Final Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
-findings of campaign discourse -
A
50% material horse race in newspapers
2
Q
Topics most discussed in newspapers - (3)
A
1) performance
2) environment
3) economy
3
Q
In senate campaign discourse, amount of dialogue is ___
A
10-15%
4
Q
Effects of dialogue campaign discourse on voters - (2)
A
-2 way campaign positive for voters, correlated w/ knowledge
5
Q
Difference b/w 2-way dialogue and 1 way. Which one more common?
A
2-way - talking about same issue back and forth
1way- criticism, no involvement in same issue
1 way most common
6
Q
Ex: of campaign discourse -
A
“They keep coming” - Wilson and brown
7
Q
T/F
Engaging in dialogue initiated by opponent fatal for candidate but good for democracy
A
True
8
Q
Changes in presidential leadership models -
A
Negotiating model vs. going public model
9
Q
Describe - pre-media era vs. media centric regards to presidential leadership
A
Pre-media - bargaining w/ elites
Media-centric- appeal to public for appeal
10
Q
Which conditions most effective for going public model -
A
Issue salient to public, which public has little info of
11
Q
Explain going public model and media management
A
-public [pressures] -> congress [lends support] -> White House [appeals to] -> public
12
Q
3 forms of presidential comm. -
A
1) news coverage
2) speech making
3) press conference
13
Q
2 reasons for news coverage -
A
1) attracting news attention
2) shaping need msg
14
Q
News coverage:
President _ congress
A
>
15
Q
(T/F)
President gets same coverage as presidential candidates, critical coverage
A
True
16
Q
Has there been a “honeymoon stage” for presidents now?
A
No
17
Q
‘Prime-time presidential speech’ - in 60s-70s was the ____. Why?
A
Golden age of tv
Bc I’d access to tv
18
Q
(Increase-decrease) ____ of tv audience for presidential addresses
A
Decrease
19
Q
Narrowcasting approach:
A
Substituting local news for national audiences
20
Q
(T/F)
President speech influences public opinion
A
True
21
Q
Risk and rewards if press conferences - (1)
A
Risk - mistakes
Reward - teaching entire nation
22
Q
Is sooo press conferences or joint more common in US? Why?
A
Joint, globalization
23
Q
Media management - congress members are ___ to attract media attention
A
Difficult
24
Q
When is best opportunity for congressional media coverage?
A
Committee hearings
25
News coverage:
| Senators _ house representatives
>
26
What are the 2 types of interest groups ?
Issue ads and lobbying
27
Issue ads:
Strategy of ‘going public’
28
Lobbying:
Aimed exclusively at public officials
29
Issue add of “Harry and Louise” -
-regarding healthcare, successful
30
Varieties of media effects - (4)
1) learning
2) agenda-setting effects
3) priming
4) persuasion
31
What is the trend on America’s political knowledge? (3)
- low knowledge
- 60%
- constant
32
Reasonings for America’s los political knowledge - (2)
- lack incentives
| - non substantive content
33
Explanations for low American political knowledge - (4)
1) “rational ignorance”
2) “low info decision making”
3) “online processing”
4) news media as culprit
34
(Macro) “rational ignorance”:
Relative material affluence, yet not necessary (even rational) to learn
35
(Psychology) “low info decision making”:
Able to reach reasonable amount of political decisions via shortcuts
36
(Psychology) “online processing”:
Use info to update opinions/attitudes but then discard info
| Ex: might forget reading, remember impression
37
(Social) news media as culprit regards to low knowledge -
Low quality news, less public affairs news orgs
38
Agenda-setting effects:
Relationship b/w news coverage and public concern
39
Cohen’s statement regarding agenda-setting -
Media not successful in telling ppl what to think, rather what to think about
40
McCombs and Shaw’s finding b/w agenda-setting -
Correspondence b/w media attention and public concern
41
Real-world shapes ____ ____ and ____ ____
News coverage
| Public concern
42
Casual directions of news coverage and public concern
News coverage > public concern
| News coverage < public concern
43
Explanations for news msg and public concern (2)
1) accessibility (memories) and heuristic (impression) decision making - salient
2) media credibility - fox trusted therefore true
44
Priming:
News coverage influences way we evaluate candidates and institutions
45
Individual characteristics for when priming effective -
Only occurs when highly knowledgeable abt politics/trust media
46
Persuasions 2 def. of attitude change -
1) converting from candidate (or issue)
| 2) changing attitude strength (ex: no opinion to opinion)
47
“Golden mean”:
Greater exposure to msg and open mind the greater influence
48
Persuasion and source effects - and ex:
Relationship b/w source and msg
Ex: rep. Candidates more persuasive when discussing issues which reps. Prefer
49
Do relationships b/w source and msg also apply to gender?
Yes
50
Do campaigns matter - (2 approaches)
No - political context explains results
Yes - day-to-day candidate’s tactics matter
51
(T/F)
Forecasting models (combo of incumbents/Econ) accurately predicted elections
True
52
____ b/w party affiliation and belief abt candidates
Consistency
53
Is there selective exposure due to partisan reinforcement?
Yes
54
Candidates _____ (____ / ____) most important for swing voters
Personality
Competence/integrity
55
What encourages image-based voting? Ex:
Tv
Ex: Kennedy-Nixon debate
56
3 levels of relevant candidate info-
1) name recognition
2) image
3) issue positions
57
(T/F)
Voting relatively easy in US
False
58
America voting turnout is __
Low
59
Voter stimulation:
Personal contact most effecting form of stimulation
60
Gerber and Green findings -
Face to face increases turnout by 10%
61
Which groups need most otrexh? (2)
Young, ethnic minorities
62
Demobilization greater for ______
Non partisan
63
Who watches soft news? (3)
Low SES, political interest, political sophistication
64
How often do soft news shows cover foreign crisis?
Often, but not as much as newscasts
65
Different between how soft news covers foreign crisis than hard news media -(4)
1) lower thematic drama, usually episodic
2) draw comparisons b/w crises and past foreign policy failures
3) feat. Celebs
4) criticize US decision makers than support them
66
Implications of soft news coverage on foreign crisis - (2)
1) increases attentiveness to foreign policy
| 2) shapes public opinion
67
Soft news uses episodic frame ___ of time
95%
68
3 theories of presidential popul (explain) -
1) length of time in office -over time decrease in popul.
2) course of real world events - public holds pres. accountable for state of nation
3 public relations efforts - influence standing w/ public
69
The rally effect:
After major foreign crisis p rally behind pres.
70
4 suggestions to progress media politics -
1) redirecting focus to issue
2) giving candidates free media time
3) dilemma of partisan press
4) fostering direct comm, b/w candidates and voters
71
(Partisan slant/misinformation)
Currently we have -
We should have -
Misinformation
| Partisan slant
72
Donsbach and Patterson study
Model - (3) designs
Cross national
Stratified sampling - medium (print vs. broadcast) and coverage (local vs national)
Probability sampling
73
Donsbach and Patterson study
Countries (5)
-Sweden’s, Italy, US, Germany, Great Britain
74
Donsbach and Patterson’s study
Findings (4) - regarding partisanship and journalism
1) level of partisanship
2) effects of journalists political beliefs on their news decision making
3) values in journalism
4) politic roles and news systems
1) journalists identified more with left than right, Italy most liberal Sweden’s least
2) positive ( not strong) b/w journalists belief and news orgs work for
3) US not high values/ideas in own journalism
4) US - active and neutral; EU media partisan
75
3 theories of the press by Hallin and Mancini -
1) polarized pluralist
2) democratic corporatist
3 liberal models
76
Polarized pluralist -
Location
Parallelism strength/professionalism strength
State intervention
- Mediterranean; Italy, Spain, Greece
- strong parallelism, weak proff.
- strong state intervention (no censorship, rather govern. Incentives)
77
Democratic corporatist
Location
Parallelism strength/professionalism strength
- north/central EU
| - historically high parallelism but decreasing / strong professionalism
78
Liberal models
Location
North Atlantic/Anglo-American; US, Britain, Canada
79
4 key dimensions that characterize national media -
1) authoritarian
2) libertarian
3) social responsibility
4) soviet totalitarian
80
Authoritarian characteristics - (3)
- 16-17th century
- private/public ownership (mostly public)
- censorship accepted
81
Libertarian - (5 characteristics)
- 17-18th century
- rise of democracy
- expansion religion
- main mission: inform and entertain
- mostly private
82
Social responsibility - (3 characteristics)
- 20th century
- mission: inform and entertain but raise conflicts for debate
- government (external) and professionalism (internal)
83
Soviet totalitarianism- (3 characteristics)
- no longer exists
- belief that western media controlled by capitalist
- public owned
84
5 key characteristics that shape national media
1) shape media markets
2) political parallelism
3) journalistic professionalism
4) state intervention
5) political culture
85
Differentiation theory of media:
Hugh different when parallelism weak bt professionalisms strong
86
What’s the difference b/w authoritarian and totalitarian?
Authoritarian is private owned
87
Global homogenizing of media system:
Americanization/commercialization
88
Liberal theory:
Free press strengthens democracy and human development
89
Revision of Pippa on liberal theory -
Free press and public access work together
90
Typology of media systems (regarding to free press and public access) (2)
1) widespread access and free press freedom
| 2) limited access and non-free press freedom
91
Indicators of good governance - (4)
1) political stability
2) rule of law
3) government efficiency
4( corruption
92
_____ countries have more access to free press
Western
93
(T/F)
Wise access to free press correlated to political stability, rule of law, etc.
True
94
(T/F)
Evidence shows support for liberal theories
Free press/access matters
True
| True
95
Trends in global trade of culture goods -(2)
- expanses
| - globalization driven economy
96
Changes in media landscape (4)
-multi-language,
multi-media
-de-regulation
-commercialization
97
3 typology of media flows
1) dominant flow
2) transnational flow
3) geo-cultural flow
98
Dominant flow - (3)
- led by US/western media
- private media (except BBC)
- represents “Americanization”
99
Transnational flow - (3)
- eastern, South American, Asia
- strong regional presents
- private/state sponsored
100
Geo-cultural flow -
- audience scattered around world
- cultural-linguistic morning
- due to increase migration/mobility
101
Q: is there an Americanization of world culture? (2 responses)
Yes - selling US products, exporting US culture values
No - glocalication - localize media to maximize audience
