Final Exam Flashcards
Ontario Economy Strength
- population size 40%
- median income above average
- cluster of cities, unis, research
- close to borders
Physical Geography of Ontario
- land area larger than 85% of countries
- Niagara Escarpment contains the most variable topography in Southern Ontario
- Southern Ontario has majority of Class 1 fertile land in Canada
Climate of Ontario
- hot and humid summers
- cold winters due to Arctic masses
What is Lake Effect Snow
- happens downwind of where cold air passes over warm water
- affects all of Southern Ontario
How do Severe Thunderstorms occur
when southwesterly wind brings warm moist air from Gulf of Mexico
When/where did French form first settlement
1749, Petite Cote (present day windsor)
When did British loyalists settle in ontario
late 1700s
3 notes on War of 1812
- US was trying to annex parts of upper canada
- Chief Tecumseh and his native troops joined the british
- Dozens were killed including Tecumseh in Battle of the Thames in Moraviantown
3 Concerns about the Great Lakes
- Health of lakes
- water pollution
- eutrophication - Toxic contamination
- contaminated sediment
- high bacteria count - Invasive species
- sea lamprey
- goby
5 regions of Ontario
- Northern
- Eastern
- Central
- Golden Horseshoe
- Southwestern
describe Northern region
- forestry, mining
- low population
- rocky terrain
- aging population, net emigration, few immigrants, small but increasing natives
describe Eastern region
- jobs from federal government
- rivers and lakes add to scenery
- large francophone population
describe Central region
- tourism and recreation
- cottage country
describe Horseshoe region
- white collar
- very urbanized and diverse population
describe Southwestern region
- manufacturing, agriculture
- auto assembly plants help drive economy
- southern most regions benefit from proximity to Detroit
What is Niagara Fruit Belt
- Lacustrine soil
- Climate is moderated by the presence of lakes
- Sheltered from wind by Niagara Escarpment
What is Auto Pact
- 1965
- both countries would eliminate 15% tariff on automobiles
- Canada was guarenteed a minimal level of production
Advantages to Auto Pact
- Guarenteed Canadian plants would not close
- Allowed them to specialize in certain models
- Reduced price of vehicles
What is the 2008 Recession
- caused drop in auto sales
- governments provided loans to auto makers in Michigan so they could pay workers
- loans have been repaid
What are best turbine locations
- flat locations
- close to lake shorelines
Ontario’s trading with US
- 80% of Ontario’s exports go to US
- automotive industry accounts for 30% of trades
- Northern Ontario’s supply is greater than demand so they must export to US
Effects of Urbanization
SSFFT
- Services: greater demand for services
- Speculation: holding onto land cause real estate is growing
- Farming: lack of confidence in the industry
- Farmland Shrinking: production lowering due to subdivision
- Tree Planting: reluctant to plant trees with fear of development
GTA Greenbelt Zone
Effort by Toronto to limit urban development in large zone around GTA
What is happening to Auto industry
being moved to places with cheaper labor
When did Ontario become a “have-not” province for the first time
2009
percentage of Ontario that resides in Northern region
7%
percentage of cars produced in Southern Ontario out of all of North America
15%
How many people work in the auto industry
104,000
Where is “Tech-Triangle” located
between Cambridge, Waterloo, Kitchener
Which Ontario region has highest growth rate
Horseshoe
Mexican city with plants
Monterrey
Typical salary of Mexican worker at transformer plant
1/10th that of Canadian equivalent
Why do companies look to Mexico
- productivity increases 6-8%
- workers are willing to try new things
- can trade worldwide due to agreements
Percentage of Quebec that mother tongue is French
77%
Where Anglophones located
Montreal, Eastern Cities, Ottawa River Valley
Where are Allophones located
Montreal
What is the Language Law
Businesses must use French; helped maintain use of French in the region
Notes on Quebecs economy
- 2nd largest economy and population
- manufacturing core in the south
- resource periphery in the north
- shorter growing season than Ontario
- great conditions for hydroelectric power
- research and tech industry growing
Canadian Shield makes up what percentage of Quebec
90%
What is Gaspe Peninsula
rugged landscape, settlement confined to coastline
Environmental concerns with Quebec
- Mining waste evident across Canadian Shield
- St. Lawerence has high levels of toxic chemicals (lead and mercury from older industrial processes)
- Zebra Mussels are an invasive species that blocks hundreds of pipelines and water intakes
Quebecs Environmental Improvements
- uses entirely hydroelectric power
- lowest green gas emissions per-capita
- motorists heavily taxed on gasoline
When/where did Cartier sail into quebec to claim land for france
1534 Chaleur Bay
When was mouth of St.Lawerence found
1535
Who/When founded Quebec City
Champlain as fur trading post in 1608
When was Battle of Abraham
1769
When was Confederation and what are some of the benefits
1876
- economy strengthened with size
- french language & catholicism protected by federal
- Quebec given control over education
- political influence
When was Northern Boundary of Quebec extended into Canadian Shield
1898
When did it Double in size as it adopted Inuit Island of Inuit
1912
When did land east of drainage divide get granted to Labrador
1927
When was Hydro-Quebec created
created in 1944, became major industry in 1960 due to Jean Lesage
Who is Jean Lesage
Premier who purchased all private electrical utilities, turning it into a monopoly
Quebecs Objectives to further the economy
- Stimulate Economic growth through government intervention
- Undertake massive projects across Canadian Shield
- Build high-voltage lines for transport
- Sell power to US
What is the James Bay project
- production from all 20 rivers flowing to James Bay
- La Grande, first phase, began 1972, cost 15billion and took 10 years
- one of only projects that created controversy (due to indigenous and environmental organizations)
5 issues with James Bay Project
- flooding by dams
- loss of habitat
- lossof timber
- chemicals
- impact on hunting grounds
How can the price be so low for industries
- surplus
- deal with Labrador at 1969 prices
- monopoly create own prices
What are Allophones
neither english or french as mother tongue
What is Ville Marie
original name of Montreal in 1642
What is Nunavik
means “Great Land”
What is Estrie
Eastern townships of Quebec, home to Sherbrooke
BC physical geography
- mainly Cordillera, with Northeastern corner in Interior Plains
- Insular Mountains form backbone of Haida Gwaii and Vancouver Island, with central plateaus found between mountain ranges
BC climate
- varied topography creates Microclimates
- Victoria is in the rain shadow of the Insular Mountains
- Temperate rainforests are found along the coast
What is Pineapple Express
Flow of warm air from Hawaii that keeps BC warm but wt
7 Regions of BC
- Vancouver Island
- Lower-Mainland Southwest
- Thompson-Okanagon
- Kootenay
- Cariboo - Prince George
- Skeena - Northcoast
- North East
Describe Vancouver Island region
- Coast Mountain Chain
- Many Fjords (inlets of water)
- fishing, forestry, government
Describe Lower Mainland Southwest
- Majority live in Vancouver
- Major agricultural hub due to Alluvial Soil (soil deposited by water)
Describe Thompson Okanagon
- Kamloops
- mix of grasslands and crops
- tourism
- transportation along Thompson river
Describe Kootenay
- tourism, mining, hydroelectricity
- continental divide forms border between Kootenay and Alberta
Describe Cariboo-Prince George
- forestry, mining, ranching, paper mills
- University of Northern British Columbia
Describe Skeena-Northcoast
- isolated, borders Alaska
- fishing, mining, aluminium smelters
Describe North East
- traffic and truck transport
- many small service towns to serve truckers
4 main exports from BC
- coal
- natural gas
- lumber
- pulp
Is BC a core
No, lack of manufacturing. Upward transitional periphery due to knowledge based economy
What is Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor
federal government funded project improving infrastructure getting BC ports to help ship goods to Asia
What are the most valuable species found in BC
salmon,herring, shellfish
Why are less and less fish caught every year
- pollution
- warming temperatures
- overfishing
- high fish quotas
- indigenous fishing
Salmon Regulation 4 issues
- 5 year regenerative cycle
- forestry and hydroelectric industries hurt population
- indigenous can catch for subsistence
- Migratory
Mountain Pine Beetle
bug destroying vast areas of BC forest, burrows, into trees, has thrived due to recent warm winters
Softwood Lumber Trade Agreement
2006-2015
- US was to return 4 billion in duty to Canadian Lumber companies since 2002
- US could not launch trade attacks against Canadian lumber companies
- If lumber value fell, Canada had to impose a tax
- Currently no longer an agreement in place
Western Alienation
- Rocky Mountains act as more than a physical divide
- Cascadia is a proposed independent country consisting of BC, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho
Solution to ensure a total lumber collapse does not occur
- A shift towards high value products
2. Diversification of export markets
Origin of Alberta
Princess Louis Caroline Alberta, 4th daughter to Queen Victoria & Prince Albert
Origin of Saskatchewan
Swift moving river, Cree word
Origin of Manitoba
Straits of the great spirit, Cree word
Economy of prairie provinces
- leading natural resources of oil, natural gas, coal, potash
- southern: agriculture
- western: oil
- lowest unemployment from 2006-2015
Oil & Oil Sands (Bitumen)
- oil sands opened 1970 due to increase in oil prices
- sedimentary rock contains valuable fossil fuel deposits
- Edmonton is production center
- Calgary is administrative center
Oil Sands process
- oil sands mixed with hot water
- go to processing plant where hydrocarbon molecules are broken into smaller ones
- sent to refineries where it is turned into gasoline, diesel, and propane
Mining that helps the economy of the prairies
- Coal
- Potash
- Uranium
- Nickel
- Copper
What is Canola used for
Alternative Fuel that is a new expensive crop due to the demand for it
What are Belts
differences of growing season and soil moisture
Name and describe 3 belts
Fertile Belt - frost-free/growing period is long - moisture is high - used for wheat and canola Dry Belt - cattle ranching - irrigation necessary - practice continuous cropping - only wheat can grow Agriculture Fringe / Peace River Country - grows low quality wheat for livestock
What is Great Sand Hills`
Isolated area where glacial beach deposits formed into dunes by the wind, located in Southwestern Saskatchewan
Environmental concerns with Prairie region
- release of greenhouse gas
- scarred landscape
- toxic water deposited in sludge ponds
Prairie Land Division
Pre-1869: seigneurial system (rectangular lots w/ river access)
Post-1869: concession system (square mile lots)
What is a gateway city
City that acts as a collection and distribution point between the city and the nearby hinterland (Ex. Edmonton, Prince Albert, Thompson)
What were some of the Homesteaders Challenges
Isolation: square lot system ensured large distance between settlements
Harsh Climate: settlers were not prepared
Innovation: crops were not succeeding and so they have to be intuitive
2 innovative ways to grow crops
- Summer Fallow: practice of leaving the land idle for a year or more to accommodate soil maturity (letting water get back into it)
- Fairway Grass: innovative grass hybrid with deep roots that kept soil in place, prevented erosion
Describe Canadian Pacific Railway
- US completed 3 by 1870
- Canada paid Hudson Bay Company to use land for railway
- Completed in 1885
CCF (cooperative commonwealth federation)
- socialist philosophy
- currently NDP
Social Credit Party
- 1935 to 1993
- very religious
Reform Party
- 1987 to 2000
Red River Valley
1670: owned by HBC
1810: purchased by Lord Selkirk, Scotsman arrived and formed Red River Settlement
Red River Valley flooding problem
- The Red River flows south to north, which causes a problem
- Ice base at south melts, increasing river flow
- Soil is chernozemic which doesn’t absorb excess water
- SOLUTION: Red River Floodway, artificial waterway to divert water around the city
What is Bitumen
Oil mixed with sand
Factors contributing to Weak Economy
- ) The four small provinces would benefit as one large provincial economy
- ) Natural resources have been exhausted or over exploited
- ) Widely dispersed population, many small towns
- ) No manufacturing base due to long distance to large cities
Sydney Tar Ponds
Waste products from steel mill were kept in ponds, began seeping into water and basement. Led to Sydney having highest cancer rates in the country. $400M cleanup.
Atlantic Continental Shelf
Extends 400km offshore, where Gulf of Mexico current meets cold Labrador current, largest are the Grand Banks & Georges Banks
“Cod Collapse” based on 3 factors
- Cod stock estimates were too high
- High cod quotas put pressure on fishing industry
- Overfishing outside of outer banks by Europeans where Canada has no control
Voisey’s Bay
Nickel mine in Labrador
Hibernia Oil Project
12% of all oil production in Canada, expensive because it has to withstand climate and icebergs
Churchill Falls Hydroelectric Project
- Created in 1971
- 2nd largest hydroelectric plant in North America
Issue: hydro must pass through QC
Result: QC buys power from Labrador 1969-2041
Historical Geography of Atlantic Canada
1000AD - Vikings
1497 - John Cabot (Italian)
1700 - British/French/Mi’kmaq
1775 - US War of Independence led to 40,000 British Loyalists migrating to NS and NB
Where is the Intercolonial Railway
Montreal –> Halifax
Joey Smallwood
First Premier of NFLD, promoted Confederation to poorer-half of NFLD
What are Torngat Mountains
In Labrador, 750 million years old
What are Nor’easters
Storms that intensify during their west to east movement due to their passing over maritime waters
Where is Confederation Bridge
13km long from NB to PEI
Territorial North extends over 4 physiographic regions
- Arctic Archipelago
- Canadian Shield
- Cordillera
- Interior Plains
Arctic Cooperation Agreement
1988
US will notify Canada when they send ships through the North West Passage, and Canada will always give consent
What is the urgency to acquire territory and declare sovereignty
- Oil beneath land
- Melting Ice could become international shipping route
- Russia wants a piece for reasons listed above
Arctic Pollution Prevention Act
1983
Canada has right to control navigation in its sector of the Arctic Ocean
UN Convention of the Law of the Sea
2003
“countries have the right to control waters 12 Nautical Miles from their shores”
What is Mackenzie Valley Gas Pipeline
- For natural gas
- Proposed 1970
- Shot down because it would piss off the Dene People
What is Norman Wells Oil Pipeline
- From Nunavut to Alberta
- Completed 1985
Issues: warming climates, sinking and shifting because it was built above ground, permafrost melting
NWT Diamonds Project
- Canada is 3rd largest producer of diamond in the world
- Discovered 1991
Where is the Northwest Passage
Waterway through Arctic from Europe to Asia
What is Circumpolar World
Land held by many countries that is opening up as ice melts
