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Geo of Canada > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Ontario Economy Strength

A
  • population size 40%
  • median income above average
  • cluster of cities, unis, research
  • close to borders
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2
Q

Physical Geography of Ontario

A
  • land area larger than 85% of countries
  • Niagara Escarpment contains the most variable topography in Southern Ontario
  • Southern Ontario has majority of Class 1 fertile land in Canada
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3
Q

Climate of Ontario

A
  • hot and humid summers

- cold winters due to Arctic masses

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4
Q

What is Lake Effect Snow

A
  • happens downwind of where cold air passes over warm water

- affects all of Southern Ontario

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5
Q

How do Severe Thunderstorms occur

A

when southwesterly wind brings warm moist air from Gulf of Mexico

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6
Q

When/where did French form first settlement

A

1749, Petite Cote (present day windsor)

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7
Q

When did British loyalists settle in ontario

A

late 1700s

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8
Q

3 notes on War of 1812

A
  • US was trying to annex parts of upper canada
  • Chief Tecumseh and his native troops joined the british
  • Dozens were killed including Tecumseh in Battle of the Thames in Moraviantown
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9
Q

3 Concerns about the Great Lakes

A
  1. Health of lakes
    - water pollution
    - eutrophication
  2. Toxic contamination
    - contaminated sediment
    - high bacteria count
  3. Invasive species
    - sea lamprey
    - goby
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10
Q

5 regions of Ontario

A
  1. Northern
  2. Eastern
  3. Central
  4. Golden Horseshoe
  5. Southwestern
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11
Q

describe Northern region

A
  • forestry, mining
  • low population
  • rocky terrain
  • aging population, net emigration, few immigrants, small but increasing natives
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12
Q

describe Eastern region

A
  • jobs from federal government
  • rivers and lakes add to scenery
  • large francophone population
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13
Q

describe Central region

A
  • tourism and recreation

- cottage country

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14
Q

describe Horseshoe region

A
  • white collar

- very urbanized and diverse population

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15
Q

describe Southwestern region

A
  • manufacturing, agriculture
  • auto assembly plants help drive economy
  • southern most regions benefit from proximity to Detroit
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16
Q

What is Niagara Fruit Belt

A
  • Lacustrine soil
  • Climate is moderated by the presence of lakes
  • Sheltered from wind by Niagara Escarpment
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17
Q

What is Auto Pact

A
  • 1965
  • both countries would eliminate 15% tariff on automobiles
  • Canada was guarenteed a minimal level of production
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18
Q

Advantages to Auto Pact

A
  • Guarenteed Canadian plants would not close
  • Allowed them to specialize in certain models
  • Reduced price of vehicles
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19
Q

What is the 2008 Recession

A
  • caused drop in auto sales
  • governments provided loans to auto makers in Michigan so they could pay workers
  • loans have been repaid
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20
Q

What are best turbine locations

A
  • flat locations

- close to lake shorelines

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21
Q

Ontario’s trading with US

A
  • 80% of Ontario’s exports go to US
  • automotive industry accounts for 30% of trades
  • Northern Ontario’s supply is greater than demand so they must export to US
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22
Q

Effects of Urbanization

A

SSFFT

  1. Services: greater demand for services
  2. Speculation: holding onto land cause real estate is growing
  3. Farming: lack of confidence in the industry
  4. Farmland Shrinking: production lowering due to subdivision
  5. Tree Planting: reluctant to plant trees with fear of development
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23
Q

GTA Greenbelt Zone

A

Effort by Toronto to limit urban development in large zone around GTA

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24
Q

What is happening to Auto industry

A

being moved to places with cheaper labor

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25
Q

When did Ontario become a “have-not” province for the first time

A

2009

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26
Q

percentage of Ontario that resides in Northern region

A

7%

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27
Q

percentage of cars produced in Southern Ontario out of all of North America

A

15%

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28
Q

How many people work in the auto industry

A

104,000

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29
Q

Where is “Tech-Triangle” located

A

between Cambridge, Waterloo, Kitchener

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30
Q

Which Ontario region has highest growth rate

A

Horseshoe

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31
Q

Mexican city with plants

A

Monterrey

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32
Q

Typical salary of Mexican worker at transformer plant

A

1/10th that of Canadian equivalent

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33
Q

Why do companies look to Mexico

A
  1. productivity increases 6-8%
  2. workers are willing to try new things
  3. can trade worldwide due to agreements
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34
Q

Percentage of Quebec that mother tongue is French

A

77%

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35
Q

Where Anglophones located

A

Montreal, Eastern Cities, Ottawa River Valley

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36
Q

Where are Allophones located

A

Montreal

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37
Q

What is the Language Law

A

Businesses must use French; helped maintain use of French in the region

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38
Q

Notes on Quebecs economy

A
  • 2nd largest economy and population
  • manufacturing core in the south
  • resource periphery in the north
  • shorter growing season than Ontario
  • great conditions for hydroelectric power
  • research and tech industry growing
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39
Q

Canadian Shield makes up what percentage of Quebec

A

90%

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40
Q

What is Gaspe Peninsula

A

rugged landscape, settlement confined to coastline

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41
Q

Environmental concerns with Quebec

A
  1. Mining waste evident across Canadian Shield
  2. St. Lawerence has high levels of toxic chemicals (lead and mercury from older industrial processes)
  3. Zebra Mussels are an invasive species that blocks hundreds of pipelines and water intakes
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42
Q

Quebecs Environmental Improvements

A
  • uses entirely hydroelectric power
  • lowest green gas emissions per-capita
  • motorists heavily taxed on gasoline
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43
Q

When/where did Cartier sail into quebec to claim land for france

A

1534 Chaleur Bay

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44
Q

When was mouth of St.Lawerence found

A

1535

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45
Q

Who/When founded Quebec City

A

Champlain as fur trading post in 1608

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46
Q

When was Battle of Abraham

A

1769

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47
Q

When was Confederation and what are some of the benefits

A

1876

  • economy strengthened with size
  • french language & catholicism protected by federal
  • Quebec given control over education
  • political influence
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48
Q

When was Northern Boundary of Quebec extended into Canadian Shield

A

1898

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49
Q

When did it Double in size as it adopted Inuit Island of Inuit

A

1912

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50
Q

When did land east of drainage divide get granted to Labrador

A

1927

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51
Q

When was Hydro-Quebec created

A

created in 1944, became major industry in 1960 due to Jean Lesage

52
Q

Who is Jean Lesage

A

Premier who purchased all private electrical utilities, turning it into a monopoly

53
Q

Quebecs Objectives to further the economy

A
  • Stimulate Economic growth through government intervention
  • Undertake massive projects across Canadian Shield
  • Build high-voltage lines for transport
  • Sell power to US
54
Q

What is the James Bay project

A
  • production from all 20 rivers flowing to James Bay
  • La Grande, first phase, began 1972, cost 15billion and took 10 years
  • one of only projects that created controversy (due to indigenous and environmental organizations)
55
Q

5 issues with James Bay Project

A
  1. flooding by dams
  2. loss of habitat
  3. lossof timber
  4. chemicals
  5. impact on hunting grounds
56
Q

How can the price be so low for industries

A
  1. surplus
  2. deal with Labrador at 1969 prices
  3. monopoly create own prices
57
Q

What are Allophones

A

neither english or french as mother tongue

58
Q

What is Ville Marie

A

original name of Montreal in 1642

59
Q

What is Nunavik

A

means “Great Land”

60
Q

What is Estrie

A

Eastern townships of Quebec, home to Sherbrooke

61
Q

BC physical geography

A
  • mainly Cordillera, with Northeastern corner in Interior Plains
  • Insular Mountains form backbone of Haida Gwaii and Vancouver Island, with central plateaus found between mountain ranges
62
Q

BC climate

A
  • varied topography creates Microclimates
  • Victoria is in the rain shadow of the Insular Mountains
  • Temperate rainforests are found along the coast
63
Q

What is Pineapple Express

A

Flow of warm air from Hawaii that keeps BC warm but wt

64
Q

7 Regions of BC

A
  1. Vancouver Island
  2. Lower-Mainland Southwest
  3. Thompson-Okanagon
  4. Kootenay
  5. Cariboo - Prince George
  6. Skeena - Northcoast
  7. North East
65
Q

Describe Vancouver Island region

A
  • Coast Mountain Chain
  • Many Fjords (inlets of water)
  • fishing, forestry, government
66
Q

Describe Lower Mainland Southwest

A
  • Majority live in Vancouver

- Major agricultural hub due to Alluvial Soil (soil deposited by water)

67
Q

Describe Thompson Okanagon

A
  • Kamloops
  • mix of grasslands and crops
  • tourism
  • transportation along Thompson river
68
Q

Describe Kootenay

A
  • tourism, mining, hydroelectricity

- continental divide forms border between Kootenay and Alberta

69
Q

Describe Cariboo-Prince George

A
  • forestry, mining, ranching, paper mills

- University of Northern British Columbia

70
Q

Describe Skeena-Northcoast

A
  • isolated, borders Alaska

- fishing, mining, aluminium smelters

71
Q

Describe North East

A
  • traffic and truck transport

- many small service towns to serve truckers

72
Q

4 main exports from BC

A
  1. coal
  2. natural gas
  3. lumber
  4. pulp
73
Q

Is BC a core

A

No, lack of manufacturing. Upward transitional periphery due to knowledge based economy

74
Q

What is Asia Pacific Gateway and Corridor

A

federal government funded project improving infrastructure getting BC ports to help ship goods to Asia

75
Q

What are the most valuable species found in BC

A

salmon,herring, shellfish

76
Q

Why are less and less fish caught every year

A
  • pollution
  • warming temperatures
  • overfishing
  • high fish quotas
  • indigenous fishing
77
Q

Salmon Regulation 4 issues

A
  1. 5 year regenerative cycle
  2. forestry and hydroelectric industries hurt population
  3. indigenous can catch for subsistence
  4. Migratory
78
Q

Mountain Pine Beetle

A

bug destroying vast areas of BC forest, burrows, into trees, has thrived due to recent warm winters

79
Q

Softwood Lumber Trade Agreement

A

2006-2015

  • US was to return 4 billion in duty to Canadian Lumber companies since 2002
  • US could not launch trade attacks against Canadian lumber companies
  • If lumber value fell, Canada had to impose a tax
  • Currently no longer an agreement in place
80
Q

Western Alienation

A
  • Rocky Mountains act as more than a physical divide

- Cascadia is a proposed independent country consisting of BC, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho

81
Q

Solution to ensure a total lumber collapse does not occur

A
  1. A shift towards high value products

2. Diversification of export markets

82
Q

Origin of Alberta

A

Princess Louis Caroline Alberta, 4th daughter to Queen Victoria & Prince Albert

83
Q

Origin of Saskatchewan

A

Swift moving river, Cree word

84
Q

Origin of Manitoba

A

Straits of the great spirit, Cree word

85
Q

Economy of prairie provinces

A
  • leading natural resources of oil, natural gas, coal, potash
  • southern: agriculture
  • western: oil
  • lowest unemployment from 2006-2015
86
Q

Oil & Oil Sands (Bitumen)

A
  • oil sands opened 1970 due to increase in oil prices
  • sedimentary rock contains valuable fossil fuel deposits
  • Edmonton is production center
  • Calgary is administrative center
87
Q

Oil Sands process

A
  1. oil sands mixed with hot water
  2. go to processing plant where hydrocarbon molecules are broken into smaller ones
  3. sent to refineries where it is turned into gasoline, diesel, and propane
88
Q

Mining that helps the economy of the prairies

A
  • Coal
  • Potash
  • Uranium
  • Nickel
  • Copper
89
Q

What is Canola used for

A

Alternative Fuel that is a new expensive crop due to the demand for it

90
Q

What are Belts

A

differences of growing season and soil moisture

91
Q

Name and describe 3 belts

A 
Fertile Belt
   - frost-free/growing period is long
   - moisture is high
   - used for wheat and canola
Dry Belt
   - cattle ranching
   - irrigation necessary
   - practice continuous cropping
   - only wheat can grow
Agriculture Fringe / Peace River Country
   - grows low quality wheat for livestock
92
Q

What is Great Sand Hills`

A

Isolated area where glacial beach deposits formed into dunes by the wind, located in Southwestern Saskatchewan

93
Q

Environmental concerns with Prairie region

A
  1. release of greenhouse gas
  2. scarred landscape
  3. toxic water deposited in sludge ponds
94
Q

Prairie Land Division

A

Pre-1869: seigneurial system (rectangular lots w/ river access)
Post-1869: concession system (square mile lots)

95
Q

What is a gateway city

A

City that acts as a collection and distribution point between the city and the nearby hinterland (Ex. Edmonton, Prince Albert, Thompson)

96
Q

What were some of the Homesteaders Challenges

A

Isolation: square lot system ensured large distance between settlements
Harsh Climate: settlers were not prepared
Innovation: crops were not succeeding and so they have to be intuitive

97
Q

2 innovative ways to grow crops

A
  1. Summer Fallow: practice of leaving the land idle for a year or more to accommodate soil maturity (letting water get back into it)
  2. Fairway Grass: innovative grass hybrid with deep roots that kept soil in place, prevented erosion
98
Q

Describe Canadian Pacific Railway

A
  • US completed 3 by 1870
  • Canada paid Hudson Bay Company to use land for railway
  • Completed in 1885
99
Q

CCF (cooperative commonwealth federation)

A
  • socialist philosophy

- currently NDP

100
Q

Social Credit Party

A
  • 1935 to 1993

- very religious

101
Q

Reform Party

A
  • 1987 to 2000
102
Q

Red River Valley

A

1670: owned by HBC
1810: purchased by Lord Selkirk, Scotsman arrived and formed Red River Settlement

103
Q

Red River Valley flooding problem

A
  • The Red River flows south to north, which causes a problem
  • Ice base at south melts, increasing river flow
  • Soil is chernozemic which doesn’t absorb excess water
  • SOLUTION: Red River Floodway, artificial waterway to divert water around the city
104
Q

What is Bitumen

A

Oil mixed with sand

105
Q

Factors contributing to Weak Economy

A
  1. ) The four small provinces would benefit as one large provincial economy
  2. ) Natural resources have been exhausted or over exploited
  3. ) Widely dispersed population, many small towns
  4. ) No manufacturing base due to long distance to large cities
106
Q

Sydney Tar Ponds

A

Waste products from steel mill were kept in ponds, began seeping into water and basement. Led to Sydney having highest cancer rates in the country. $400M cleanup.

107
Q

Atlantic Continental Shelf

A

Extends 400km offshore, where Gulf of Mexico current meets cold Labrador current, largest are the Grand Banks & Georges Banks

108
Q

“Cod Collapse” based on 3 factors

A
  1. Cod stock estimates were too high
  2. High cod quotas put pressure on fishing industry
  3. Overfishing outside of outer banks by Europeans where Canada has no control
109
Q

Voisey’s Bay

A

Nickel mine in Labrador

110
Q

Hibernia Oil Project

A

12% of all oil production in Canada, expensive because it has to withstand climate and icebergs

111
Q

Churchill Falls Hydroelectric Project

A
  • Created in 1971
  • 2nd largest hydroelectric plant in North America
    Issue: hydro must pass through QC
    Result: QC buys power from Labrador 1969-2041
112
Q

Historical Geography of Atlantic Canada

A

1000AD - Vikings
1497 - John Cabot (Italian)
1700 - British/French/Mi’kmaq
1775 - US War of Independence led to 40,000 British Loyalists migrating to NS and NB

113
Q

Where is the Intercolonial Railway

A

Montreal –> Halifax

114
Q

Joey Smallwood

A

First Premier of NFLD, promoted Confederation to poorer-half of NFLD

115
Q

What are Torngat Mountains

A

In Labrador, 750 million years old

116
Q

What are Nor’easters

A

Storms that intensify during their west to east movement due to their passing over maritime waters

117
Q

Where is Confederation Bridge

A

13km long from NB to PEI

118
Q

Territorial North extends over 4 physiographic regions

A
  1. Arctic Archipelago
  2. Canadian Shield
  3. Cordillera
  4. Interior Plains
119
Q

Arctic Cooperation Agreement

A

1988

US will notify Canada when they send ships through the North West Passage, and Canada will always give consent

120
Q

What is the urgency to acquire territory and declare sovereignty

A
  1. Oil beneath land
  2. Melting Ice could become international shipping route
  3. Russia wants a piece for reasons listed above
121
Q

Arctic Pollution Prevention Act

A

1983

Canada has right to control navigation in its sector of the Arctic Ocean

122
Q

UN Convention of the Law of the Sea

A

2003

“countries have the right to control waters 12 Nautical Miles from their shores”

123
Q

What is Mackenzie Valley Gas Pipeline

A
  • For natural gas
  • Proposed 1970
  • Shot down because it would piss off the Dene People
124
Q

What is Norman Wells Oil Pipeline

A
  • From Nunavut to Alberta
  • Completed 1985
    Issues: warming climates, sinking and shifting because it was built above ground, permafrost melting
125
Q

NWT Diamonds Project

A
  • Canada is 3rd largest producer of diamond in the world

- Discovered 1991

126
Q

Where is the Northwest Passage

A

Waterway through Arctic from Europe to Asia

127
Q

What is Circumpolar World

A

Land held by many countries that is opening up as ice melts

Geo of Canada (2 decks)

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