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Kin 101 - Sports in America > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

what is sociology

A

systematic study of social behavior

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2
Q

subdivisions of sociology

A

interpersonal
groups
structured organization

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3
Q

what does studying the social behavior in sport help u with

A

characteristics of society
ways in which subgroups are marginalized
how to create equality and change

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4
Q

defintion of sport according to eitzen and sage

A

any competetive physical activity that is guided by established rules

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5
Q

what are assumptions of sociological perspectives

A

we are social beings
we are socially determined
individuals create, sustain, and change social forms

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6
Q

what is the micro level of analysis in sport

A

focus on small groups

funxtion and facilitation of cohesion in small groups

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7
Q

what is the macro level of analysis in sport

A

focus on larger social settings
relationship between sports and education, religion, politics…
who benefits, who is exploited

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8
Q

what are specific areas that are studied in sport

A

social norms - expected behavior
values
statuses and roles - lines of identity
sport as a social institution

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9
Q

what are sociological theories used for

A

to explain observations

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10
Q

what do critical theories focus on

A

social, political, and material inequalities in society

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11
Q

what 5 major sociohistorical changes lead to modern sport

A 
industrialization
transportation
communication
sport technology
philosophical views on sport
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12
Q

what is industrialization

A

change from algrarian lifestyle to urbanization

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13
Q

results of industrialization

A

more leisure time
city as center of organized sport
sport/recreation diffused down from upper classes

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14
Q

what did sport begin as

A

wealthy pastime

private athletic club rather than competition

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15
Q

how did transportation change sports

A

faster modes transportation possible

more transportation -> more social interaction

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16
Q

examples of faster modes communication

A

telegraph, phone, newspaper, radio, internet,…

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17
Q

what did communication allow people to do

A

spectate an event without attending

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18
Q

what does citius, altius, fortius stand fo

A

faster, higher, stronger - olympic motto

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19
Q

what does technology lead to

A

leads to higher quantification of sport
measures
improve performance

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20
Q

what did Henning Eichberg (1982) argue

A

adoption of new tech. in sport came from changes in societal behavior

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21
Q

why did early settlers in north america not play organized sports

A

lack of time and resources

sport was viewed as sinful

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22
Q

main sport played by native americans

A

lacrosse

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23
Q

what is culture

A

knowledge that members of social organization share

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24
Q

examples for cultures

A

language, religion, food, clothing, unspoken rules…

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25
what does hegemony theory say in relation to sport
sports as a cultural practice embedded in political, economic, and ideological formations views sport as socializing mechnism
26
values of North Americans
diversity precludes universal acceptance of values system of values is often inconsisten with behavior values themselves are not always consisten
27
major american values
``` individual striving for success competition meritocracy (everyone responsible for own situation) progress materialism social conformity ```
28
sport values
competition, success | winning above everything
29
what are general beliefs in sport
success results from hard work (vice versa) | total emphasis on winning
30
behaviors that are culturally expected after losing
self-blaming accepting personal responsiblity work harder personal accountability
31
what is the problem with the total emphasis on winning
creates antisocial environment | cheating, violence, humilation...
32
how is success in sport often measured
mone that is made (contracts, endorsements...)
33
Micro- and Macrolevels in sport
microlevel: teams, locker room, interpersonal macrolevel: large sport body e.g. leagues)
34
control in sport
often hierarchy of power (authoritarian) | athletes as tools
35
what is an hypothesis that explains why many people don´t want athletes to express their political opinions
athletes are gifted or talented not necessarily hard working
36
how does sport differ from many areas in social life
offers fair chances regardless of background
37
socioeconomic status
income/wealth education occupation social prestige
38
social intergenerational mobility
chances to move within social classes
39
meritocracy/american dream
work hard, success will occur | based on assmption that we all start from same spot
40
according to Sage and Eitzen how many college athletes graduate
fewer than 50%
41
common myths related to sports
sports provides free college eduction participation in sport guarantees a college degree pro sports career us easily attainable sport is way out of poverty for minorities women can use sport as vehicle for upward mobility
42
problem with the myth that sports would be a way out of poverty for minorities
due to the fact that AAs dominate in many pro sports can reinforce racist ideas gives false sense of racial progress
43
when was title IX passed
1972
44
what affects participation and fan behavior in sports
socioeconomic status
45
average length of pro sports career
3 - 5 years
46
markers of whiteness and blackness in sports
whitness: technical, hard worker, diligent... blackness: explosive, power, naturally gifted
47
what is race
social category based on idea that members share genetic traits often socially constructed
48
racism
economic and social control over people of another race
49
what does ethnicity refer to
cultural heritage of a group rather than biology
50
institutionalized racism
discrimination embedded in social structures
51
power
ability to influence people through manipulation of resources, ideas, attention
52
priveledge (social advantage)
unearned advantage by belonging to powerful social group
53
majority
social group that has power, social advanatge and prestige
54
minority
social group that lacks power, prestige and social advantage
55
unearned advantage
more access to resources | experience more positive social assumptions
56
unearned disadvantages
less access to resources | experience more negative social assumptions
57
what kind of racism is easier to detect
individual level racism
58
individual level racism
violent and harassment | slurs and threatening comments
59
institutionalized racism
racial profiling less adequate medical care more likely to be seen as criminals dishonest...
60
problem with racism prevention
prejudices and bias are almost impossible to eliminate | natural tendencies
61
stacking
putting specific races and bodies into stereotypical positions ad sports
62
examples for institutionalized racism
exclusion of specific races assumption about leadership/intellectual abilities opportunities for coaching managing and owning of teams
63
what can mascots be seen as
real life consequence of the majority´s identity
64
what do mascots perptuate (aufrecht halten)
white hegemony - manifestation of power imbalance
65
what is important to know when analyzing mascots and nicknames
context
66
how did feminist theory started
as critique of other social theories that excluded women
67
hegemony
process by which dominant culture remains dominant
68
major reason for male domain in sports
hegemony masculinity mascular christianity sport as answer to feminization of North America
69
what was mascular christianity based on
fear that because of changes in 19th century men would lose masculanity
70
sex
reliable biological differences | anatomical differences
71
gender
behavioral patterns that are learned as normal roles are constantly redefined and renegotiated socially expected
72
what do roles for men and women depend on
social structure tradtion and history social change
73
south african runner with too high testosterone
caster semenya
74
feminist perspective of sport
sport as a gendered activity (taught to perform certain sports) males have the power
75
what is binary gender logic
male vs. female | opposite in behavior, action, and attitude
76
how is binary gender logic oppressive
excludes individuals that want to break boundaries | unequal power
77
valued social and physical traits for boys
aggressiveness independence toughness
78
valued social and physical traits for girls
``` passivity dependence nurturance beauty soft features ```
79
what is an important transmitter of gender norms
language
80
what can make media content problematic
it is always edited and represented by those who produce it
81
what decisions are important when it comes to media
money, viewers, likes... values appearance, fame information or entertainment
82
what does gender research on media sports show
largely by men, for men, about men | valorized elite, heterosexual men
83
who is often by sportsmedia excluded
athletes who are "out of bounds"
84
7 key themes of gendered sports coverage
``` gender marking compulsory heterosexuality appropriate femininity infantilization focusing on non-related aspects sexualization ambivalence ```
85
underlying discouse of females in media
female first, athlete second | sexuality is more important than skill
86
what are athletes of color (especially women) often framed as
hyper sexual wild primtive lascivious
87
media characterization of tiger woods as only african american demonstrates what
the socially constructed nature of race
88
which is a consumption of the sociological perspective
humans are social beings
89
what is the purpose of title IX
mendate equal federal funding for men and women sports
90
when are athletes at greater risk of CTE late in life
when they suffer repeated sub-concussive hits but no concussions
91
compulsory heterosexuality
priveledging athletes who who fulfill heterogender roles
92
appropriate feminity
show athletes with bodies that we that meet gender roles
93
infantilization
women´s sports as girl/kid activity
94
ambivalence
not caring or covering
95
how have men be sexualized differently than women in sports media
often posted in positions of power and dominance
96
print media and broadcast coverage for female athletes
print media coverage: 10% | broadcast coverage: 5%
97
what factor did not give rise to modern sport in the early 20s century
integration of race (later)
98
what idea argues that women are presented as heterosexual objects for male consumption
sexualization
99
why do we often see overly violent behavior in male sporting environments
socially learned aggresiveness
100
why is the effect of social issues/sport and masculinity important
men higher risk of suicide, disease, alcoholism, death...
101
hegemony masculinity
male in power control others to stay in power
102
what do boys learn early by participating in sports
autocratic leadership hierarchical organization bureaucracy
103
what are male athletes often portayed as
instruments/products weapons objects expendable
104
what happens when athletes how non-traditional forms of masculinity
denied | trivialized
105
examples for non-traditional forms of masculinity
``` homosexuality quite intelligence off the field disabled ... ```
106
what is important to understand to understand masculinity in sport
homophobia
107
briana scurry
black goalkeaper of U.S. national team 1999
108
brandi chastain
white player at 1999 world cup scored final penalty and took jersey off
109
jack johnson
black boxer who beat white fighter
110
jimmy the greek
american sports commentator who gave very racial comments

Kin 101 - Sports in America (2 decks)

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