Midterm Flashcards
list 5 currently facing Canada
- Depression
- Aging population/health care costs
- Oil prices impact the value of currency
- Indigenous land disputes
- Western alienation
What is religionism
The division of a large area into different parts, Canada is very prone to Religionism
4 reasons why religionism is so prevalent in Canada
- Vast geographic size and varied physical geography
- Different patterns of historic settlement
- Different culture and languages (Quebec)
- Uneven population distribution
Definition of ‘Region’
A distinctive area of Earth’s surface. It has distinguishing human or natural characteristics that set it apart from other areas.
What are ‘fault lines’
These are the boundaries of regions. Not physical but instead are differences between 2 different areas geographically, culturally, etc…
3 Types of regions
- Uniform
- Functional
- Cultural
what is a uniform region
region where all locations in the region have similarities in particular characteristics
EX.) vegetation, grassland, desert
what is a functional region
region where there are interactions among different areas within the region
EX.) transportation network, major roadways
what is a cultural region
region based on a sense of belonging where there is a bond between people that arises from shared historical experiences, similar values, and common goals
EX.) Francophones (french speaking ppl Quebec)
what are the 4 major ‘fault lines’ in Canada
- Centralist/decentralist
- English/French speaking Canadians
- Indigenous peoples/non-indigenous peoples
- Newcomers/old-timers
When did every Province/Territory become a part of Canada
Ontario (1867) Quebec (1867) New Brunswick (1867) Nova Scotia (1867) Manitoba (1870) Northwest Territories (1870) British Columbia (1871) PEI (1873) Yukon (1898) Alberta (1905) Saskatchewan (1905) Newfoundland (1949) Nunavut (1999)
who predominately inhibits Nunavut
80% Inuit peoples
what is a sense of place
when there is a psychological bond between people and their location
EX.) cold weather
Where is there strong sense of place in Canada
Atlantic Canada and the Prairies
what are the 6 regions of Canada
- Territorial north
- BC
- Western Canada (Prairies)
- Ontario
- Quebec
- Atlantic Canada
What percentage of Canada resides in Ontario and Quebec alone
62%
Characteristics of cores
- receive raw materials from the periphery
- manufacturing is a common industry
- geographically small
- diverse economy
- urban and densely populated
- home to corporate headquarters
Characteristics of peripheries
- purchase finished goods from the core
- natural resources economy
- geographically large
- rural and sparsely populated
Regional exploitation theory (core & periphery)
The wealthy core exploits the natural wealth of the periphery leaving it impoverished
Modernized theory (core & periphery)
The core invests in the periphery and helps it to develop
What is a staple product
Natural resources that can be exploited relatively quickly and cheaply for profit
EX.) Lumber
Who first brought forth the Staples Thesis
Harold Innis (early 1930’s)
What was expected of the Staples Thesis
Expected that diversification would take place
Progression of Canada’s Staples
- Fish (east)
- Furs (east -> west)
- Timber (east -> west)
- Agriculture (Ontario -> west)
- Oil (west)
economic linkages for growth
Backward: supplies for the staples industries
Forward: local processing before export
Final Demand: service the need of workers and families
How did the national police policy create a Canada-wide market?
Through implementation of tariffs and restricted trade on foreign goods
when was NAFTA signed
1988
5 physical geography categories of Canada
- Geology
- Physiology
- Climate
- Vegetation
- Soil
3 major rock types of Canada
- Igneous Rock: molten rock, often contains minerals
- Sedimentary Rock: flat, southern ontario
- Metamorphic Rock: rocks that change by extreme heat and pressure
What is the Canadian Shield
- composed of ancient igneous, resistant rock
- oldest rock in North America
What is Platform Rock
- underlay the Interior Plains of the continent (NW Territories to Texas)
- Saskatchewan
- was bottom of a sea long ago
- mainly sedimentary
What are Folded Mountains
- most mountains in BC
- folding cause by shifting tectonic plates
- can cause sedimentary rock to turn into metamorphic rock
Mountains in Canada
Appalachian: found in Quebec and Atlantic Canada
Innuitian: found in Northern Nunavut
Cordillera: youngest, most jagged, highest, snow capped
Physiographic regions
- Canada Shield
- Cordillera
- Interior Plains
- Hudson Bay Lowlands
- Arctic Archipelago (big cluster of islands)
- Appalachian Uplands
- Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands
Types of Glaciers
- Continental
- Alpine
- Alpine Postglacial
- Pleistocene
What was Lake Agassiz
Was a large lake in what is now Manitoba and Northern Ontario
List of Climate Controls
- Latitude: lower latitudes, more solar radiation
- Altitude: higher altitude, cooler temperatures
- Proximity to water: closer to water, warmer in Autumn, cooler in Spring
- Ocean Currents: currents transport warm or cold water
- Variation Topography: cold air sinks into valleys
- Prevailing Wind: wind systems cause temperature changes
- Location of Pressure Systems: relates to the position of warm and cold fronts
Effects of Latitude
- Montreal colder than Scotland
- Impacted by Ocean Currents
Climate Zones in Canada
- Pacific
- Cordillera
- Prairies
- Great Lakes - St. Lawerence
- Atlantic
- Subarctic
- Arctic
Major types of Vegetation in Canada
- Forests
- Grasslands
- Tundra
Types of Forest
Deciduous: trees that lose leaves in winter
ex.) Southern Ontario
Coniferous: composed of evergreen trees
ex.) Boreal forest (Canadian Shield)
what is an Xerophyte
plant that has adapted to low amounts of water
what is a Krumholz
plant that grows sideways formation because of harsh dry winds
Risk of permafrost melting
- can cause roads and railways to buckle and buildings to fracture
Soil Types
Cryosolic (North) Podzolic (Canadian Shield) Luvisolic (Southern Ontario) Chernozemic (Prairies) Mountain Complex (Cordillera)
last remaining ice field
Columbia Ice Field
3 influential events that shaped Canadian history
- Arrival of first people in North America
- Colonization of North America by France & England
- The influx of people from eastern Europe
Arctic Migration
- The Laurentide Ice Sheet began retreating from what is now Nunavut about 5000 years ago
- After, groups of sea hunters were able to advance eastward
- The Thule people settled in this area about 1000 years ago (ancestor to Inuit)
what does “terra nullius” mean
empty land
When was the first contact of Europeans and Indigenous people
1400s-1600s
Who were the second people to Canada
French and British
Where and when did french explorers settle in Canada
Quebec City, 1608
What was the British Conquest of New France
1759, British immigrants began to move to the area
what were the first 4 provinces in Canada and when did this happen
1867
- Upper Canada (Ontario) UP RIVER = UPPER
- Lower Canada (Quebec)
- New Brunswick
- Nova Scotia
Rules for Reshaping House of Commons
- Each province will have at least as many MP’s as it has senators
- Each province will have at least as many MP’s as it did in 1976 (Quebec separation issue)
Indigenous rights
- Land rights are the most fundamental
- Treaties with government set aside reserves
- Reserves are managed by indigenous people
- Many outstanding land claims waiting resolution
What was the Red River Rebellion
Clash in 1869 between the Federal government and the Metis who were led by Louis Riel
Result of the Red River Rebellion
Manitoba became a small province and Louis Riel is known as the father of Manitoba. Also received a dual system of Protestant and Catholic schools
What is The Quebec Act
1774
- Guaranteed religious freedom
- Right to retain their native language
- Seigneurial System: so everyone has a piece near the river
What is The Constitutional Act
1791
- creation of Upper and Lower Canada
- Ottawa river diving line
What is The Act of Union
1841
- British sent Lord Durham to investigate rebellion
- Suggested uniting the two provinces under one large government
- The region was called the province of Canada
What is The Quiet Revolution
- Period in 1960’s characterized by the rebirth of pride among French people in Quebec
- Hydro-Quebec was formed at this time showing Quebec’s strength
When was Quebec classified as a Nation within Canada
2006
Todays estimated population of Canada
37.1 Million people
4 trends in Canada’ population
- The rate of natural increase is declining
- The population is aging
- High birth rate among Indigenous population
- Highest growth in Ontario, BC, Alberta, Saskatchewan
6 major Urban Centres
- Toronto
- Montreal
- Vancouver
- Ottawa
- Calgary
- Edmonton
how many Census Metropolitan Areas are in Canada
33 CMA’s in Canada
15 CMA’s in Ontario
Where is Densely Populated Zone
Located within the Great Lakes - St.Lawerence Lowlands
Where is Moderately Populated Zone
Located from coast to coast roughly between the 49th and 50th parallels of latitude
Where is Sparsely Populated Zone
Extends from coast to coast over the mid section of the country
Where is Isolated Settlements Zone
Northern part of Canada and is mostly inhospitable for settlement
What are Crude Birth rate and Death rate
Birth: # of births per 1000ppl/year
Death: # of deaths per 1000ppl/year
What is Rate of Natural Increase
The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate
What is Net Migration
The difference between in/out migration
What is Replacement Fertility
The level of fertility at which women have enough daughters to replace themselves
Replacement Fertility Rate = 2.1
What is Demographic Transition Theory
The shift of birth rates and death rates from high to low levels
What are the Demographic Transition Theory Phases
Phase 1: Late Pre-Industrial (Late 1800’s)
- high birth & death rates
Phase 2: Early Industrial (Early 1900’s)
- falling death rates
Phase 3: Late Industrial (Middle 1900’s)
- falling birth rates
Phase 4: Early Post-Industrial (Today)
- low birth&death rates
Phase 5: Late Post-Industrial (In 15 years)
- birth rate has fallen below death rate
When was the baby boom
1946-1964
Trend of youth dependency ratio
Stabilizing as fewer people are being birthed
Trend of old age dependency ratio
Increasing as baby boomers are beginning to retire
Why does federal government encourage immigration
- It has become necessary to keep population growing
- Newcomers add to Canada’s workforce
- Canada accepts refugees fleeing bad conditions
- Some immigrants are more willing to do seasonal jobs
what is an Allophone
a person whose mother tongue is not English, French, or one of the Indigenous languages (20% of Canada)
Percentage of top 5 religions in Canada
Christian 38% Protestant 29% Non-Religious 24% Islam 3% Hinduism 2%
What is the change of Christian religion from 1961 to 2011
1961 = 89% 2011 = 67%
What are Hutterites
Similar to Amish and Mennonites in that they strongly believe in pacifism (opposition to war and violence)
When was there officially a Multiculturalism Policy
1971
Core Values of Canadian Identity
- Government is based on British system
- Two official languages
- Indigenous people have special rights from treaties
- Constitution (1867) & Charter Rights/Freedom (1982)
Reasons why Saskatchewan as experienced an economic boom over the past decade
- Strong resource base (oil,gas,potash)
- Growth in knowledge-based industries (altern-fuels)
- The construction industry in Saskatoon & Regina
Indigenous population growth VS Canada overall population growth
Indigenous population is growing 6x faster than Canada’s overall population
Percentage of Indigenous people and their tribes
First Nations = 62%
Metis = 34%
Inuit = 4%
Phases of Indigenous growth
- Pre-contact
- population size varied from food, weather…
- Early Contact (1500-1940)
- exposure to new diseases lowers population
- Late Contact (1940-1960)
- rising fertility rates and high mortality rates
- Post Contact (1960-present)
- high fertility rates and low mortality rates
Indigenous population in 1910 and 2018
1910: 100,000
2018: 1,900,000
Economic Sectors
- Primary: activities involving extraction of natural resources
EX.) fishing, farming, forestry, mining - Secondary: activities that process or assemble raw materials
EX.) auto manufacturing, meat packing, paper making - Tertiary: activities involving the sale or exchange of goods/services
EX.) retail, health care, education, law - Quaternary: activities involving the processing of knowledge that leads to decision making by companies/governments
EX.) research centres
Knowledge based economy
- large portion of highly educated citizens
- highly urbanized population
- priority on scientific research
Economic Anchors of Canada’s regions
Ontario: automobile Quebec: hydroelectric British Columbia: forestry Atlantic Canada: fishing Western Canada: agriculture Territorial North: megaprojects
what is a Centralist
someone who wants there to be a great deal of power, strength, and control in the federal government
what is a Decentralist
someone who wants strengths in the provinces
how many people are represented per 1 MP
105,000
percentage of indigenous people in poverty
96%
When were natives allowed to vote
1960
