Midterm Flashcards
Define Interpersonal Communication
The process of creating social relationships between at lest two people by acting in concert with another.
What are the implications of Interpersonal communication
- Two or more people
- Relationships are created by communication
- Interdependence and coordinated interaction
Define relational comunicaiton
Focuses on messages exchanged in intimate, or potentially intimate, relationships
Define verbal IPC
Symbolic communication structured according to linguistic rules.
Define nonverbal IPC
Modes of communication that are not verbal
Examples of nonverbal communication
- Kinesics
- Vocalics
- Haptics
What are the functions of nonverbal communication
- Enhance or complment verbal communication
- Replace verbal communications
- Contradict verbal communication
Symbolic communication:
Interaction mediate by meaning
Conventional Verbal Communication is
Arbitrary but conventional connection symbol and referent
Define Analogic Verbal Communication
Connection symbol and referent not completely arbitrary but based on natural analogue
Analogic Verbal communication is
- Most powerful for communicating about a relationship
- Restricted can’t go beyond here and now
Spontaneous communication
Nonverbal, inherent, biologically programmed connection between sign and internal state
Pseudo-Spontaneous Communication
Intentional behavior that counterfeits spontaneous behavior
Relational messages include?
Communication that involves both content and relational levels
What are the three patterns of interaction
- Reciprocity
- Compensation
- Mixed Patterns
Explain the Reciprocity pattern of interaction
Exchange of messages with the same relational functions between two communicators
Explain the Compensation pattern of interaction
Exchange of message with opposite relation functions
Explain the mixed pattern of interaction
The parallel relationship: A shifting back and forth of the power between partners, depending on the situation.
Explain the Dynamic principle of relational communication
IPC messages and their relational implications are situated in time and change over time.
Explain the Linear principle of relational communication
Steady increase or decrease; or a progressive series of stages
explain the nonlinear principle of relational communication
Curvilinear (discontinuous increase or decrease), reversal, or cyclical patterns
Explain the Contextual principal of relational communication
Interpersonal communication takes place in contexts
Characteristics of role relationships
Functional, casual, usually temporary, people interchangeable, and not unique
Characteristics of Interpersonal relationships
Interdependence beyond task social-emotional connection, repeated interaction, and unique interaction patterns
Characteristics of close relationships
Emotional attachment, need fulfillment, and irreplaceability
What are the four common categories of types of relationships
- Voluntary-Personal relationships
- Voluntary-Social relationships
- Non-Voluntary - Personal Relationships
- Non-Voluntary - Social Relationships
List four examples of a Voluntary-Personal relationship
- Marriage
- Best Friends
- Cohabiting couple
- Adoptive/Foster family
List three examples of a Voluntary-Social relationship
- Acquaintances
- Casual Friends
- Relational Marketing
List three examples of a Non-Voluntary - Personal Relationship
- Biological Parent-child
- Siblings
- Grandparent-child
List three examples of a Non-Voluntary Social Relationship
- Distant Relatives
- Work Relationships
- Monopoly provider-client
Explain the biological basis of attachment theory
As we proceed up the evolutionary chain procreation becomes more social and requires more coordination and interdependence between members of a species.
Explain the social basis of attachment theory
We are social animals biologically programmed to form relationships.
What are the two types of children attachment styles
- Secure Attachment
2. Insecure Attachment
Define secure attachment
Attentive maternal responsiveness leads to a secure attachement
Define insecure attachment
Lack of, or inappropriate maternal responsiveness leads to insecure attachments.
What are the two types of Insecure attachment?
- Avoidant Attachment
2. Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
Child Attachment styles: Define avoidant attachment
Over or under-stimulation by caregiver
Child Attachment styles: Define anxious-ambivalent attachment
Inconsistent behavior by caregiver
List the four adult attachment styles
- Secure
- Preoccupied
- Dismissive
- Fearful-avoidant
Explain the secure adult attachment style
- “I’m ok, you’re ok”
- Comfortable with intimacy
- Confident and self sufficient
- Positive expectations about relationships
Explain the preoccupied adult attachement style
- “I’m not ok; you’re ok”
- Craves excessive intimacy
- Lacks confidence
- Looks to relationships to fulfill dependency needs.
Explain the dismissive adult attachement style
- “I’m ok, you’re not ok”
- Unconformable with intimacy
- Compulsively self-reliant
- Views relationships as nonessential
Explain the fearful-avoidant adult attachement style
- “I’m not ok; you’re not ok”
- Fears intimacy
- Lacks confidence
- Would like closer relationships but fears rejection.
What are the two types of empathy?
- Emotional Empathy
2. Cognitive empathy
Define emotional empathy
Knowing what the other is feeling, (with a sympathetic or compatible emotional response)
Define cognitive empathy
Knowing what the other is thinking ex. meanings and intentions
What are the three parts of emotional empathy?
- Spontaneous communication
- Pre-attunements to spontaneous communication
- Emotional Education
In relation to emotional empathy: explain Spontaneous communication
We are born with an innate ability to express our emotions
In relation to emotional empathy: explain Pre-attunements to spontaneous communication
We are born with the innate ability to recognize the emotional displays of others.
In relation to emotional empathy: explain emotional education
Responding with a compatible emotional reaction
The two parts of cognitive empathy are
- Perspective taking
2. Perception
In relation to cognitive empathy: explain perspective taking
To understand a situation from the perspective of the other.
In relation to cognitive empathy: explain perception
Our understanding is based upon our perception
What are the four barriers to empathy:
- Projection
- Expectations
- Stereotyping
- Lack of openness or expressiveness
Explain projection as a barrier to empathy
Assuming others experience things as we do.
Co-orientation Model
- Direct: Agreement or disagreement
- Meta: Understanding vs. Misunderstanding
- Meta-Meta: Realization of understanding/or of misunderstanding
DSM definition of empathy
Empathy involves:
- Comprehension and appreciation of another’s experience and motivations.
- Tolerance of differing perspectives
- Understanding effect of ones behaviors on others
List some characteristics of empathetic listening
- Let the other speak, don’t interrupt
- Pay attention. ex. provide eye contact
- Put yourself in their shoes and try to understand their situation
Five implications of empathy:
- Empathy makes it much harder to engage in hurtful or exploitive behaviors toward others.
- Seeing when others have dangerous emotions can protect us from entering dangerous situations.
- Failure to see the needs and fears of others makes it easier to view them as objects, less than, or contemptible and, therefore, more deserving of hurtful or violent behavior.
- Empathy makes it easier to engage in effective supportive behavior.
- However, simple accuracy, without respect or compassion, makes it easier to exploit or hurt the other.
What are the three basic principles of perception
- Selective perception
- Figure vs. ground
- Data driven vs. concept driven
Explain selective perception
We can’t perceive everything. We must select what to attend to.
Explain figure vs. ground principle of perception
what stands out as salient (noticeable) vs. what is background
Explain data driven principle of perception
Perception based upon the objective characteristics of the stimuli
Explain concept driven principle of perception
Perception based upon the meanings the perceiver brings to the situation
Define Observation
report on data directly available to the sense for perception
Define inference
A guess or surmise about something not directly observed
Define judgements
A value statement or belief about something
What are the four P’s
- Perception/Perceptional
- Position
- Power
- Protection/Protects
Simply explain the four P’s
All knowledge and understanding is perceptual > Our perceptions are always from some position including physical and social positions > Positions imply power > And Power protects itself
Three characteristics of person perception
- People are active
- People are self-directed/motivated
- People have perceptions themselves including perceptions of you.
Explain Attribution theory
People are naive scientists
What are the six types of attributions
- Internal/Personal
- External/Situational
- Temporary
- Stable
- Specific
- Global
Explain the internal/personal attribution
Attribute cause to something about the person
Explain the external/situational attribution
Attribute cause to something external to the person in the situation or the environment
Explain temporary attribution
Attributing to temporary/transitory event
Explain stable attribution
Attributing cause to something enduring
Explain specific attribution
Attributing cause limited in generality
Explain global attribution
Cause is generalizable to larger context.
Biases in the attribution process
- Expectancy Bias
2. Hedonic Relevance
What is Expectancy Bias
People tend to attribute causes consistent with their expectations or as the result of the disconfirmation as more extremely different.
What is Hedonic Relevance
Attribute actions that directly affect the attributor (whether positively or negatively) internally to other’s character.
The big three types of attraction
- Task Attraction
- Physical Attraction
- Social Attraction
Explain task attraction
Desire to work with someone on an instrumental task
Explain physical attracting
Liking the physical aspects of someone’s appearance
Explain social attraction
Desire to be friends or establish a relationship with someone.
What is Relational attraction
A special case of social attraction when there is desire to have an intimate relationship
What is Fatal Attraction
When what was initially attractive about a person ends up being what ruins the relationship
What is Guerrero’s Model of attraction?
Environmental factors, personal qualities, qualities of other, and dyadic chemistry/synergy all lead to attraction
Guerrero’s Model of attraction: explain environmental factors
Microenvironment, networks, and proximity
Guerrero’s Model of attraction: explain personal qualities
- Perceptions of reward
- Expectations
- Demographics
- Personality
Guerrero’s Model of attraction: explain Qualities of others
- Physical attractiveness
- Communication
- Hard-to-get
Guerrero’s Model of attraction: explain dyadic chemistry/synergy
- Similarity
- Complementarity
- Emergent dyadic qualities
Define identity
A theory of self that is formed and maintained through actual or imagined interpersonal agreement about what is self like.
Define self-esteem
How positively or negatively we view ourselves
What is the communication theory of identity:
Identity construction can be viewed through 4 frames of identity
What are the four frames of identity?
- Personal frame
- Enactment Frame
- Relationship Frame
- Communal Frame
These all work together to influence identity development
Explain personal frame of identity
An image we construct within ourselves
Explain enactment frame of identity
Identities develop through communication with others: the looking glass self
Explain relationship frame of identity
We define ourselves in terms of relationship with other people ex. brother&sister
Explain communal frame of identity
Identities are tied to groups we belong to and ID development is constrained by cultural and group identities.
Three steps of the Identity development model
- Identity
- Self-Presentation
- Reaction
Seven Principles of Identity management
- Our identities provide us with a hierarchical structure of who we are.
- Feedback from others help shape our identity
- Our identities help us interpret feedback from others
- Identity incorporates expectations and guides behavior
- Influences our evaluations
- Influences the likelihood of goal achievement
- Influence what social relationships we choose to pursue and maintain
Explain Face-saving
There are social and cultural rule of politeness, such that we generally seek to protect each other’s “face” or identity
Explain preventive Facework
Efforts to avoid or minimize potential face threats
Explain corrective facework
Repair an identity damaged by something said or done
Explain relational turbulence
When relationships transition from intensifying to integrating. can result in some “turbulence”
Explain expectancy violation theory
We see what we expect to see
The developmental perspective of relationship emergence
Often useful to think of relationship forming as development
Explain the idea of the functional phasic models
The growth of relationships require the completion of specific steps to move the relationship forward
Explain the Social Penetration Theory
Relationships develop through incremental and reciprocal exchanges of increasing breadth and depth of self-disclosure.
What is Knapp’s Model of Coming together
- Dimensions of communication associated with development of relationships intimacy from less intimate → More intimate
Knapp’s Five Stages of coming Together:
- Initiating
- Experimenting
- Intensifying
- Integrating
- Bonding
What is Murstein’s SVR model?
- Stimulus
- Value
- Role
What are the limitations of the developmental perspective
- Equifinal
- Multifinal
- Relationship formation/emergence is not strictly linear.
Explain the equifinal limitation in relational development
Different starting points can end up in the same place
Explain the multifinal limitation in relational development
They can start from a similar point and end up very differently.
The cyclical model
The emergence of a relationship involves a continuous interplay or “dialectic tension” between openness and closedness and stability-change
Define turning points
Any event or occurrence that is associated with the change in a relationship.
What are the six types of turning points?
- Communication turning points
- Activities and special occasions
- Events related to passion and romance
- Events related to commitment and exclusivity
- Changes in family or social networks
- Proximity and distance
