
1. gown
2. mask
3. respirator
4. eye and face protection
5. gloves
101
what is the sequence for removing PPE?
1. gloves
2. goggles
3. gown
4. mask
5. respirator
102
in influenza B how many distinct lineages or strains are there?
2
103
the flu vaccine protects against _______
flu viruses that are the same or related
104
how does the flu spread?
contact from mucous membranes
105
adults remain infectious for _________ days after onset of symtoms
3-5 days
106
children remain infectious for ________ days after onset of symptoms
7 days
107
what does the fan looking symbol mean?
radioactive
108
what does the circular scientific looking symbol mean?
biohazardous
109
how can blood infected diseases enter your system?
- cuts
- broken skin
- mucous membranes
110
what is serous and serosanguineous fluid?
serous-pus
| serosanguineous- pus + blood
111
what is DMARDs?
disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
112
protocol for exposure to blood also known as ________
post exposure prophylaxis
| an "incase" treatment
113
Where in the body does VRE effect?
intestines
114
where in the body does the MRSA effect?
on the skin
115
explain DNA and RNA
DNA with no protein coat and no membrane is bacteria
| virus has RNA and protein coat
116
what are the signs and symptoms of C Diff?
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- abdominal pain
- fever
- dehydration
117
how long is the recovery of the flu?
2-7 days
118
Is a headache considered a flu or cold symptom?
flu
