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CMN 143 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Competitive market pressure and consequences on civil responsibility (3) -

A

1) US - private ownership, biased info
2) local level - competition decreasing; large companies own multiple tv channels
3) national level - competition intense

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2
Q

Models of media ownership (3) -

A

1) public model
2) commercial model
3) mixed model

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3
Q

Public model (3) -

A
  • scarce resources
  • limited info
  • in return for public financing, broadcasters required minim. Of public content
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4
Q

Commercial model -

A
  • trusteeship approach: public resources granted to “public interest, convenience, necessity”
  • govern. sets/enforces requirements that meet public standards
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5
Q

Mixed model:

A

Both public and commercially owned

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6
Q

(US, EU)

__ adopt mixed model

__ mixed model is popular

A

US and EU

EU

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7
Q

Why public broadcasting popular in EU (3)?

A

1) High ratings - shows during prime time
2) exclusive rights: broadcasters given rights to cover major national sporting events
3) loyal audience

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8
Q

Regulatory policy in US and EU -

A
  • US - free market competition, no strict requirements

- EU - tight control

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9
Q

Trends of broadcast media in US

A
  • more local news, soft news, news concentration

- homogeneity of program content

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10
Q

Fairness doctrine 3 qualities:

A

1) fair platform
2) provide relevant info
3) watchdog over govern.

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11
Q

Equal time rule:

A

Give equal time to each candidate

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12
Q

Is the regulation at the same level as broadcast media and print? Why?

A

No

-newspaper - ownership concentration

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13
Q

Citizens political knowledge in US vs EU -

A
  • US - citizens misinformed

- EU - more knowledge

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14
Q

Explaining levels of info (3) -

A

1) differences in media systems
2) market-oriented/unregulated media systems
3) differences in political culture

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15
Q

3 reasons for shift from party politics to media politics -

A

1) population growth )expensive for candidates to travel)
2) weaken political parties (citizens electing bs parties electing)
3) technology development

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16
Q

Comparison of media politics on campaign discourse b/w US and EU -

A
  • US - media based campaign, more focus on candidates as individuals
  • EU - more focused on issues
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17
Q

When was the earliest newspaper?

A

18th century

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18
Q

In 1870 - __ % of dailies were affiliated w/ 1 of 2 political parties

A

90

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19
Q

(T/F) Newspapers shifted from partisan press to commercial press?

A

True

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20
Q

When did commercial press in newspapers start?

A

19th century

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21
Q

Why was there a shift to Commercial press?

A
  • demonstrated profitability and political independence
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22
Q

Bc of media press - dailies only rich as far as their advertisers, most were ___ ____

A

Local businesses

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23
Q

(T/F) There has been an increase in newspaper weekday circulation, advertising revenue, and # of daily newspapers

A

False

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24
Q

What was the trend of circulation and why? (2 reasons)

A
  • decline

- bc of changes in lifestyle
Dual-worker
-TV

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25
Q

2-level system:

A

National networks and local stations

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26
Q

DMAs:

A

Designated Market Areas

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27
Q

Reasons for increasing # of local news programming (3) -

A
  • low costs
  • closer to home
  • can recycle info
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28
Q

Unintended consequence of DMA -

A

-some states have 2 DMAs (New Jersey), each area getting different political info

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29
Q

DMAs effect ____ ____

A

Political involvement

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30
Q

Joint ventures:

A

Media markets, same owner operates major newspaper and top-rated local TV station

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31
Q

Cross-media sources:

A

Partnership between technology and content providers

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32
Q

News credibility has ___

A

Declined

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33
Q

___ is the most credible source

A

TV

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34
Q

For important news story breaks, ppl rely on ____ ____

A

Network newscasts

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35
Q

Hostile media phenomenon:

A

Ppl who hold strong political views likely to view other news as biased

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36
Q

Friendly media phenomenon:

A

Ppl rent to view media they use often as favoring own views

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37
Q

Perceptions of media bias tends to be stronger among ______

A

Republicans

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38
Q

Shift of news content of old-fashion and modern journalism -

A

Shift from serious news to “news that sells”

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39
Q

Free market -> _____ -> _____ -> _____

A

Deregulation

News that sells

Softening news

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40
Q

In past — who subsidized news division?

Now what is news division expected to do?

A

Entertainment programs

Expected to make profit

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41
Q

Consequence of economic model of journalism -

A

It doesn’t mirror reality

42
Q

What are the dominant values in modern journalism? (2)

A

Objectivity and autonomy

43
Q

Objectivity:

A
  • Equal exposure, equal coverage

- news media takes on passive role in campaign process

44
Q

Autonomy (2):

A
  • Journalism has strong voice in campaign process

- interpret/define

45
Q

____ has upstaged _____ as guiding behavior of journalists’ behavior

A

Autonomy , objectivity

46
Q

(Interpretive, descriptive)

Objectivity is ____
Autonomy is _____

A

Descriptive

Interpretive

47
Q

Strategy frame:

A

Analysis of rational/strategy underlying the candidate’s position

48
Q

(T/F)

Strategy frame and race horse coverage overshadows issue-based coverage

A

True

49
Q

(Positive/negative relationship)

Interpretive journalism and candidate’s sound bite

A

Negative, when one increases the other decreases (interpretive then decrease in candidate’s sound bite)

50
Q

Pack journalism:

A

Tendency of high prestige news orgs. To define daily agenda

51
Q

What are the 3 stages of media coverage? (3)

A

1) restricted press access
2) media pools
3) Embedded journalists

52
Q

Restricted press access -

A

Not allowed to go into zone

53
Q

Media pools -

A

Semi-control, limited # of news media who represent larger # of news media

54
Q

Embedded journalists -

A

Contemporary model

55
Q

(T/F)

Most news is not what has happened, but what official sources say

A

True

56
Q

Technology ____ distinction between the senders and receivers

A

Blues

57
Q

Online has ____ replaced other forms of news. And ____ consumers use of other platforms

A

Not completely

Supplements

58
Q

(T/F)

Overall, Americans spending more time reading, watching, listening to news than they did 20 yrs ago

A

True

59
Q

Optimistic (2) views vs skeptical views (2) of new media

A

Optimistic -

  • provides direct/immediate views
  • enhances following/participating news

Skeptical -

  • no guarantee for quality info
  • more entertainment than news
60
Q

“Surfing alone”:

A

Disconnects user from civic life

61
Q

In general, ____ groups more likely to use online news than _____ groups

A

Advantaged, disadvantaged

62
Q

Universal service:

A

Internet is seen as fundamental human right

63
Q

What are same countries that have universal service (3)?

A
  • Greece
  • France
  • Finland
64
Q

Characteristics of who’s more likely to be active in online news (4) -

A
  • male
  • white
  • college grad
  • high SES
65
Q

Overall, ppl more active ____ than ____

A

Offline, online

66
Q

Kraut’s theory and def.

A
  • “internet paradox”

- internet users became less involved in social activities, expressed loneliness

67
Q

Robinson’s theory and def.

A
  • “info technology and functional time displacement”

- internet users don’t use news and other media less, but many use print media more

68
Q

Theories of selectivity (3) -

A

1) partisan polarization
2) issue public
3) attentive public

69
Q

Partisan polarization:

A

Selective exposure based on partisan basis

70
Q

Cognitive dissonance:

A

Exposed to info different than our own makes us uncomfortable, we avoid it

71
Q

What is “Daily me” based on (2)?

A

1) selective exposure

2) cognitive dissonance

72
Q

“Daily me” (2)-

A

We create our own news based on our opinions

-can only see what we wanna see

73
Q

Overall, politics is becoming ___ polarized

A

More

74
Q

Case of “blogosphere” -

A

Extreme polarization

75
Q

“Utility-based selectivity”:

A

Ppl pay attention when something is useful/convenient

76
Q

Issue public:

A

Greater interest regarding specific policy issues

77
Q

Attentive public:

A

Based on political interest, not partisan preference

78
Q

The trend of internet and campaign organizations-

A

Impact of increase mobilization

79
Q

“Smart mobs”:

A

Using social software to mobilize and network campaign activists

80
Q

Internet is used to accomplish 3 campaign objectives -

A

1) fundraising
2) visibility
3) recruiting

81
Q

Role of social media in protests (5) -

A

1) gives leaders ability to monitor actions of followers
2) provide counter-narrative
3) low cost of recruiting
4) feelings of collective identity
5) allows to attract global audience

82
Q

The 1998 campaign of Jesse Ventura -

A

No one thought he was going to win, but bc of media he won

-focuses in urban areas where they had computers

83
Q

2008 Barack Obama campaign -

A

-fundraising and electoral success bc of media

84
Q

Limitations of personal

Appearance (4) -

A
  • time consuming
  • limited to already committed supporters
  • locally bound
  • unpredictable (weather/accident)
85
Q

Media appearances are ____

A

Efficient access to a more predictable national audience

86
Q

3 types of media appearances-

A

1) news appearance
2) TV advertising
3) TV debates

87
Q

Issue ownership:

A

Public considers each party to be capable on different issues

88
Q

Republican issues (3) -

A

National security, military, defense policy

89
Q

Democratic issues (4) -

A

Health care, social welfare, environment, education

90
Q

Wedge appeal:

A

Us vs. them

91
Q

When do candidates often turn to wedge appeals?

A

When they’re losing

92
Q

“They keep coming” 1994 campaign -

A
  • Wilson was losing

- used wedge appeal with campaign and ended up winning

93
Q

What are the 2 types of negative advertising?

A
  • “Flip-flop”

- “guilt by association “

94
Q

(T/F)

Attacks ads viewed more newsworthy

A

True

95
Q

Spiral negativity:

A

1 attack invites a counterattack

96
Q

(T/F)

Attacked candidate’s are better off not counterattacking

A

False

97
Q

Statewide/congressional races vs. presidential races (2) -

A
  • statewide less newsworthy, advertising dominates news channel
  • presidential highly trustworthy, virtually unlimited news coverage
98
Q

7 strategies candidates use to manage press (4) -

A

1) avoid behavior that Q your suitability in office
2) don’t waffle/flip-flop issues
3) make sure journalists have low expectations regarding chances of winning
4) schedule events strategically to maximize newsworthiness

99
Q

7 strategies candidates use of manage press (last 3)

A

5) restrict journalists access when leading in polls
6) “go local” to avoid critical coverage from national news
7) feed press sensational/dramatic/critical info on opponent

100
Q

Character traits are viewed as _____ but personal positions are ____

A

Black and white

Gray

101
Q

Why should candidates go local vs. national?

A

-local news limited funding, therefore less critical/exclusive coverage

CMN 143 (2 decks)

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