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Interpersonal Communication > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Define Interpersonal Communication

A

The process of creating social relationships between at lest two people by acting in concert with another.

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2
Q

What are the implications of Interpersonal communication

A
  • Two or more people
  • Relationships are created by communication
  • Interdependence and coordinated interaction
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3
Q

Define relational comunicaiton

A

Focuses on messages exchanged in intimate, or potentially intimate, relationships

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4
Q

Define verbal IPC

A

Symbolic communication structured according to linguistic rules.

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5
Q

Define nonverbal IPC

A

Modes of communication that are not verbal

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6
Q

Examples of nonverbal communication

A
  • Kinesics
  • Vocalics
  • Haptics
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7
Q

What are the functions of nonverbal communication

A
  • Enhance or complment verbal communication
  • Replace verbal communications
  • Contradict verbal communication
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8
Q

Symbolic communication:

A

Interaction mediate by meaning

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9
Q

Conventional Verbal Communication is

A

Arbitrary but conventional connection symbol and referent

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10
Q

Define Analogic Verbal Communication

A

Connection symbol and referent not completely arbitrary but based on natural analogue

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11
Q

Analogic Verbal communication is

A
  • Most powerful for communicating about a relationship

- Restricted can’t go beyond here and now

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12
Q

Spontaneous communication

A

Nonverbal, inherent, biologically programmed connection between sign and internal state

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13
Q

Pseudo-Spontaneous Communication

A

Intentional behavior that counterfeits spontaneous behavior

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14
Q

Relational messages include?

A

Communication that involves both content and relational levels

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15
Q

What are the three patterns of interaction

A
  1. Reciprocity
  2. Compensation
  3. Mixed Patterns
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16
Q

Explain the Reciprocity pattern of interaction

A

Exchange of messages with the same relational functions between two communicators

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17
Q

Explain the Compensation pattern of interaction

A

Exchange of message with opposite relation functions

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18
Q

Explain the mixed pattern of interaction

A

The parallel relationship: A shifting back and forth of the power between partners, depending on the situation.

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19
Q

Explain the Dynamic principle of relational communication

A

IPC messages and their relational implications are situated in time and change over time.

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20
Q

Explain the Linear principle of relational communication

A

Steady increase or decrease; or a progressive series of stages

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21
Q

explain the nonlinear principle of relational communication

A

Curvilinear (discontinuous increase or decrease), reversal, or cyclical patterns

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22
Q

Explain the Contextual principal of relational communication

A

Interpersonal communication takes place in contexts

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23
Q

Characteristics of role relationships

A

Functional, casual, usually temporary, people interchangeable, and not unique

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24
Q

Characteristics of Interpersonal relationships

A

Interdependence beyond task social-emotional connection, repeated interaction, and unique interaction patterns

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25
Q

Characteristics of close relationships

A

Emotional attachment, need fulfillment, and irreplaceability

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26
Q

What are the four common categories of types of relationships

A
  1. Voluntary-Personal relationships
  2. Voluntary-Social relationships
  3. Non-Voluntary - Personal Relationships
  4. Non-Voluntary - Social Relationships
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27
Q

List four examples of a Voluntary-Personal relationship

A
  1. Marriage
  2. Best Friends
  3. Cohabiting couple
  4. Adoptive/Foster family
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28
Q

List three examples of a Voluntary-Social relationship

A
  1. Acquaintances
  2. Casual Friends
  3. Relational Marketing
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29
Q

List three examples of a Non-Voluntary - Personal Relationship

A
  1. Biological Parent-child
  2. Siblings
  3. Grandparent-child
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30
Q

List three examples of a Non-Voluntary Social Relationship

A
  1. Distant Relatives
  2. Work Relationships
  3. Monopoly provider-client
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31
Q

Explain the biological basis of attachment theory

A

As we proceed up the evolutionary chain procreation becomes more social and requires more coordination and interdependence between members of a species.

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32
Q

Explain the social basis of attachment theory

A

We are social animals biologically programmed to form relationships.

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33
Q

What are the two types of children attachment styles

A
  1. Secure Attachment

2. Insecure Attachment

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34
Q

Define secure attachment

A

Attentive maternal responsiveness leads to a secure attachement

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35
Q

Define insecure attachment

A

Lack of, or inappropriate maternal responsiveness leads to insecure attachments.

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36
Q

What are the two types of Insecure attachment?

A
  1. Avoidant Attachment

2. Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

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37
Q

Child Attachment styles: Define avoidant attachment

A

Over or under-stimulation by caregiver

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38
Q

Child Attachment styles: Define anxious-ambivalent attachment

A

Inconsistent behavior by caregiver

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39
Q

List the four adult attachment styles

A
  1. Secure
  2. Preoccupied
  3. Dismissive
  4. Fearful-avoidant
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40
Q

Explain the secure adult attachment style

A
  • “I’m ok, you’re ok”
  • Comfortable with intimacy
  • Confident and self sufficient
  • Positive expectations about relationships
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41
Q

Explain the preoccupied adult attachement style

A
  • “I’m not ok; you’re ok”
  • Craves excessive intimacy
  • Lacks confidence
  • Looks to relationships to fulfill dependency needs.
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42
Q

Explain the dismissive adult attachement style

A
  • “I’m ok, you’re not ok”
  • Unconformable with intimacy
  • Compulsively self-reliant
  • Views relationships as nonessential
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43
Q

Explain the fearful-avoidant adult attachement style

A
  • “I’m not ok; you’re not ok”
  • Fears intimacy
  • Lacks confidence
  • Would like closer relationships but fears rejection.
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44
Q

What are the two types of empathy?

A
  1. Emotional Empathy

2. Cognitive empathy

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45
Q

Define emotional empathy

A

Knowing what the other is feeling, (with a sympathetic or compatible emotional response)

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46
Q

Define cognitive empathy

A

Knowing what the other is thinking ex. meanings and intentions

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47
Q

What are the three parts of emotional empathy?

A
  1. Spontaneous communication
  2. Pre-attunements to spontaneous communication
  3. Emotional Education
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48
Q

In relation to emotional empathy: explain Spontaneous communication

A

We are born with an innate ability to express our emotions

49
Q

In relation to emotional empathy: explain Pre-attunements to spontaneous communication

A

We are born with the innate ability to recognize the emotional displays of others.

50
Q

In relation to emotional empathy: explain emotional education

A

Responding with a compatible emotional reaction

51
Q

The two parts of cognitive empathy are

A
  1. Perspective taking

2. Perception

52
Q

In relation to cognitive empathy: explain perspective taking

A

To understand a situation from the perspective of the other.

53
Q

In relation to cognitive empathy: explain perception

A

Our understanding is based upon our perception

54
Q

What are the four barriers to empathy:

A
  1. Projection
  2. Expectations
  3. Stereotyping
  4. Lack of openness or expressiveness
55
Q

Explain projection as a barrier to empathy

A

Assuming others experience things as we do.

56
Q

Co-orientation Model

A
  1. Direct: Agreement or disagreement
  2. Meta: Understanding vs. Misunderstanding
  3. Meta-Meta: Realization of understanding/or of misunderstanding
57
Q

DSM definition of empathy

A

Empathy involves:

  • Comprehension and appreciation of another’s experience and motivations.
  • Tolerance of differing perspectives
  • Understanding effect of ones behaviors on others
58
Q

List some characteristics of empathetic listening

A
  1. Let the other speak, don’t interrupt
  2. Pay attention. ex. provide eye contact
  3. Put yourself in their shoes and try to understand their situation
59
Q

Five implications of empathy:

A
  1. Empathy makes it much harder to engage in hurtful or exploitive behaviors toward others.
  2. Seeing when others have dangerous emotions can protect us from entering dangerous situations.
  3. Failure to see the needs and fears of others makes it easier to view them as objects, less than, or contemptible and, therefore, more deserving of hurtful or violent behavior.
  4. Empathy makes it easier to engage in effective supportive behavior.
  5. However, simple accuracy, without respect or compassion, makes it easier to exploit or hurt the other.
60
Q

What are the three basic principles of perception

A
  1. Selective perception
  2. Figure vs. ground
  3. Data driven vs. concept driven
61
Q

Explain selective perception

A

We can’t perceive everything. We must select what to attend to.

62
Q

Explain figure vs. ground principle of perception

A

what stands out as salient (noticeable) vs. what is background

63
Q

Explain data driven principle of perception

A

Perception based upon the objective characteristics of the stimuli

64
Q

Explain concept driven principle of perception

A

Perception based upon the meanings the perceiver brings to the situation

65
Q

Define Observation

A

report on data directly available to the sense for perception

66
Q

Define inference

A

A guess or surmise about something not directly observed

67
Q

Define judgements

A

A value statement or belief about something

68
Q

What are the four P’s

A
  1. Perception/Perceptional
  2. Position
  3. Power
  4. Protection/Protects
69
Q

Simply explain the four P’s

A

All knowledge and understanding is perceptual > Our perceptions are always from some position including physical and social positions > Positions imply power > And Power protects itself

70
Q

Three characteristics of person perception

A
  1. People are active
  2. People are self-directed/motivated
  3. People have perceptions themselves including perceptions of you.
71
Q

Explain Attribution theory

A

People are naive scientists

72
Q

What are the six types of attributions

A
  1. Internal/Personal
  2. External/Situational
  3. Temporary
  4. Stable
  5. Specific
  6. Global
73
Q

Explain the internal/personal attribution

A

Attribute cause to something about the person

74
Q

Explain the external/situational attribution

A

Attribute cause to something external to the person in the situation or the environment

75
Q

Explain temporary attribution

A

Attributing to temporary/transitory event

76
Q

Explain stable attribution

A

Attributing cause to something enduring

77
Q

Explain specific attribution

A

Attributing cause limited in generality

78
Q

Explain global attribution

A

Cause is generalizable to larger context.

79
Q

Biases in the attribution process

A
  1. Expectancy Bias

2. Hedonic Relevance

80
Q

What is Expectancy Bias

A

People tend to attribute causes consistent with their expectations or as the result of the disconfirmation as more extremely different.

81
Q

What is Hedonic Relevance

A

Attribute actions that directly affect the attributor (whether positively or negatively) internally to other’s character.

82
Q

The big three types of attraction

A
  1. Task Attraction
  2. Physical Attraction
  3. Social Attraction
83
Q

Explain task attraction

A

Desire to work with someone on an instrumental task

84
Q

Explain physical attracting

A

Liking the physical aspects of someone’s appearance

85
Q

Explain social attraction

A

Desire to be friends or establish a relationship with someone.

86
Q

What is Relational attraction

A

A special case of social attraction when there is desire to have an intimate relationship

87
Q

What is Fatal Attraction

A

When what was initially attractive about a person ends up being what ruins the relationship

88
Q

What is Guerrero’s Model of attraction?

A

Environmental factors, personal qualities, qualities of other, and dyadic chemistry/synergy all lead to attraction

89
Q

Guerrero’s Model of attraction: explain environmental factors

A

Microenvironment, networks, and proximity

90
Q

Guerrero’s Model of attraction: explain personal qualities

A
  • Perceptions of reward
  • Expectations
  • Demographics
  • Personality
91
Q

Guerrero’s Model of attraction: explain Qualities of others

A
  • Physical attractiveness
  • Communication
  • Hard-to-get
92
Q

Guerrero’s Model of attraction: explain dyadic chemistry/synergy

A
  • Similarity
  • Complementarity
  • Emergent dyadic qualities
93
Q

Define identity

A

A theory of self that is formed and maintained through actual or imagined interpersonal agreement about what is self like.

94
Q

Define self-esteem

A

How positively or negatively we view ourselves

95
Q

What is the communication theory of identity:

A

Identity construction can be viewed through 4 frames of identity

96
Q

What are the four frames of identity?

A
  1. Personal frame
  2. Enactment Frame
  3. Relationship Frame
  4. Communal Frame
    These all work together to influence identity development
97
Q

Explain personal frame of identity

A

An image we construct within ourselves

98
Q

Explain enactment frame of identity

A

Identities develop through communication with others: the looking glass self

99
Q

Explain relationship frame of identity

A

We define ourselves in terms of relationship with other people ex. brother&sister

100
Q

Explain communal frame of identity

A

Identities are tied to groups we belong to and ID development is constrained by cultural and group identities.

101
Q

Three steps of the Identity development model

A
  1. Identity
  2. Self-Presentation
  3. Reaction
102
Q

Seven Principles of Identity management

A
  1. Our identities provide us with a hierarchical structure of who we are.
  2. Feedback from others help shape our identity
  3. Our identities help us interpret feedback from others
  4. Identity incorporates expectations and guides behavior
  5. Influences our evaluations
  6. Influences the likelihood of goal achievement
  7. Influence what social relationships we choose to pursue and maintain
103
Q

Explain Face-saving

A

There are social and cultural rule of politeness, such that we generally seek to protect each other’s “face” or identity

104
Q

Explain preventive Facework

A

Efforts to avoid or minimize potential face threats

105
Q

Explain corrective facework

A

Repair an identity damaged by something said or done

106
Q

Explain relational turbulence

A

When relationships transition from intensifying to integrating. can result in some “turbulence”

107
Q

Explain expectancy violation theory

A

We see what we expect to see

108
Q

The developmental perspective of relationship emergence

A

Often useful to think of relationship forming as development

109
Q

Explain the idea of the functional phasic models

A

The growth of relationships require the completion of specific steps to move the relationship forward

110
Q

Explain the Social Penetration Theory

A

Relationships develop through incremental and reciprocal exchanges of increasing breadth and depth of self-disclosure.

111
Q

What is Knapp’s Model of Coming together

A
  1. Dimensions of communication associated with development of relationships intimacy from less intimate → More intimate
112
Q

Knapp’s Five Stages of coming Together:

A
  1. Initiating
  2. Experimenting
  3. Intensifying
  4. Integrating
  5. Bonding
113
Q

What is Murstein’s SVR model?

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Value
  3. Role
114
Q

What are the limitations of the developmental perspective

A
  1. Equifinal
  2. Multifinal
  3. Relationship formation/emergence is not strictly linear.
115
Q

Explain the equifinal limitation in relational development

A

Different starting points can end up in the same place

116
Q

Explain the multifinal limitation in relational development

A

They can start from a similar point and end up very differently.

117
Q

The cyclical model

A

The emergence of a relationship involves a continuous interplay or “dialectic tension” between openness and closedness and stability-change

118
Q

Define turning points

A

Any event or occurrence that is associated with the change in a relationship.

119
Q

What are the six types of turning points?

A
  1. Communication turning points
  2. Activities and special occasions
  3. Events related to passion and romance
  4. Events related to commitment and exclusivity
  5. Changes in family or social networks
  6. Proximity and distance

Interpersonal Communication (2 decks)

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