Midterm

Question 1

An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect is called a(n) __________.

Answer 1

Teratogen

Question 2

Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual are called

Answer 2

Temperament

Question 3

Following the birth of her baby, Kerry experienced a period of deep sadness triggered by swings in hormone production. Kerry was experiencing

Answer 3

Postpartum Depression

Question 4

In the nature-versus-nurture discussion, the term nurture refers to _______________.

Answer 4

Environmental influencers

Question 5

Because the genetic backgrounds of __________________ twins are identical, researchers can conclude that variations in their behavior must be due to environmental factors.

Answer 5

Monozygotic

Question 6

Which “Big Five” personality trait refers to the degree to which a person seeks to be with others, to behave in an outgoing manner, and generally to be sociable?

Answer 6

Extroversion

Question 7

Other countries do significantly better than the U.S. in preventing infant mortality by providing what services?

Answer 7

social programs of paid maternity leave for pregnant mothers

Question 8

Erikson’s ____________ theory was created as an alternative psychodynamic view emphasizing social interaction with other people.

Answer 8

psychosocial development

Question 9

Some 15 percent of couples suffer from __________.

Answer 9

Infertility

Question 10

What is a reason for the high rate of infant mortality in the United States compared to rates in similarly industrialized countries?

Answer 10

Health of mother, such as nutrition, level of medical care, amount of stress in the environment, and economic support,.

Question 11

Which is true about breastfeeding?

Answer 11

Babies who are breastfed are less susceptible to certain infections.

Question 12

__________________, the condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients, can lead to a slower growth rate by age six months, lower IQ scores, and poorer performance in school.

Answer 12

Malnutrition

Question 13

Piaget’s theory of development assumed that all children pass through a series of ____ universal stages in a fixed order from birth to adolescence. These are ______.

Answer 13

4; sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Question 14

What is and what ages does Erikson’s trust-versus-mistrust stage take place?

Answer 14

Ages: birth- 1 Year
Virtue: Hope

Babies must find consistency from their caregiver. If they do they develop a sense of trust and hope for the future.

Question 15

What is and what ages does Erikson’s Autonomy-Versus-Shame and doubt stage take place?

Answer 15

Ages: 1-3 years
Virtue: Will

The child begins to explore and make choices for themselves. If they successfully conquer this stage they gain a sense of Will.

What is and what ages does Erikson’s trust-versus-mistrust stage take place?

Question 16

What is and what ages does Erikson’s Initiative Versus Guilt stage take place?

Answer 16

Ages: 3-6 years
Virtue: Purpose

During this period the primary feature involves the child regularly interacting with other children at school. Central to this stage is play, as it provides children with the opportunity to explore their interpersonal skills through initiating activities.

Children begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. If given this opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions.

Question 17

What is and what ages does Erikson’s industry Versus inferiority stage take place?

Answer 17

Ages: 6 years- puberty
Virtue: Competence

Children are at the stage where they will be learning to read and write, to do sums, to do things on their own. Teachers begin to take an important role in the child’s life as they teach the child specific skills.

It is at this stage that the child’s peer group will gain greater significance and will become a major source of the child’s self-esteem. The child now feels the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies that are valued by society and begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments.

Question 18

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used for babies who are inactive, show relatively calm reactions to their environment, have moods that are generally negative, and withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly?

Answer 18

Slow to warm babies

Question 19

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used for babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations when confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw?

Answer 19

Difficult babies

Question 20

What is the term that Thomas and Chess used for babies who have a positive disposition; their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable.

Answer 20

Easy babies

Question 21

What is considered the hallmark of mothers whose children are securely attached?

Answer 21

The mother is sensitive to the child’s needs, is aware of the child’s moods, can discriminate the infant’s signals, and is responsive, warm, and affectionate.

Question 22

Define avoidant attachment pattern:

Answer 22

A style of attachment in which children do no seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior.

Question 23

Ambivalaent attachment pattern

Answer 23

Combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers

Question 24

Baby Nicholas watches as his mother leaves the room, but he does not cry because he understands that his mother still exists even though he cannot see her. This is an example of which reaction concept?

Answer 24

Object permanence

Question 25

What is the term used to refer to the notion that a child’s development is dependent on the degree of match between the child’s temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised?

Answer 25

goodness-of-fit

Question 26

Maria has a predisposing factor to depression and anxiety. She is concerned that her newborn child may develop these disorders. A developmental psychologist informs her that

Answer 26

high reactivity to unfamiliar situations in infants has been linked to greater susceptibility to depression and anxiety disorders in
childhood.

Question 27

The concept that all of the world’s languages share a similar underlying structure was created by ________ and is called ________.

Answer 27

Chomsky; universal grammar

Question 28

Piaget’s theory falls under what form of development?

Answer 28

Cognitive Development

Question 29

In terms of Piaget what is adaptation?

Answer 29

the inborn tendency to adjust or become more attuned to conditions imposed by the environment; takes place through assimilation and accommodation.

Question 30

In terms of Piaget what is Organization?

Answer 30

The inborn tendency for structures and processes to become more systematic and coherent.

Question 31

In terms of Piaget what is Scheme?

Answer 31

The mental structure underlying a coordinated and systematic pattern of behaviors or thinking applied across similar objects or situations.

Question 32

In terms of Piaget what is Assimilation?

Answer 32

A component of adaptation; process of interpreting an experiences in terms of current ways (schemes) of understanding things.

Question 33

In terms of Piaget what is Equilibration?

Answer 33

An innate self-regulatory process that, though accommodation and assimilation, results in more organized and powerful schemes for adapting to the environment.

Question 34

Define the Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 34

Ages: Birth to 2 Years

Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:

The infant knows the world through their movements and sensations
Children learn about the world through basic actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening
Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen (object permanence)
They are separate beings from the people and objects around them
They realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them

Question 35

Define the Preoperational Stage

Answer 35

Ages: 2 to 7 Years

Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:

Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects.
Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.
While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still tend to think about things in very concrete terms.

Question 36

Define Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 36

Ages: 7 to 11 Years

Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes

During this stage, children begin to thinking logically about concrete events
They begin to understand the concept of conservation; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass, for example
Their thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concrete
Children begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle

Question 37

Define the Formal Operational Stage

Answer 37

Ages: 12 and Up

Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:

At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems
Abstract thought emerges
Teens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning
Begin to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information

Question 38

During the _____________ period, children’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases.

Answer 38

preoperational

Question 39

On Christmas morning, 3-year-old Chuck opens one of his gifts from his mother and finds a new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a toy, Chuck frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother with no regard for her feelings. In this example, Chuck is demonstrating

Answer 39

egocentric thought.

Question 40

Jerry is a 4-year-old who is having lunch with his mother and sister. When his mother pours the milk that is left in the carton into the children’s glasses, she finds that there is not enough to fill both glasses, so she carefully pours half of the milk in the shorter, fatter glass in front of Jerry and half into a thin, taller glass in front of Jerry’s sister. Immediately, Jerry complains that his sister got more milk than he did, and even when his mother tries to explain that they both got the same amount, Jerry insists he is right. In this example, Jerry is demonstrating a lack of development in the area of

Answer 40

Conservation

Question 41

Which developmental psychologist believed that the nature of the partnership between children, adults, and peers is determined through cultural and societal factors such as preschools, play groups, the emphasis on certain tasks that are valued by the culture and society, and that even the toys that children play with reflect the nature of the society in which the child lives?

Answer 41

Vygotsky

Question 42

The ____________________ is the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task
independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent.

Answer 42

zone of proximal development

Question 43

According to psychologist Emmy Werner, young children who are considered “resilient” have

Answer 43

affectionate, easygoing, and good-natured temperaments.

Question 44

When considering the signs of child abuse, which of the following is most likely to be an indication that a child has been abused?

Answer 44

extreme behavior including highly aggressive, highly withdrawn, or passive behavior

Question 45

How much TV does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children under 2 years old be allowed to watch?

Answer 45

No television

Question 46

Four-year-old Sheila, an African American, is asked to choose between pictures of white children and black children. According to research regarding racial dissonance, Shelia is most likely to have negative feelings toward

Answer 46

Pictures of Black children

Question 47

_____________ is an individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation (which is more emotionally oriented), whereas ______________ reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self

Answer 47

Self-esteem, Self-Concept

Question 48

Parents can help break the cycle of low self-esteem in a child by using a(n) _________ child-rearing style.

Answer 48

Authoritative

Question 49

Following a divorce, a child may exhibit which of the following?

Answer 49

Depression

Question 50

A growing body of research suggests that the ________ approach to reading instruction is superior to the ______ approach.

Answer 50

Code based, whole language

Question 51

Define Whole Language-

Answer 51

“whole language” is a method of teaching children to read by recognizing words as whole pieces of language.

Question 52

Define code-based

Answer 52

Mastery of letter - sound application (Phonics)

Question 53

What is the term for a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity?

Answer 53

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 54

What is the term that refers to the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic?

Answer 54

concrete operational

Question 55

Today, the aim is for children with intellectual disabilities to be educated ______________.

Answer 55

in the least restrictive environment

Question 56

Which of the following is an effective way to reduce bullying in school?

Answer 56

training students to intervene when they witness bullying

Question 57

Recent findings show that nationally in the U.S., twice as many African American students as Caucasian American students are classified as mildly mentally retarded, which is a difference that experts attribute to

Answer 57

cultural bias in testing and poverty.

Question 58

What are the major effects of poverty, chronic stress, and susceptibility to disease in children?

Answer 58

Significant hardships, poor academic performance, and cardiovascular disease

Question 59

Define Conservation

Answer 59

refers to a logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget.