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CMN 143 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

-findings of campaign discourse -

A

50% material horse race in newspapers

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2
Q

Topics most discussed in newspapers - (3)

A

1) performance
2) environment
3) economy

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3
Q

In senate campaign discourse, amount of dialogue is ___

A

10-15%

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4
Q

Effects of dialogue campaign discourse on voters - (2)

A

-2 way campaign positive for voters, correlated w/ knowledge

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5
Q

Difference b/w 2-way dialogue and 1 way. Which one more common?

A

2-way - talking about same issue back and forth

1way- criticism, no involvement in same issue

1 way most common

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6
Q

Ex: of campaign discourse -

A

“They keep coming” - Wilson and brown

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7
Q

T/F

Engaging in dialogue initiated by opponent fatal for candidate but good for democracy

A

True

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8
Q

Changes in presidential leadership models -

A

Negotiating model vs. going public model

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9
Q

Describe - pre-media era vs. media centric regards to presidential leadership

A

Pre-media - bargaining w/ elites

Media-centric- appeal to public for appeal

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10
Q

Which conditions most effective for going public model -

A

Issue salient to public, which public has little info of

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11
Q

Explain going public model and media management

A

-public [pressures] -> congress [lends support] -> White House [appeals to] -> public

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12
Q

3 forms of presidential comm. -

A

1) news coverage
2) speech making
3) press conference

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13
Q

2 reasons for news coverage -

A

1) attracting news attention

2) shaping need msg

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14
Q

News coverage:

President _ congress

A

>

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15
Q

(T/F)

President gets same coverage as presidential candidates, critical coverage

A

True

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16
Q

Has there been a “honeymoon stage” for presidents now?

A

No

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17
Q

‘Prime-time presidential speech’ - in 60s-70s was the ____. Why?

A

Golden age of tv

Bc I’d access to tv

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18
Q

(Increase-decrease) ____ of tv audience for presidential addresses

A

Decrease

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19
Q

Narrowcasting approach:

A

Substituting local news for national audiences

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20
Q

(T/F)

President speech influences public opinion

A

True

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21
Q

Risk and rewards if press conferences - (1)

A

Risk - mistakes

Reward - teaching entire nation

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22
Q

Is sooo press conferences or joint more common in US? Why?

A

Joint, globalization

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23
Q

Media management - congress members are ___ to attract media attention

A

Difficult

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24
Q

When is best opportunity for congressional media coverage?

A

Committee hearings

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25
Q

News coverage:

Senators _ house representatives

A

>

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of interest groups ?

A

Issue ads and lobbying

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27
Q

Issue ads:

A

Strategy of ‘going public’

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28
Q

Lobbying:

A

Aimed exclusively at public officials

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29
Q

Issue add of “Harry and Louise” -

A

-regarding healthcare, successful

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30
Q

Varieties of media effects - (4)

A

1) learning
2) agenda-setting effects
3) priming
4) persuasion

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31
Q

What is the trend on America’s political knowledge? (3)

A
  • low knowledge
  • 60%
  • constant
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32
Q

Reasonings for America’s los political knowledge - (2)

A
  • lack incentives

- non substantive content

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33
Q

Explanations for low American political knowledge - (4)

A

1) “rational ignorance”
2) “low info decision making”
3) “online processing”
4) news media as culprit

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34
Q

(Macro) “rational ignorance”:

A

Relative material affluence, yet not necessary (even rational) to learn

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35
Q

(Psychology) “low info decision making”:

A

Able to reach reasonable amount of political decisions via shortcuts

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36
Q

(Psychology) “online processing”:

A

Use info to update opinions/attitudes but then discard info

Ex: might forget reading, remember impression

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37
Q

(Social) news media as culprit regards to low knowledge -

A

Low quality news, less public affairs news orgs

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38
Q

Agenda-setting effects:

A

Relationship b/w news coverage and public concern

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39
Q

Cohen’s statement regarding agenda-setting -

A

Media not successful in telling ppl what to think, rather what to think about

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40
Q

McCombs and Shaw’s finding b/w agenda-setting -

A

Correspondence b/w media attention and public concern

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41
Q

Real-world shapes ____ ____ and ____ ____

A

News coverage

Public concern

42
Q

Casual directions of news coverage and public concern

A

News coverage > public concern

News coverage < public concern

43
Q

Explanations for news msg and public concern (2)

A

1) accessibility (memories) and heuristic (impression) decision making - salient
2) media credibility - fox trusted therefore true

44
Q

Priming:

A

News coverage influences way we evaluate candidates and institutions

45
Q

Individual characteristics for when priming effective -

A

Only occurs when highly knowledgeable abt politics/trust media

46
Q

Persuasions 2 def. of attitude change -

A

1) converting from candidate (or issue)

2) changing attitude strength (ex: no opinion to opinion)

47
Q

“Golden mean”:

A

Greater exposure to msg and open mind the greater influence

48
Q

Persuasion and source effects - and ex:

A

Relationship b/w source and msg

Ex: rep. Candidates more persuasive when discussing issues which reps. Prefer

49
Q

Do relationships b/w source and msg also apply to gender?

A

Yes

50
Q

Do campaigns matter - (2 approaches)

A

No - political context explains results

Yes - day-to-day candidate’s tactics matter

51
Q

(T/F)

Forecasting models (combo of incumbents/Econ) accurately predicted elections

A

True

52
Q

____ b/w party affiliation and belief abt candidates

A

Consistency

53
Q

Is there selective exposure due to partisan reinforcement?

A

Yes

54
Q

Candidates _____ (____ / ____) most important for swing voters

A

Personality

Competence/integrity

55
Q

What encourages image-based voting? Ex:

A

Tv

Ex: Kennedy-Nixon debate

56
Q

3 levels of relevant candidate info-

A

1) name recognition
2) image
3) issue positions

57
Q

(T/F)

Voting relatively easy in US

A

False

58
Q

America voting turnout is __

A

Low

59
Q

Voter stimulation:

A

Personal contact most effecting form of stimulation

60
Q

Gerber and Green findings -

A

Face to face increases turnout by 10%

61
Q

Which groups need most otrexh? (2)

A

Young, ethnic minorities

62
Q

Demobilization greater for ______

A

Non partisan

63
Q

Who watches soft news? (3)

A

Low SES, political interest, political sophistication

64
Q

How often do soft news shows cover foreign crisis?

A

Often, but not as much as newscasts

65
Q

Different between how soft news covers foreign crisis than hard news media -(4)

A

1) lower thematic drama, usually episodic
2) draw comparisons b/w crises and past foreign policy failures
3) feat. Celebs
4) criticize US decision makers than support them

66
Q

Implications of soft news coverage on foreign crisis - (2)

A

1) increases attentiveness to foreign policy

2) shapes public opinion

67
Q

Soft news uses episodic frame ___ of time

A

95%

68
Q

3 theories of presidential popul (explain) -

A

1) length of time in office -over time decrease in popul.
2) course of real world events - public holds pres. accountable for state of nation
3 public relations efforts - influence standing w/ public

69
Q

The rally effect:

A

After major foreign crisis p rally behind pres.

70
Q

4 suggestions to progress media politics -

A

1) redirecting focus to issue
2) giving candidates free media time
3) dilemma of partisan press
4) fostering direct comm, b/w candidates and voters

71
Q

(Partisan slant/misinformation)

Currently we have -
We should have -

A

Misinformation

Partisan slant

72
Q

Donsbach and Patterson study

Model - (3) designs

A

Cross national
Stratified sampling - medium (print vs. broadcast) and coverage (local vs national)
Probability sampling

73
Q

Donsbach and Patterson study

Countries (5)

A

-Sweden’s, Italy, US, Germany, Great Britain

74
Q

Donsbach and Patterson’s study

Findings (4) - regarding partisanship and journalism

1) level of partisanship
2) effects of journalists political beliefs on their news decision making
3) values in journalism
4) politic roles and news systems

A

1) journalists identified more with left than right, Italy most liberal Sweden’s least
2) positive ( not strong) b/w journalists belief and news orgs work for
3) US not high values/ideas in own journalism
4) US - active and neutral; EU media partisan

75
Q

3 theories of the press by Hallin and Mancini -

A

1) polarized pluralist
2) democratic corporatist
3 liberal models

76
Q

Polarized pluralist -

Location

Parallelism strength/professionalism strength

State intervention

A
  • Mediterranean; Italy, Spain, Greece
  • strong parallelism, weak proff.
  • strong state intervention (no censorship, rather govern. Incentives)
77
Q

Democratic corporatist

Location

Parallelism strength/professionalism strength

A
  • north/central EU

- historically high parallelism but decreasing / strong professionalism

78
Q

Liberal models

Location

A

North Atlantic/Anglo-American; US, Britain, Canada

79
Q

4 key dimensions that characterize national media -

A

1) authoritarian
2) libertarian
3) social responsibility
4) soviet totalitarian

80
Q

Authoritarian characteristics - (3)

A
  • 16-17th century
  • private/public ownership (mostly public)
  • censorship accepted
81
Q

Libertarian - (5 characteristics)

A
  • 17-18th century
  • rise of democracy
  • expansion religion
  • main mission: inform and entertain
  • mostly private
82
Q

Social responsibility - (3 characteristics)

A
  • 20th century
  • mission: inform and entertain but raise conflicts for debate
  • government (external) and professionalism (internal)
83
Q

Soviet totalitarianism- (3 characteristics)

A
  • no longer exists
  • belief that western media controlled by capitalist
  • public owned
84
Q

5 key characteristics that shape national media

A

1) shape media markets
2) political parallelism
3) journalistic professionalism
4) state intervention
5) political culture

85
Q

Differentiation theory of media:

A

Hugh different when parallelism weak bt professionalisms strong

86
Q

What’s the difference b/w authoritarian and totalitarian?

A

Authoritarian is private owned

87
Q

Global homogenizing of media system:

A

Americanization/commercialization

88
Q

Liberal theory:

A

Free press strengthens democracy and human development

89
Q

Revision of Pippa on liberal theory -

A

Free press and public access work together

90
Q

Typology of media systems (regarding to free press and public access) (2)

A

1) widespread access and free press freedom

2) limited access and non-free press freedom

91
Q

Indicators of good governance - (4)

A

1) political stability
2) rule of law
3) government efficiency
4( corruption

92
Q

_____ countries have more access to free press

A

Western

93
Q

(T/F)

Wise access to free press correlated to political stability, rule of law, etc.

A

True

94
Q

(T/F)

Evidence shows support for liberal theories

Free press/access matters

A

True

True

95
Q

Trends in global trade of culture goods -(2)

A
  • expanses

- globalization driven economy

96
Q

Changes in media landscape (4)

A

-multi-language,
multi-media
-de-regulation
-commercialization

97
Q

3 typology of media flows

A

1) dominant flow
2) transnational flow
3) geo-cultural flow

98
Q

Dominant flow - (3)

A
  • led by US/western media
  • private media (except BBC)
  • represents “Americanization”
99
Q

Transnational flow - (3)

A
  • eastern, South American, Asia
  • strong regional presents
  • private/state sponsored
100
Q

Geo-cultural flow -

A
  • audience scattered around world
  • cultural-linguistic morning
  • due to increase migration/mobility
101
Q

Q: is there an Americanization of world culture? (2 responses)

A

Yes - selling US products, exporting US culture values

No - glocalication - localize media to maximize audience

CMN 143 (2 decks)

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