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Infection Control > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

define infection

A

the spread of disease

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2
Q

define Infectious disease

A

a micro organism that causes infection

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3
Q

define Nosocomial Infection

A

infection gotten in a hospital, not for what you went in for

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4
Q

define pathogen

A

micro organism that causes a disease

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5
Q

define host

A

a pest

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6
Q

define microbes

A

tiny organism

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7
Q

define pandemic

A

a spread of disease that pans over a large area

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8
Q

define epidemic

A

localized spread of a disease

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9
Q

are all bacteria bad?

A

some bacteria are good and some are bad

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10
Q

what can bacterial infection be treated?

A

antibiotics

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11
Q

can antibiotics be used for viruses?

A

no

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12
Q

what are used to control viruses?

A

vaccines

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13
Q

what is an example of a virus?

A
  • small pox

- herpes

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14
Q

do bacteria or virus require a host?

A

virus

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15
Q

where is fungi found, skin or inside body?

A

on surface, often on skin

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16
Q

does fungi grow only if illness present

A

no

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17
Q

how to treat fungi?

A

antifungal medications (usually topical)

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18
Q

what is one of the worst fungal infections?

A

ringworm (another example is athletes foot)

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19
Q

where does fungi like to grow?

A

in dark moist places ex) crotch, armpit

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20
Q

are parasites multicellular or unicellular?

A

unicellular

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21
Q

where do parasites divide?

A

within a host

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22
Q

do parasites need a host to survive?

A

yes but eggs can live outside cell for longer

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23
Q

how are parasites contacted?

A

through food, feces, sometimes go through skin

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24
Q

what are some examples of parasites?

A
  • malaria
  • toxoplasmosis
  • dysentery
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25
Q

what is a possible illness cause by a mosquito bite?

A

malaria

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26
Q

A _______ form is __________ from food which causes ________

A

A Protozoa form is toxoplasmosis from food which causes dysentery

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27
Q

what is dysentery?

A

toxic poop or diarrhea (causes loose stools)

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28
Q

Giardiasis from contaminated water with the ________ giardia

A

protoza

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29
Q

_______ such as roundworms and tapeworms in or on your body

A

Helminths

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30
Q

what are Ectoparasites?

A

mites, fleas, ticks, lice that live off your skin

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31
Q

where does Clostridium Difficile effect in the body?

A

large intestine

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32
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin-Resisitant Staphylococcus Aureus

also staph infections

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33
Q

what does VRE stand for?

A

Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus

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34
Q

what is the difference between Antiseptic and Disinfectant?

A

antiseptic-prevent the growth of disease causing micro-organism
disinfectant- a chemical liquid that destroys bacteria and interfere with cell replication

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35
Q

what are some examples of antiseptics?

A

anything used on human tissue

  • antibiotic
  • mouthwash
  • alcohol
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36
Q

what are some examples of disinfectants?

A
  • vinegar is a natural disinfectant
  • sterilizer
  • cleaner
  • germicide
  • antseptic
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37
Q

what are some current challenges keeping up with infection control programs?

A
  • new diseases are constantly evolving
  • bugs change
  • bugs adapt
  • pathogens can change by how they spread (droplet to airborne)
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38
Q

under what circumstances must you wash your hands with soap and water and not hand sanitizer?

A
  • visibly dirty
  • norovirus and C. diff are not killed by alcohol
  • after using the washroom
  • wet or sticky
  • cuts on hands
  • allergic
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39
Q

what does RPAP stand for?

A

Routine Practices And Precautions

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40
Q

name the items used for PPE

A
  • gloves
  • face protection
  • gown
  • goggles
  • masks and respirators
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41
Q

under what circumstances do you remove your gloves?

A
  • if the glove is torn
  • heavily soiled (dirty)
  • after use of a patient
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42
Q

What does PPE stand for?

A

Personal Protective Equipment

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43
Q

where do you put PPE on?

A

before entering the room and contacting the patient. `

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44
Q

Where do you remove PPE?

A

either at doorway or immediately outside patient room. Remove respirator outside room

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45
Q

what does don and doff mean

A

don- put on

doff-remove

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46
Q

how to don a gown?

A
  • select appropriate size and type
  • put on with opening in the back
  • secure at neck and waist
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47
Q

what do you do if gown is too small?

A

use 2 gowns

  • # 1 ties in front
  • # 2 ties in back
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48
Q

how to don a mask?

A
  • place over nose, mouth, and chin
  • fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge
  • secure on head with ties or elastic
  • adjust to fit
49
Q

how to don a particulate respirator?

A
  • select a fit tested respirator
  • place over nose, mouth, and chin
  • fit nose piece over bridge
  • secure on head with elastic
  • adjust to fit
  • perform a fit check
50
Q

what is a fit check with a respirator mask?

A
  • inhale-respirator should collapse\

- exhale-check for leakage around face

51
Q

how to don a eye and face protection

A
  • position goggles over eyes and secure to the head using ear pieces or headband
  • position face shield over face and secure on brow with headband
52
Q

how to don gloves

A
  • select correct glove and size
  • insert hands into gloves
  • extend gloves over isolation gown cuffs
53
Q

do you don gloves first or last

A

last

54
Q

how to remove gloves

A
  • grasp outside edge near wrist
  • peel away from hand, turning glove inside out
  • hold in opposite gloved hand
  • slide ungloved finger under the wrist of the remaining glove
  • peel off from inside, creating a bag for both gloves
  • discard
55
Q

how to remove goggles or face sheild

A
  • grasp ear or head pieces with ungloved hands
  • lift away from face
  • place in designated receptacle for reprocessing or disposal
56
Q

how to remove isolation gown

A
  • unfasten ties
  • peel gown away from neck and shoulder
  • turn contaminated outside toward the inside
  • fold or roll into a bundle
  • discard
57
Q

how to remove a mask

A
  • unite the bottom, then top, tie
  • remove from face
  • discard
58
Q

how to remove particulate respirator

A
  • lift the bottom elastic over your head first
  • lift off the top elastic
  • discard
59
Q

who is infected by influenza?

A

everyone

60
Q

How many influenza types are there?

A

3 (ABC)

61
Q

which influenzas can cause epidermics?

A
  • A=seasonal in humans

- B=seasonal in humans

62
Q

describe A/Fujian/411/2002/(H3N2)

A
  • A=virus type
  • Fujian=geographic origin
  • 411=strain number
  • 2002=year of isolation
  • H3N2=virus subtype
63
Q

what is the difference between antigen shift and antigen drift?

A

antigen shift-occurs when 2 or more different strains of a virus or when two completely different viruses store RNA leading to a new mix of surface antigens from the original strains or viruses (new subtype)

antigenic drift-occurs when the proteins are altered by genetic mutation and selection (small mutations)

64
Q

Describe phases 1-3 in pandemic influenza

A

predominantly animal infections, few humans

65
Q

What occurs in phase 4 of pandemic influenza?

A

sustained human to human transmission

66
Q

what occurs in phase 5 of the pandemic influenza?

A

circled on slideshow

Pandemic-widespread human infection

67
Q

Why is post peak not the end of the pandemic?

A

because of possibility of recurrent events

68
Q

What occurs in post pandemic phase?

A

the disease activity at seasonal levels

69
Q

What is actually in the flu vaccine?

A

a portion of the virus

egg and mercury as well

70
Q

Which types of flu does it cover to lessen symptoms?

A

Influenza A (H1N1), Influenza A (H3N2) and one or two of the Influenza B viruses are covered in each year’s vaccine

71
Q

How long before the vaccine effective?

A

2 weeks?

72
Q

what are the symptoms of the flu?

A

Type of Infection - can involve upper and lower respiratory

  • Fever
  • Chills and sweats
  • Aching muscles
  • Headache
  • Dry persistent cough
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Respiratory symptoms (from sore throat or nasal congestion to difficulty breathing)
73
Q

what are the symptoms of a cold?

A
  • some fatigue
  • sneezing
  • stuffy nose
  • sore throat
  • headache
74
Q

what are some sharps you could encounter?

A
  • needle
  • broken glass
  • knife
75
Q

When do you uncover the sharps?

A

right before use

76
Q

When do you put the cover back on?

A

NEVER

77
Q

When do you remove the needle from the syringe?

A

NEVER

78
Q

When do you dispose of sharps?

A

right after use

79
Q

Where will the sharps container be located?

A

near the location your using your sharps

80
Q

What are the potential hazards of sharps? (3)

A
  • cutting yourself
  • infecting yourself
  • infecting others
81
Q

What are the essential criteria for a Sharps Container? (4)

A
  • fill line
  • puncture proof container
  • biohazardous symbol
  • lid
82
Q

What are the 3 major blood borne pathogens that concern us?

A
  • hepatitis (B/C)
  • AIDS
  • HIV
83
Q

what can weaken the immune system?

A
  • stress
  • fatigue
  • young or old age
  • chronic illness
  • pregnant women
84
Q

In the event of a blood exposure, what investigations will be done to assist in any necessary treatments?

A

????

85
Q

how many subtypes does haemagglutinin (HA) have?

A

18 (H1-H18)

86
Q

how many subtypes does neuraminidase (NA) have?

A

11 (N1-N11)

87
Q

RNA can store ________

A

the genetic blueprint

88
Q

what does HAI stand for?

A

Hospital Acquired Infections

89
Q

what are the ways disease can be spread?

A
  • contact (flu, C.Diff)
  • airborne (TB, Chicken Pox)
  • droplet (whooping cough, flu)
90
Q

what is RSV and how can it be spread?

A

RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
causing flu like symtoms mostly in children and can lead to pneumonia

highly contagious by droplets

91
Q

what is parainfluenza and how is it spread?

A

similar to RSV, causing flu like symtoms in children and can lead to pneumonia

highly contagious by droplet and contact

92
Q

what is “GAS” wounds and how is it spread?

A

GROUP A STREP
caused by bacteria which can lead to strep throat, scarlet fever, necrotizing fascilitis

spread by droplets and contact

93
Q

what is ESBL and how is it spread?

A

Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase
bacteria that produces an enzyme that inactivates antibiotics
spread by contact

94
Q

what is Norovirus and how is it spread?

A

virus causing gastroenteritis

spread by contact

95
Q

what is Disseminated Shingles and how is it spread?

A

caused by herpes zoster virus with symptoms of painful rash.
spread by contact

96
Q

what are the 3 important things a sign will say?

A
  • type of spread
  • stop sign
  • PPE worn
  • see nurse
97
Q

what are the 4 moments of hand hygiene?

A
  • before initial patient
  • before aseptic procedure
  • after bodily fluid
  • after patient
98
Q

how long should you be washing your hands with soap and water?

A

2 minutes (scrub time-20 sec)

99
Q

how long should you be sanitizing your hands

A

15-20 secs

100
Q

what is the sequence for donning PPE?

A
  1. gown
  2. mask
  3. respirator
  4. eye and face protection
  5. gloves
101
Q

what is the sequence for removing PPE?

A
  1. gloves
  2. goggles
  3. gown
  4. mask
  5. respirator
102
Q

in influenza B how many distinct lineages or strains are there?

A

2

103
Q

the flu vaccine protects against _______

A

flu viruses that are the same or related

104
Q

how does the flu spread?

A

contact from mucous membranes

105
Q

adults remain infectious for _________ days after onset of symtoms

A

3-5 days

106
Q

children remain infectious for ________ days after onset of symptoms

A

7 days

107
Q

what does the fan looking symbol mean?

A

radioactive

108
Q

what does the circular scientific looking symbol mean?

A

biohazardous

109
Q

how can blood infected diseases enter your system?

A
  • cuts
  • broken skin
  • mucous membranes
110
Q

what is serous and serosanguineous fluid?

A

serous-pus

serosanguineous- pus + blood

111
Q

what is DMARDs?

A

disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs

112
Q

protocol for exposure to blood also known as ________

A

post exposure prophylaxis

an “incase” treatment

113
Q

Where in the body does VRE effect?

A

intestines

114
Q

where in the body does the MRSA effect?

A

on the skin

115
Q

explain DNA and RNA

A

DNA with no protein coat and no membrane is bacteria

virus has RNA and protein coat

116
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of C Diff?

A
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • abdominal pain
  • fever
  • dehydration
117
Q

how long is the recovery of the flu?

A

2-7 days

118
Q

Is a headache considered a flu or cold symptom?

A

flu

Infection Control (2 decks)

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