Midterm Flashcards
Midterm Study
An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect is called a(n) __________.
Teratogen
Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual are called
Temperament
Following the birth of her baby, Kerry experienced a period of deep sadness triggered by swings in hormone production. Kerry was experiencing
Postpartum Depression
In the nature-versus-nurture discussion, the term nurture refers to _______________.
Environmental influencers
Because the genetic backgrounds of __________________ twins are identical, researchers can conclude that variations in their behavior must be due to environmental factors.
Monozygotic
Which “Big Five” personality trait refers to the degree to which a person seeks to be with others, to behave in an outgoing manner, and generally to be sociable?
Extroversion
Other countries do significantly better than the U.S. in preventing infant mortality by providing what services?
social programs of paid maternity leave for pregnant mothers
Erikson’s ____________ theory was created as an alternative psychodynamic view emphasizing social interaction with other people.
psychosocial development
Some 15 percent of couples suffer from __________.
Infertility
What is a reason for the high rate of infant mortality in the United States compared to rates in similarly industrialized countries?
Health of mother, such as nutrition, level of medical care, amount of stress in the environment, and economic support,.
Which is true about breastfeeding?
Babies who are breastfed are less susceptible to certain infections.
__________________, the condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients, can lead to a slower growth rate by age six months, lower IQ scores, and poorer performance in school.
Malnutrition
Piaget’s theory of development assumed that all children pass through a series of ____ universal stages in a fixed order from birth to adolescence. These are ______.
4; sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational
What is and what ages does Erikson’s trust-versus-mistrust stage take place?
Ages: birth- 1 Year
Virtue: Hope
Babies must find consistency from their caregiver. If they do they develop a sense of trust and hope for the future.
What is and what ages does Erikson’s Autonomy-Versus-Shame and doubt stage take place?
Ages: 1-3 years
Virtue: Will
The child begins to explore and make choices for themselves. If they successfully conquer this stage they gain a sense of Will.
What is and what ages does Erikson’s trust-versus-mistrust stage take place?
What is and what ages does Erikson’s Initiative Versus Guilt stage take place?
Ages: 3-6 years
Virtue: Purpose
During this period the primary feature involves the child regularly interacting with other children at school. Central to this stage is play, as it provides children with the opportunity to explore their interpersonal skills through initiating activities.
Children begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. If given this opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions.
What is and what ages does Erikson’s industry Versus inferiority stage take place?
Ages: 6 years- puberty
Virtue: Competence
Children are at the stage where they will be learning to read and write, to do sums, to do things on their own. Teachers begin to take an important role in the child’s life as they teach the child specific skills.
It is at this stage that the child’s peer group will gain greater significance and will become a major source of the child’s self-esteem. The child now feels the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies that are valued by society and begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments.
What is the term that Thomas and Chess used for babies who are inactive, show relatively calm reactions to their environment, have moods that are generally negative, and withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly?
Slow to warm babies
What is the term that Thomas and Chess used for babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations when confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw?
Difficult babies
What is the term that Thomas and Chess used for babies who have a positive disposition; their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable.
Easy babies
What is considered the hallmark of mothers whose children are securely attached?
The mother is sensitive to the child’s needs, is aware of the child’s moods, can discriminate the infant’s signals, and is responsive, warm, and affectionate.
Define avoidant attachment pattern:
A style of attachment in which children do no seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior.
Ambivalaent attachment pattern
Combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers
Baby Nicholas watches as his mother leaves the room, but he does not cry because he understands that his mother still exists even though he cannot see her. This is an example of which reaction concept?
Object permanence
What is the term used to refer to the notion that a child’s development is dependent on the degree of match between the child’s temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised?
goodness-of-fit
Maria has a predisposing factor to depression and anxiety. She is concerned that her newborn child may develop these disorders. A developmental psychologist informs her that
high reactivity to unfamiliar situations in infants has been linked to greater susceptibility to depression and anxiety disorders in
childhood.
The concept that all of the world’s languages share a similar underlying structure was created by ________ and is called ________.
Chomsky; universal grammar
Piaget’s theory falls under what form of development?
Cognitive Development
In terms of Piaget what is adaptation?
the inborn tendency to adjust or become more attuned to conditions imposed by the environment; takes place through assimilation and accommodation.
In terms of Piaget what is Organization?
The inborn tendency for structures and processes to become more systematic and coherent.
In terms of Piaget what is Scheme?
The mental structure underlying a coordinated and systematic pattern of behaviors or thinking applied across similar objects or situations.
In terms of Piaget what is Assimilation?
A component of adaptation; process of interpreting an experiences in terms of current ways (schemes) of understanding things.
In terms of Piaget what is Equilibration?
An innate self-regulatory process that, though accommodation and assimilation, results in more organized and powerful schemes for adapting to the environment.
Define the Sensorimotor Stage
Ages: Birth to 2 Years
Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:
The infant knows the world through their movements and sensations
Children learn about the world through basic actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening
Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen (object permanence)
They are separate beings from the people and objects around them
They realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them
Define the Preoperational Stage
Ages: 2 to 7 Years
Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:
Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects.
Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.
While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still tend to think about things in very concrete terms.
Define Concrete Operational Stage
Ages: 7 to 11 Years
Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes
During this stage, children begin to thinking logically about concrete events
They begin to understand the concept of conservation; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass, for example
Their thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concrete
Children begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle
Define the Formal Operational Stage
Ages: 12 and Up
Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:
At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems
Abstract thought emerges
Teens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning
Begin to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information
During the _____________ period, children’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases.
preoperational
On Christmas morning, 3-year-old Chuck opens one of his gifts from his mother and finds a new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a toy, Chuck frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother with no regard for her feelings. In this example, Chuck is demonstrating
egocentric thought.
Jerry is a 4-year-old who is having lunch with his mother and sister. When his mother pours the milk that is left in the carton into the children’s glasses, she finds that there is not enough to fill both glasses, so she carefully pours half of the milk in the shorter, fatter glass in front of Jerry and half into a thin, taller glass in front of Jerry’s sister. Immediately, Jerry complains that his sister got more milk than he did, and even when his mother tries to explain that they both got the same amount, Jerry insists he is right. In this example, Jerry is demonstrating a lack of development in the area of
Conservation
Which developmental psychologist believed that the nature of the partnership between children, adults, and peers is determined through cultural and societal factors such as preschools, play groups, the emphasis on certain tasks that are valued by the culture and society, and that even the toys that children play with reflect the nature of the society in which the child lives?
Vygotsky
The ____________________ is the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task
independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent.
zone of proximal development
According to psychologist Emmy Werner, young children who are considered “resilient” have
affectionate, easygoing, and good-natured temperaments.
When considering the signs of child abuse, which of the following is most likely to be an indication that a child has been abused?
extreme behavior including highly aggressive, highly withdrawn, or passive behavior
How much TV does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children under 2 years old be allowed to watch?
No television
Four-year-old Sheila, an African American, is asked to choose between pictures of white children and black children. According to research regarding racial dissonance, Shelia is most likely to have negative feelings toward
Pictures of Black children
_____________ is an individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation (which is more emotionally oriented), whereas ______________ reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self
Self-esteem, Self-Concept
Parents can help break the cycle of low self-esteem in a child by using a(n) _________ child-rearing style.
Authoritative
Following a divorce, a child may exhibit which of the following?
Depression
A growing body of research suggests that the ________ approach to reading instruction is superior to the ______ approach.
Code based, whole language
Define Whole Language-
“whole language” is a method of teaching children to read by recognizing words as whole pieces of language.
Define code-based
Mastery of letter - sound application (Phonics)
What is the term for a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity?
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
What is the term that refers to the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active and appropriate use of logic?
concrete operational
Today, the aim is for children with intellectual disabilities to be educated ______________.
in the least restrictive environment
Which of the following is an effective way to reduce bullying in school?
training students to intervene when they witness bullying
Recent findings show that nationally in the U.S., twice as many African American students as Caucasian American students are classified as mildly mentally retarded, which is a difference that experts attribute to
cultural bias in testing and poverty.
What are the major effects of poverty, chronic stress, and susceptibility to disease in children?
Significant hardships, poor academic performance, and cardiovascular disease
Define Conservation
refers to a logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget.
