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BIO 1080 Concepts of Human Health > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

components of the central nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

components of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

components of the endocrine system

A

endocrine system, endocrine system with endocrine-like activity

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4
Q

components of the local support and defence system

A
  • maintenance and support system
  • adaptation ad repair system
  • resident defence system
  • migrant defence system
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5
Q

what is tissue

A

a group of similar cells that perform the same function

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6
Q

what is an organ

A

a structure with two or more tissues working together

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7
Q

what is the ccn

A

the logic unit of the human adult: the role of the network is to direct information flow in the system

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8
Q

properties of the ccn

A
  • controls and coordinates the function of all physiological systems and individual organs
  • network is always active
  • the system is distributed throughout the body
  • each component of the system has multiple functions
  • information flow within the network is via chemical-based cell-cell communication
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9
Q

3 inputs to health, disease, aging=

A

7 outputs to health and wellness

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10
Q

examples with primary portion of the can affected

A
  • diabetes, NAFLD, atherosclerosis (endocrine system)
  • cancer, autoimmune diseases( local support and defence system)
  • depression, ADHD (central nervous system)
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11
Q

example of diseases in endocrine system

A

diabetes, nafld

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12
Q

example of diseases in local support and defence system

A

cancer, autoimmune

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13
Q

example of diseases in central nervous system

A

depression, ADHD

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14
Q

a systems CNN/biology-based approach to health, disease, and ageing is anticipated to facilitate enhanced medical/ healthcare practices. How?

A

personalized, predictive, preventiticve, and participation

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15
Q

what is the limiting factor in medicine/ healthcare

A

participation

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16
Q

what is psoriasis

A

the body believes there is a would so cells grow like crazy

disease of the entire CCN, not just of the skin

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17
Q

describe the multi-layered, multi-dimensional approach to research

A

a) simulations with mathematic model systems (in silico)
b) invitro and ex-vivo models (cell cultures)
c) aminal models
d) people (human subjects)

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18
Q

what is in silico

A

simulations with mathematical models

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19
Q

what is in-vitro and ex-vivo

A

cell cultures and related techniques

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20
Q

what is non-intervention studies

A

subjects are not given a medicinal treatment

cannot be used to predict/prove cause and effect of a medicinal substance

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21
Q

describe intervention studies

A

clinical subjects are given a medicinal treatment or a control substance/placebo
by comparing data from the treatment and control groups, this type of experiment can be used to predict cause and effect
double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials are the most common category and are the gold standard for medical and healthcare research

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22
Q

animal ethics in Canada

A

canadian council on animal care

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23
Q

human ethics in Canada

A

the tri-council human ethics policy

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24
Q

two ways medicine is practiced

A

as preventative medicine or therapeutic medicine

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25
Q

what is intervention

A

physician-directed actions and activities in preventative medicine

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26
Q

describe evidence-based medicine

A

a) best approach to keep medical practices current
b) external appraisal of research studies
c) meta-analysis (the Cochrane collaboration)
d) evidence-based medicine outcome

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27
Q

describe the treatment algorithm

A

least invasive to most invasive

assess other risks/ factors

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28
Q

four types of medical and healthcare practices

A

evolutionary
integrative
collective
enhancement

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29
Q

describe collective medicine

A

can’t be healthy in a failing ecosystem

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30
Q

describe the scale of time 1

A

growth, development, ageing

life as a trajectory (years/decades)

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31
Q

describe the scale of time 2

A

maintenance and repair

life as rhythms (days, weeks, months)

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32
Q

describe the scale of time 3

A

homeostasis

life as balance (seconds, minutes, hours)

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33
Q

four inputs to health, disease, ageing

A

genetics, environment, lifestyle, healthcare behaviours

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34
Q

describe sleep and health

A
  • complex process controlled by the brain
  • coordinated with natural and fake light
  • too little/too much, and rotating shiftwork= disease risk factors
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35
Q

how do we recognize the ageing process

A

if we can find things to measure objectively, then we can track the ageing process
we can refer to these as biomarkers or indicators of the biological state of the organism

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36
Q

where does height loss not occur

A

height loss with ageing is not occurring in long bones

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37
Q

vertebral compression

A

disk generation

compression fractures

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38
Q

biomarkers

A

often go by other terms depending on the discipline (blood values, anthropomorphic measurements)
most change during the lifespan

39
Q

what is chronobiology

A

the study of timescales and cycles in biology

40
Q

what is a biological rhythm

A

cycles in all zomes of biological rhythmicity

41
Q

describe an ultradian biological rhythm

A

less than 24 hours (appetite)

42
Q

describe a circadian biological rhythm

A

every 24 hours (height)
present in all physiological processes
controlled by gene expression, regulation of enzyme activities, neural function, hormone secretion
coordinates sleep, nutrient supply, and activity patterns with metabolic patterns required at different stages of the day

43
Q

describe infradian rhythm

A

more than 24 hours (menstrual cycle)

44
Q

disruption of the circadian rhythm can lead to what

A

disruption of circadian rhythms causes a wide spectrum of health problems and premature ageing

45
Q

what is the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

brian region which acts as central clock, which keeps time based on light signals from retina

46
Q

what controlls cell metabolism

A

nearly every cell in the body has a subsidiary clock, which coordinates its metabolism with the rest of the body

47
Q

describe how change in height is a simple form of circadian rhythm

A
  • tallest when you wake up, shortest at night
  • bones don’t shrink/expand (fluid-filled cushioning disks get compressed by gravity)
  • sleep= rehydration and reformation of intervertebral disks
48
Q

what is mineral turnover

A

bones are full of living cells, some of which are building the mineral structure, while others are breaking it. this is the mineral turnover

49
Q

where do we get our calcium when we need it in our non-bone tissues

A

when we need calcium in our non-bone tissues, we obtain it from the dissolution of the minerals in bone.

50
Q

where do we deposit excess calcium that enters the bloodstream

A

in bone, or excrete it in urine

51
Q

what is the mineral structure of bone

A

the mineral structure of bone is composed of hydroxyapatite, which is an insoluble deposit of calcium and phosphate within an extracellular protein

52
Q

what do you actually do when measuring bone density by DEXA

A

estimating the amount of the x-ray absorbing dense material, hydroxyapatite, that is packed in the extracellular space of the bone

53
Q

describe direct intercellular communication through gap junctions

A
  • pore size is very small (ions and small molecules only)

- gap junctions are tiny and plentiful (100+ between two cells)

54
Q

describe direct communication through tunnelling nanotubules

A
  • much larger than gap junctions

- pore size is larger( proteins, nucleic acids, small organelles)

55
Q

describe indirect intercellular communication through chemical messengers

A
  • chemical leaves the cell and go to target cell

- binding and conformational change is needed

56
Q

describe indirect intercellular communication through mechanosignals

A
  • as cells move, they tug on filamentous proteins of the EC space
  • as cells or large molecules move by the cell, they can bend surface filament
57
Q

describe autocrine/paracrine

A
  • the signal does not travel through the bloodstream
  • autocrine: signals self
  • paracrine: signals to nearby cell
58
Q

describe neurotransmitter

A
  • 2 cells are very close: very few molecules escape the synaptic cleft (highly localized)
  • fast
59
Q

describe hormones

A

the signal travels through bloodstream

60
Q

describe hydrophilic hormone messengers

A

crossing plasma membrane is a problem but it is soluble in ecf and blood plasma

61
Q

examples of hydrophilic hormone messengers

A

insulin, epinephrine, growth factor

62
Q

describe hydrophobic hormone messengers

A

diffuses across the plasma membrane, needs a carrier in blood plasma and ecf

63
Q

examples of hydrophobic hormone messengers

A

estrogen, testosterone, cortosol, thyroid hormone

64
Q

describe receptor specificity

A
  • every cell has many types of receptors, all working at the same time
  • every cell has the ability to up-regulate or down-regulate the reception of a cell-receptor type
65
Q

properties of hydrophilic messengers

A

stored in secretory vesicles in secretory cells
excreted by exocytosis
dissolved in blood
binds to a receptor on pm

66
Q

chemical classes of hydrophilic messengers

A

amino acids, amines, peptides

67
Q

signal transduction mechanism of hydrophilic messengers

A
  • open/close ion channels
  • activate membrane-bound enzymes
  • g-protein and secondary messenger systems
68
Q

properties of hydrophobic messengers

A

does not get stored in secretory cells
secreted by diffusion
bound to a carrier protein in blood
receptors are locates in the cytosol or nucleus

69
Q

chemical classes of hydrophobic messengers

A

steroids, thyroid hormones

70
Q

signal transduction mechanism of hydrophobic messengers

A

alters transcription of mRNA after protein synthesis

71
Q

signalling characteristics of the nervous system

A

secretory cell: neuron
target cell: neuron, muscle, glans
messenger: neurotransmitter
basis of specificity: receptors on the postsynaptic target cell

72
Q

signalling characteristics of endocrine system L

A

secretory cell: endocrine cell
target cell: most cell types in the body
messenger: hormones
pathway for communication: bloodstream
basis of specificity: receptors target cells throughout the body

73
Q

fluid secretion in the intestinal lumen

`

A

-maintaining normal fluid levels

74
Q

CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

A

1) a chloride ion transporter protein
2) fatal diarrhea (cholera, listeria, salmonella)
3) thick lung mucus
4) large variations in amino acids at key control points

75
Q

describe neurons

A
  • around 200 configurations
  • myelinated= faster
  • built to signal specific target cells with a specific neurotransmitter
  • sums the signals and when a threshold is reached, it fuels its own impulse down the axon (action potential impulse)
76
Q

describe oligodendrocytes/ schwann cells

A
  • 1 cell can have up to 30 myelin rolls
77
Q

describe microglia

A

mobile macrophage-like immune cells

78
Q

describe epidenmal cells

A

like the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid

79
Q

five functions of the astrocytic super-network theory

A

-coordinate the overall function of the BBB
provide nutrients to neurons
-coordinate function of the ventrical epithelium
-coordinate function at nodes of ranvier
-participate in tripartite synapse
-serve as “super hubs” for neural network vis syncytium formation and calcium wave signalling

80
Q

describe the anatomical zones of the brain

A

symmetric

81
Q

describe the functionality of the zones of the brain

A

asymmetric

82
Q

what do pet scans do

A

light up the brain where there is the most activity

83
Q

size of the zones is _____ to the # of activity of _____

A

size of the zones is proportional to the # of activity of peripheral nerves

84
Q

information crosses the brain how

A

informational flow crisscrosses the longitudinal fissure

85
Q

what is the behavioural modification network

A

network identified by neurons using the same neurotransmitter

86
Q

describe the norepinephrine network

A
  • modulates attention, sleep, arousal, learning, pain, mood
  • fight or flight
  • increased by a stimulus (coffee)
87
Q

describe the serotonin network

A
  • modulates locomotion, sleep, pain, emotion

- antidepressant drugs

88
Q

what are antidepressants

A

selective serotonin uptake inhibitors

89
Q

describe the dopamine network

A
  • modulates motor control, reward centers

- low dopamine

90
Q

what is Parkinson’s disease

A

low dopamine and dying neurons

91
Q

acetylcholine network

A

modulates arousal, sleep, learning, memory, sensory information

92
Q

low acetylcholine=

A

alzheimers

93
Q

nootropics (smart drugs)

A

increase acetylcholine increased norepinephrine

increased learning, memory, attention, arousal

BIO 1080 Concepts of Human Health (2 decks)

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