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Abnormal Psych 321 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4D’s?

A

Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger

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2
Q

How is Deviance defined?

A

Something that is different within cultural standards, usually classified by intensity, frequency, and duration.

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3
Q

How is Distress defined?

A

Something that bothers subject, being unpleasant, upsetting, and determined by personal experience.

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4
Q

How is Dysfunction defined?

A

Something that is maladaptive and interferes with personal or social daily life.

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5
Q

How is Danger defined?

A

Something that puts self or others in physical or emotional harm.

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6
Q

What is Cultural Relativism and how does it relate to how we define abnormal?

A

Cultural Relativism suggests what is “normal” is only defined by the standards of a culture. Something that is normal in one culture can be considered abnormal in another culture.

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7
Q

How do we define “Abnormal”?

A

Abnormal is a disturbance in thoughts, feelings, or behavior, that includes biological or psychological factors.

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8
Q

What is some issues with using Cultural Relativism to define “abnormal”?

A

Dominant cultures within society can exploit minority cultures. It can also overlook some potentially serious issues; some cultures stigmatize mental health.

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9
Q

How was “abnormal” viewed in Ancient Times, and how was it treated?

A

Abnormal was considered to be caused by the supernatural; illnesses were caused by evil spirits, brought on by sin. Treatment was to exorcise spirits or drill holes in subject’s head to allow them to escape.

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10
Q

How was “abnormal” viewed in Greek and Roman times, and how was it treated?

A

Abnormal was considered to be a brain sickness, caused by bodily fluids. Treatment was to draw out fluids, such as blood, phlegm, and bile.

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11
Q

How was “abnormal” viewed in the Renaissance, and how was it treated?

A

Abnormality was understood to be of the mind, however, there was no solution and patients were locked away in asylums.

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12
Q

What does the Biological Model of abnormality focus on?

A

Rooted in the medical model, the biological model examines the physiological structure of the brain in order to explain behavioral abnormalities. It suggests that physical abnormality or damage to the brain causes behavioral issues.

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13
Q

What does the Biochemical Model of abnormality focus on?

A

Chemicals are responsible for sending messages across neurons, and the efficiency of these messages influences brain health. An imbalance of chemicals impacts cell communication, which then causes issues with mood and behavior.

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14
Q

What does the Psychodynamic Model of abnormality focus on?

A

An internal battle of moral principles and primitive desires controls what we want to do and what we should do.

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15
Q

What is the Id of the Psychodynamic model represent?

A

Primitive desires, or the devil on your shoulder.

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16
Q

What is the Ego of the Psychodynamic model represent?

A

Conscious processing, the liaison or balance between the Superego and Id.

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17
Q

What is the Superego of the Psychodynamic model represent?

A

Moral principles, or the angel on your shoulder.

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18
Q

What does the Behavioral Model of abnormality focus on?

A

Observable, tangible behavioral issues; behavior is learned and shaped by our response to the environment.

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19
Q

What is the difference between Systematic Desensitization and Flooding?

A

Systematic Desensitization gradually treats phobias by placing an individual in situations starting at low to high anxiety, in order to work up to feared stimulus. Flooding places that individual directly in feared stimulus in order to work through fear on the spot. Systematic Desensitization is in order to overcome fear, whereas Flooding is more to work through trauma.

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20
Q

What does the Cognitive Model of abnormality focus on?

A

Thoughts and beliefs that shape the emotional and mental state of the person.

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21
Q

What is the difference between MDD and Dysthymia?

A

Duration of MDD is only 2 weeks, whereas Dysthymia is 2 years. MDD is much stronger and intense feeling of depression than Dysthymia, but the latter is more resilient to treatment.

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22
Q

Which are the two symptoms that one must be present in order to diagnose MDD?

A

Individual must experience a depressed mood for most of the day, or anhedonia.

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23
Q

How is MDD expressed in children?

A

Generally, children express sadness as irritability, therefore depressed children are likely to be considered “cranky” or difficult to please.

24
Q

What is Learned Helplessness?

A

Thought to be the Cognitive underlying cause for depression, Learned Helplessness is a sense of powerlessness due to a traumatic event for systematic failure to succeed.

25
Q

What are the differences between Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymic disorder?

A

Both BP I and II have the same depressive episodes, however, BP II’s manic episodes do not cause dysfunction. Cyclothymic disorder is mainly distressing, not because of the emotions themselves, but because of the emotional instability.

26
Q

What demographic is most at risk for mood disorders?

A

Ethnic minorities and men

27
Q

What is Death-Seeking suicidal tendency?

A

A clear and explicit desire to end life.

28
Q

What is Death-Initiating suicidal tendency?

A

A hastening of an inevitable death.

29
Q

What is Death-Ignoring suicidal tendency?

A

A view of death as not the end, but a new beginning.

30
Q

What is Death-Daring suicidal tendency?

A

An ambivalent view of dying, resulting in taking risks in order to increase chance of death.

31
Q

What 3 places have the highest rates of suicide?

A

Russia, Japan, and Scandinavian countries.

32
Q

What are the gender differences regarding suicide completion and attempted suicide rates?

A

Women are 3 times more like to attempt suicide, whereas men are 4 times more likely to complete suicide.

33
Q

What do suicide gender differences suggest about methods used by either sex?

A

Women are more likely to use a less absolute method, such as poison, or overdosing. Men use more violent methods, such as guns.

34
Q

What is the attempts/completion rate of suicides in adolescents?

A

200/1, over half are linked to depression.

35
Q

Why are the elderly (65) at high risk for suicide?

A

The elderly experience a decline in health, and as they age, a gradual loss of social relationships that tie them to the world.

36
Q

What is Social Modeling?

A

An explanation for why suicides happen in clusters, those around someone who recently completed suicide are most at risk for attempted suicide, even using the same method.

37
Q

What demographics are most at risk for suicide?

A

European whites and Native Americans

38
Q

What are risk factors for suicide?

A

Alcohol use, social modeling, dichotomous thinking, stress events, anhedonia, and past history.

39
Q

Why are people more at risk for suicide right after they start medication?

A

Most medications effect motivation and energy levels before “happiness” kicks in, therefore individuals feel “well enough” to complete suicide.

40
Q

What are the differences between Adaptive and Maladaptive anxiety?

A

The content, frequency, intensity, and duration of anxious feeling relative to the situation.

41
Q

What is Snowballing?

A

When an individual senses they are going to have a panic attack, the fear of having a panic attack causes them to try not to have a panic attack, which then causes them to have an even worse panic attack.

42
Q

What are the symptoms of GAD?

A

Fatigue, edginess, difficulty concentrating, irritability, tension, and sleep disturbance.

43
Q

What is the difference between Agoraphobia and Social Anxiety?

A

Agoraphobia is the fear of being outside due to a sense of impending doom, whereas Social Anxiety is fear of being judged or embarrassed in front of others.

44
Q

What are obsessions?

A

Persistent thoughts, desires, worries, or images that are considered to be intrusive and inappropriate.

45
Q

What are compulsions?

A

A mental act that one feels driven to perform, usually a rule that must be rigidly applied in order to prevent or remove stress.

46
Q

What are the most common OCD themes?

A

Cleanliness and symmetry

47
Q

What is the #1 type of obsession?

A

Hand washing, as a result from fear of germs.

48
Q

What is Magical Thinking?

A

The idea that compulsions ward off danger, and that the subject will “just feel better if I do it”

49
Q

Do people with OCD understand that their compulsions are irrational?

A

Yes, most know their behavior is bizarre and they don’t want to do it.

50
Q

Other than sleep, what is the only other thing you can do in your bed that does not conflict with Sleep Hygiene rules?

A

Have sex.

51
Q

What is the difference between Narcolepsy and Catalepsy?

A

Narcoleptics tend to fall asleep quickly and anywhere, whereas Catalepsy isn’t related to sleep, it is a reaction to strong emotions that cause the body to go into paralysis. The end result of these two conditions seems very similar though.

52
Q

In what sleep stage do we experience dreams?

A

REM

53
Q

How long do sleep cycles last?

A

90-110 minutes.

54
Q

In what sleep stage do we spend the most time in?

A

Stage 2.

55
Q

What do you do if you are struggling to fall asleep or stay asleep?

A

Only be in bed for duration for sleep time. If you are not sleeping, you should get out of bed and do a quiet activity somewhere else, and then return to bed when you begin to feel drowsy again.

Abnormal Psych 321 (2 decks)

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