Final Flashcards
Define social support
Verbal and nonverbal behavior produces with the intention of providing assistance to others that might need it
Social Support and its origins of theory
-Correlation between physical health/mental health and quantity and quality of social relationships
Explain stress buffering hypothesis
Social support provides a buffer against the effects of stress
What are the two parts of a communication support network?
- Functions
2. Structure
Explain function as a role of social networks
The type of relationship of various parts of social networks
Explain structure as a role of social networks
Why does this social network exist in the first place
What are the four types of social support?
- Instrumental
- Informational
- Emotional
- Esteem
Explain instrumental social support
Physical assistance; assistance with a task
Explain informational support
Providing information & expertise
Explain emotional support
Understanding, care, and concern
Explain esteem support
Support a person’s sense of self-worth
What is the Optimal matching Theory
Social support is most effective if the appropriate type of support is matched to the type of stressor.
What are the seven foundations of Intimacy
- Personality & early experiences (Attachment)
- Situational & Developmental factors (e.g., proximity, age, timing)
- Cultural guidelines: Who can have a relationship with who? (e.g., interracial, interethnic, across class & SES)
- Emotional Arousal & labeling
a. Biological basis for attachment & association
b. Emotional education & socialization - Self-fulfillment
- SElf-Surrender
- Commitment to joint identity
What are the dimensions of Self-presentation & disclosure
- Breadth
- Depth
- Valence
- Generality
List some principles of self-disclosure
- Self-disclosure develops incrementally over time as the relationships gets closer
- Self-Disclosure tends to be reciprocated, especially early in a relationship
- Intimate self-disclosure implies an increased message of trust
What is privacy/boundary management?
the establishment and negotiation of appropriate levels of intimacy.
What are the two broad types of Love according to Lee?
- Primary Styles
2. Secondary styles
What are the three kinds of primary love?
- Eros = physical love
- Storge = companionate love
- Ludus + playful love
What are the three kinds of Secondary love
- Mania = possessive love
- Agape = unselfish love
- Pragma = practical love
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love include?
Passion, Intimacy, and Commitment
List Marston & Hect’s Love ways
- Collaborative love
- Active love
- Intuitive love
- Committed love
- Secure love
- Expressive love
- Traditional romantic love
What are the general principles of relationship maintenance?
- Maintenance is a process
- Everyday mundane communication is vital to the maintenance of personal relationships
- Maintenance often involves the negotiation of “dialectic tensions.” It is often a matter of balancing competing needs.
List some examples of maintenance strategies and behaviors
- Positivity
- Openness
- Assurances
- Supportiveness
- Sharing Joint Activities
- Task sharing
- Romance & affection
- Social networking
Social Exchange: What is CL?
- Comparison Level
- Average profit from past relationships
Social Exchange: What is CLalt?
- Comparison Level
- Projected profit from next best alternative
Social Exchange and Equity: If current relationship exceeds the CL the persons is?
Satisfied
Social Exchange and Equity: If the current relationship exceeds the CLalt then the relationship will be?
Stable
Explain social Exchange?
People seek to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs.
What are the three models of fairness of exchange?
- Distributive Justice
- Equity
- Communal Relationships
Explain distributive justice
Each person’s rewards should be proportional to their costs or contribution to the relationship.
Explain equity in relation to fairness of exchange
Each person’s profit should be about equal in the relationship.
Explain Communal relationships in relation to fairness of exchange
Closer personal relationships are viewed as communal where social exchange doesn’t apply
Unless there are extenuating circumstances, relationships that violate both distributive justice and equity are?
Exploitive
Define conflict
The interaction of interdependent people who perceive incompatible goals and interference from each other in achieving those goals” (Hocker & Wilmot, 1985).
List some myths about conflict
- Conflict should be avoided at all costs
- All conflict occurs because people misunderstand each other
- All conflict can be resolved to the complete satisfaction of everyone involved
Name some properties of interpersonal conflict
- Conflict increases as relationships become more interdependent.
- Patterns of behavior in conflicts may tend to perpetuate themselves
- Conflict interaction is influenced by and in turn affects relationships.
what are the Five conflict styles
- Cooperative
- Concern for other
- Uncooperative
- Passive
- Assertive
Marital/Couple conflict: list some characteristics of a happy/stable couple
- Talk about problems with a neutral affect
- Maintain a 5/1 ratio positive to negative
- Parallel relational control pattern
a. Both symmetry and complementary
b. No one always in the same control position–control is shared/contingent
Marital/Couple conflict: list some characteristics of a Dissatisfied/distressed couple
- Exhibit more negative behaviors
- Interpret behavior more negatively than intended
- Reciprocate negative behaviors
- Engage in cross-complaint sequences
What are the four horsemen of the Apocalypse?
- Criticism - going beyond a complaint about a specific action and criticizing the other person
- Contempt - intention to insult and psychologically abuse your partner
- Defensiveness
- Stonewalling - the silent treatment
List some general conflict management principles
- Stick to the topic
- Don’t bring other people into the conflict
- Attack positions not people
- Don’t say things you don’t mean
- If necessary, postpone conflict until your emotions cool down, but do come back.
- Avoid defensiveness and mind reading
- Practice active listening
Contingency model of conflict management
What works in one relationship might not work in another. One should deal with conflict in a way that is appropriate for the relationship and situation
Define domineeringness
An individual’s attempts to exert power or influence over another
Define power
An individual’s ability to influence others or to do what he or she wants
Define influence potential
A person’s ability to resist influence by another
Define control
Relational result of interactive influence attempts and resistance or counter-moves
What are the five bases of power
- Coercion
- Expertise
- Reward
- Referent
- Legitimate
Five bases of power: explain Coercion
Force, hurt
Five bases of power: explain expertise
Knowledge, experience
Five bases of power: explain reward
Provide benefit or something pleasant
Five bases of power: explain referent
Identification, admiration
Five bases of power: explain legitimate
socially sanctioned by rule, law or policy of an institution
Endorsement of power & control
Power (control) is always conferred on someone by those who endorse the resources
Power & control are always relational
Influence potential is always vis-a-vis someone–it is never absolute and always relative to another’s power.
Name the three types of relational control interaction
- Reciprocal/symmetrical
- compensatory/complementary
- Parallel relationships
Relational control interaction is…
This assertion-response pattern (e.g., ↑A ↑B; →A →B; ↓A ↑B) defines the nature of the relationship at that point.
Relational control interaction that is reciprocal produces..
A symmetrical relationship
Repeated compensatory patterns produces
A complementary control relationship characterized by dominance of one party in the relationship
Relational control interaction: Explain a parallel relationship
Consists of both reciprocal and compensatory patterns, and flexible complementarity where people alternate control positions in complementary exchanges.
Define deception
Intentionally managing verbal and/or nonverbal messages so that the receiver will believe or understand something in a way that the sender knows to be false (Buller & Burgoon, 1994)
What are the five types of deception
- Lies
- Equivocation or evasion
- Concealment
- Exaggeration
- Minimization
Define equivocation
Indirect ambiguous or contradictory statement.
ex. Q: do i look fat? A: Most people put on weight during the holidays
What are the three motives of deception
- Partner-focused
- Self-focused
- Relationship-focused
Explain partner-focused motives for deception
- To help the target
- Avoid hurting partner
- Avoid worrying partner
Explain self-focused motives for deception
- Protect or enhance own self-image
- Avoid embarrassment
- Criticism or other’s anger
Explain relationship-focused motives for deception
- Limit or avoid harm to the relationship
- Sometimes helps, sometimes hurts the relationship
What does the research say about deception detection
- Untrained observers looking at and listening to strangers will be able to detect lies about half or little better than half the time
- Those whose profession involves lie detection are often no better than the average person and sometimes worse (exception-Secrete service agents)
List some behaviors indicative of deception
- Behavioral clusters are better indicators than any one behavior
- Speech errors, higher pitch, more hesitation
- Anxiety responses ex. blushing, shaking
- Excessive responses
What is truth bias?
People generally assume that others are telling the truth os lies are unexpected and, therefore, often overlooked.
People in satisfying relationships may be more or less susceptible to truth bias?
More
What are some consequences of deception
- Consequences can depend upon the motive, the importance, and form of deception
- A lie can lead to more lies
- Frequent or important self-serving deceptions can erode trust in a relationship
What are the four pathways to relational endings
- Conscious Choice
- Atrophy
- Separation
- Death
Conscious choice in relation to relational endings
-Most common 2/3 unilateral
Relational endings: explain atrophy
Wither away gradually
List reasons why marital relationships end
- Communication breakdown
- Loss shared goals and interests
- Sexual incompatibility
- Infidelity and jealousy
- Boredom
Reasons why dating relationships end
- Boredom
- Different interests
- Desire to be independent
- Difference backgrounds
- Conflicting ideas about sex
List the five steps of Knapp’s Reversal Hypothesis
- Differentiating
- Circumscribing
- Stagnating
- Avoiding
- Terminating
What are the four disengagement strategies?
- Unilateral and indirect
- Unilateral and direct
- Bilateral and indirect
- Bilateral and direct
List some examples of unilateral and indirect disengagement strategies
- Avoidance
- Withdraw support
- Manipulation
- Pseudo de-escalation
List some examples of unilateral and direct disengagement strategies
- Direct dump
- Dating others openly
- Justification
- Threats/bullying
Give an example of a bilateral and indirect disengagement strategy
Fading away
List some examples of bilateral and direct disengagement strategies
- Blame game
- Negotiated farewell
What are the four steps in Duck’s Model of Disengagement?
- Breakdown, a difficulty is felt or expressed
1. The Intrapsychic Phase
2. The Dyadic Phase
3. The Social Phase
4. The Grave-Dressing Phase
Duck’s Model of Disengagement: Explain the intrapsychic phase
Initial decision
Duck’s Model of Disengagement: Explain the dyadic phase
Negotiation stage
Duck’s Model of Disengagement: Explain the social phase
Communication with social network
Duck’s Model of Disengagement: Explain the grave-dressing phase
-Coming to terms with breakup.
