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Geo of Canada > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

list 5 currently facing Canada

A
  1. Depression
  2. Aging population/health care costs
  3. Oil prices impact the value of currency
  4. Indigenous land disputes
  5. Western alienation
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2
Q

What is religionism

A

The division of a large area into different parts, Canada is very prone to Religionism

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3
Q

4 reasons why religionism is so prevalent in Canada

A
  1. Vast geographic size and varied physical geography
  2. Different patterns of historic settlement
  3. Different culture and languages (Quebec)
  4. Uneven population distribution
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4
Q

Definition of ‘Region’

A

A distinctive area of Earth’s surface. It has distinguishing human or natural characteristics that set it apart from other areas.

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5
Q

What are ‘fault lines’

A

These are the boundaries of regions. Not physical but instead are differences between 2 different areas geographically, culturally, etc…

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6
Q

3 Types of regions

A
  1. Uniform
  2. Functional
  3. Cultural
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7
Q

what is a uniform region

A

region where all locations in the region have similarities in particular characteristics
EX.) vegetation, grassland, desert

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8
Q

what is a functional region

A

region where there are interactions among different areas within the region
EX.) transportation network, major roadways

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9
Q

what is a cultural region

A

region based on a sense of belonging where there is a bond between people that arises from shared historical experiences, similar values, and common goals
EX.) Francophones (french speaking ppl Quebec)

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10
Q

what are the 4 major ‘fault lines’ in Canada

A
  1. Centralist/decentralist
  2. English/French speaking Canadians
  3. Indigenous peoples/non-indigenous peoples
  4. Newcomers/old-timers
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11
Q

When did every Province/Territory become a part of Canada

A 
Ontario (1867)
Quebec (1867)
New Brunswick (1867)
Nova Scotia (1867)
Manitoba (1870)
Northwest Territories (1870)
British Columbia (1871)
PEI (1873)
Yukon (1898)
Alberta (1905)
Saskatchewan (1905)
Newfoundland (1949)
Nunavut (1999)
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12
Q

who predominately inhibits Nunavut

A

80% Inuit peoples

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13
Q

what is a sense of place

A

when there is a psychological bond between people and their location
EX.) cold weather

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14
Q

Where is there strong sense of place in Canada

A

Atlantic Canada and the Prairies

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15
Q

what are the 6 regions of Canada

A
  1. Territorial north
  2. BC
  3. Western Canada (Prairies)
  4. Ontario
  5. Quebec
  6. Atlantic Canada
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16
Q

What percentage of Canada resides in Ontario and Quebec alone

A

62%

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17
Q

Characteristics of cores

A
  • receive raw materials from the periphery
  • manufacturing is a common industry
  • geographically small
  • diverse economy
  • urban and densely populated
  • home to corporate headquarters
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18
Q

Characteristics of peripheries

A
  • purchase finished goods from the core
  • natural resources economy
  • geographically large
  • rural and sparsely populated
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19
Q

Regional exploitation theory (core & periphery)

A

The wealthy core exploits the natural wealth of the periphery leaving it impoverished

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20
Q

Modernized theory (core & periphery)

A

The core invests in the periphery and helps it to develop

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21
Q

What is a staple product

A

Natural resources that can be exploited relatively quickly and cheaply for profit
EX.) Lumber

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22
Q

Who first brought forth the Staples Thesis

A

Harold Innis (early 1930’s)

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23
Q

What was expected of the Staples Thesis

A

Expected that diversification would take place

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24
Q

Progression of Canada’s Staples

A
  1. Fish (east)
  2. Furs (east -> west)
  3. Timber (east -> west)
  4. Agriculture (Ontario -> west)
  5. Oil (west)
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25
Q

economic linkages for growth

A

Backward: supplies for the staples industries
Forward: local processing before export
Final Demand: service the need of workers and families

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26
Q

How did the national police policy create a Canada-wide market?

A

Through implementation of tariffs and restricted trade on foreign goods

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27
Q

when was NAFTA signed

A

1988

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28
Q

5 physical geography categories of Canada

A
  1. Geology
  2. Physiology
  3. Climate
  4. Vegetation
  5. Soil
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29
Q

3 major rock types of Canada

A
  1. Igneous Rock: molten rock, often contains minerals
  2. Sedimentary Rock: flat, southern ontario
  3. Metamorphic Rock: rocks that change by extreme heat and pressure
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30
Q

What is the Canadian Shield

A
  • composed of ancient igneous, resistant rock

- oldest rock in North America

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31
Q

What is Platform Rock

A
  • underlay the Interior Plains of the continent (NW Territories to Texas)
  • Saskatchewan
  • was bottom of a sea long ago
  • mainly sedimentary
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32
Q

What are Folded Mountains

A
  • most mountains in BC
  • folding cause by shifting tectonic plates
  • can cause sedimentary rock to turn into metamorphic rock
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33
Q

Mountains in Canada

A

Appalachian: found in Quebec and Atlantic Canada
Innuitian: found in Northern Nunavut
Cordillera: youngest, most jagged, highest, snow capped

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34
Q

Physiographic regions

A
  1. Canada Shield
  2. Cordillera
  3. Interior Plains
  4. Hudson Bay Lowlands
  5. Arctic Archipelago (big cluster of islands)
  6. Appalachian Uplands
  7. Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands
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35
Q

Types of Glaciers

A
  1. Continental
  2. Alpine
  3. Alpine Postglacial
  4. Pleistocene
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36
Q

What was Lake Agassiz

A

Was a large lake in what is now Manitoba and Northern Ontario

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37
Q

List of Climate Controls

A
  • Latitude: lower latitudes, more solar radiation
  • Altitude: higher altitude, cooler temperatures
  • Proximity to water: closer to water, warmer in Autumn, cooler in Spring
  • Ocean Currents: currents transport warm or cold water
  • Variation Topography: cold air sinks into valleys
  • Prevailing Wind: wind systems cause temperature changes
  • Location of Pressure Systems: relates to the position of warm and cold fronts
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38
Q

Effects of Latitude

A
  • Montreal colder than Scotland

- Impacted by Ocean Currents

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39
Q

Climate Zones in Canada

A
  1. Pacific
  2. Cordillera
  3. Prairies
  4. Great Lakes - St. Lawerence
  5. Atlantic
  6. Subarctic
  7. Arctic
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40
Q

Major types of Vegetation in Canada

A
  1. Forests
  2. Grasslands
  3. Tundra
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41
Q

Types of Forest

A

Deciduous: trees that lose leaves in winter
ex.) Southern Ontario
Coniferous: composed of evergreen trees
ex.) Boreal forest (Canadian Shield)

42
Q

what is an Xerophyte

A

plant that has adapted to low amounts of water

43
Q

what is a Krumholz

A

plant that grows sideways formation because of harsh dry winds

44
Q

Risk of permafrost melting

A
  • can cause roads and railways to buckle and buildings to fracture
45
Q

Soil Types

A 
Cryosolic (North)
Podzolic (Canadian Shield)
Luvisolic (Southern Ontario)
Chernozemic (Prairies)
Mountain Complex (Cordillera)
46
Q

last remaining ice field

A

Columbia Ice Field

47
Q

3 influential events that shaped Canadian history

A
  1. Arrival of first people in North America
  2. Colonization of North America by France & England
  3. The influx of people from eastern Europe
48
Q

Arctic Migration

A
  • The Laurentide Ice Sheet began retreating from what is now Nunavut about 5000 years ago
  • After, groups of sea hunters were able to advance eastward
  • The Thule people settled in this area about 1000 years ago (ancestor to Inuit)
49
Q

what does “terra nullius” mean

A

empty land

50
Q

When was the first contact of Europeans and Indigenous people

A

1400s-1600s

51
Q

Who were the second people to Canada

A

French and British

52
Q

Where and when did french explorers settle in Canada

A

Quebec City, 1608

53
Q

What was the British Conquest of New France

A

1759, British immigrants began to move to the area

54
Q

what were the first 4 provinces in Canada and when did this happen

A

1867

  1. Upper Canada (Ontario) UP RIVER = UPPER
  2. Lower Canada (Quebec)
  3. New Brunswick
  4. Nova Scotia
55
Q

Rules for Reshaping House of Commons

A
  1. Each province will have at least as many MP’s as it has senators
  2. Each province will have at least as many MP’s as it did in 1976 (Quebec separation issue)
56
Q

Indigenous rights

A
  • Land rights are the most fundamental
  • Treaties with government set aside reserves
  • Reserves are managed by indigenous people
  • Many outstanding land claims waiting resolution
57
Q

What was the Red River Rebellion

A

Clash in 1869 between the Federal government and the Metis who were led by Louis Riel

58
Q

Result of the Red River Rebellion

A

Manitoba became a small province and Louis Riel is known as the father of Manitoba. Also received a dual system of Protestant and Catholic schools

59
Q

What is The Quebec Act

A

1774

  • Guaranteed religious freedom
  • Right to retain their native language
  • Seigneurial System: so everyone has a piece near the river
60
Q

What is The Constitutional Act

A

1791

  • creation of Upper and Lower Canada
  • Ottawa river diving line
61
Q

What is The Act of Union

A

1841

  • British sent Lord Durham to investigate rebellion
  • Suggested uniting the two provinces under one large government
  • The region was called the province of Canada
62
Q

What is The Quiet Revolution

A
  • Period in 1960’s characterized by the rebirth of pride among French people in Quebec
  • Hydro-Quebec was formed at this time showing Quebec’s strength
63
Q

When was Quebec classified as a Nation within Canada

A

2006

64
Q

Todays estimated population of Canada

A

37.1 Million people

65
Q

4 trends in Canada’ population

A
  1. The rate of natural increase is declining
  2. The population is aging
  3. High birth rate among Indigenous population
  4. Highest growth in Ontario, BC, Alberta, Saskatchewan
66
Q

6 major Urban Centres

A
  1. Toronto
  2. Montreal
  3. Vancouver
  4. Ottawa
  5. Calgary
  6. Edmonton
67
Q

how many Census Metropolitan Areas are in Canada

A

33 CMA’s in Canada

15 CMA’s in Ontario

68
Q

Where is Densely Populated Zone

A

Located within the Great Lakes - St.Lawerence Lowlands

69
Q

Where is Moderately Populated Zone

A

Located from coast to coast roughly between the 49th and 50th parallels of latitude

70
Q

Where is Sparsely Populated Zone

A

Extends from coast to coast over the mid section of the country

71
Q

Where is Isolated Settlements Zone

A

Northern part of Canada and is mostly inhospitable for settlement

72
Q

What are Crude Birth rate and Death rate

A

Birth: # of births per 1000ppl/year
Death: # of deaths per 1000ppl/year

73
Q

What is Rate of Natural Increase

A

The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate

74
Q

What is Net Migration

A

The difference between in/out migration

75
Q

What is Replacement Fertility

A

The level of fertility at which women have enough daughters to replace themselves
Replacement Fertility Rate = 2.1

76
Q

What is Demographic Transition Theory

A

The shift of birth rates and death rates from high to low levels

77
Q

What are the Demographic Transition Theory Phases

A

Phase 1: Late Pre-Industrial (Late 1800’s)
- high birth & death rates

Phase 2: Early Industrial (Early 1900’s)
- falling death rates

Phase 3: Late Industrial (Middle 1900’s)
- falling birth rates

Phase 4: Early Post-Industrial (Today)
- low birth&death rates

Phase 5: Late Post-Industrial (In 15 years)
- birth rate has fallen below death rate

78
Q

When was the baby boom

A

1946-1964

79
Q

Trend of youth dependency ratio

A

Stabilizing as fewer people are being birthed

80
Q

Trend of old age dependency ratio

A

Increasing as baby boomers are beginning to retire

81
Q

Why does federal government encourage immigration

A
  1. It has become necessary to keep population growing
  2. Newcomers add to Canada’s workforce
  3. Canada accepts refugees fleeing bad conditions
  4. Some immigrants are more willing to do seasonal jobs
82
Q

what is an Allophone

A

a person whose mother tongue is not English, French, or one of the Indigenous languages (20% of Canada)

83
Q

Percentage of top 5 religions in Canada

A 
Christian 38%
Protestant 29%
Non-Religious 24%
Islam 3%
Hinduism 2%
84
Q

What is the change of Christian religion from 1961 to 2011

A 
1961 = 89%
2011 = 67%
85
Q

What are Hutterites

A

Similar to Amish and Mennonites in that they strongly believe in pacifism (opposition to war and violence)

86
Q

When was there officially a Multiculturalism Policy

A

1971

87
Q

Core Values of Canadian Identity

A
  1. Government is based on British system
  2. Two official languages
  3. Indigenous people have special rights from treaties
  4. Constitution (1867) & Charter Rights/Freedom (1982)
88
Q

Reasons why Saskatchewan as experienced an economic boom over the past decade

A
  • Strong resource base (oil,gas,potash)
  • Growth in knowledge-based industries (altern-fuels)
  • The construction industry in Saskatoon & Regina
89
Q

Indigenous population growth VS Canada overall population growth

A

Indigenous population is growing 6x faster than Canada’s overall population

90
Q

Percentage of Indigenous people and their tribes

A

First Nations = 62%
Metis = 34%
Inuit = 4%

91
Q

Phases of Indigenous growth

A
  1. Pre-contact
    • population size varied from food, weather…
  2. Early Contact (1500-1940)
    • exposure to new diseases lowers population
  3. Late Contact (1940-1960)
    • rising fertility rates and high mortality rates
  4. Post Contact (1960-present)
    • high fertility rates and low mortality rates
92
Q

Indigenous population in 1910 and 2018

A

1910: 100,000
2018: 1,900,000

93
Q

Economic Sectors

A
  1. Primary: activities involving extraction of natural resources
    EX.) fishing, farming, forestry, mining
  2. Secondary: activities that process or assemble raw materials
    EX.) auto manufacturing, meat packing, paper making
  3. Tertiary: activities involving the sale or exchange of goods/services
    EX.) retail, health care, education, law
  4. Quaternary: activities involving the processing of knowledge that leads to decision making by companies/governments
    EX.) research centres
94
Q

Knowledge based economy

A
  • large portion of highly educated citizens
  • highly urbanized population
  • priority on scientific research
95
Q

Economic Anchors of Canada’s regions

A 
Ontario: automobile
Quebec: hydroelectric
British Columbia: forestry
Atlantic Canada: fishing
Western Canada: agriculture
Territorial North: megaprojects
96
Q

what is a Centralist

A

someone who wants there to be a great deal of power, strength, and control in the federal government

97
Q

what is a Decentralist

A

someone who wants strengths in the provinces

98
Q

how many people are represented per 1 MP

A

105,000

99
Q

percentage of indigenous people in poverty

A

96%

100
Q

When were natives allowed to vote

A

1960

Geo of Canada (2 decks)

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