Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Ten major South American physiographic regions
A
- Llanos
- Amazonia
- Sertao
- Chaco
- pampas
- Patagonia
- coastal plains
- atacama desert
- Andean mountains
- altiplano
2
Q
Llanos
A
- (plains or campos)
- vast stretches of undulating grasslands and savannah
- thinly populated
- reach 700ft ask
- dry and rainy periods (often flooding during rainy)
- cattle ranching
- northern dry Illanos northern Venezuela and southeastern Colombia
reach to their highest elevation along foothills of the Andes - llanos de mojos in NE Bolivia - wet, seasonally inundated savannas
3
Q
Amazonia (amazon basin)
A
- mainly tropical rainforests primarily drained by amazon river
- large parts of Brazil, eastern Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, SE Venezuela and Colombia; south Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana
- accounts for almost 1/3 of tropical rainforest
- divided into terra firmer and vareza
4
Q
Terra firme
A
A subdivision of the amazon that is an interior, upland, and slightly elevated area meaning firm or solid ground; comprises 98% of Amazonians land mass
5
Q
Varzea
A
A subdivision of Amazonia which is a narrow strip of seasonally flooded alluvial plains
- heavy rainfall, soils productive because of flooding, wide spread dispersal of plant and animal species, lush vegetation, and high humidity
- once believed thinly populated seminomadic societies horticulture and hunting and gathering
- now believed economically and politically complex societies were widespread in upland interior before European conquest
- can have permanent agriculture because of soil
6
Q
Sertao
A
- Brazilian region severely arid
- bush, backwoods or wasteland
- droughts, famines and poverty
- NE Brazil
7
Q
Chaco
A
- arid and very hot tropical savannahs, scrub vegetation, and scattered grasslands SE of Brazilian highlands
- western Paraguay, SE Bolivia, northern Argentina, and western Brazil
- during summer rainy season large parts flooded
- climate, soils, and vegetative cover work against development of large complex societies
- sparsely populated
- oil deposits
8
Q
Pampas
A
- almost treeless flat plains and grasslands with a moderate Mediterranean type climate and extraordinarily rich souls
- arc like direction. Around Buenos Airea and part of SW Uruguay
- prior Europeans populated by small scale nomadic societies -> hunting of camelids
- after core of cattle and agricultural industries of Argentina and Uruguay ; cowboy culture
9
Q
Patagonia
A
- arid desert like landscape in Central and southeastern Argentina extending in eastern and southeastern direction from pampas to western Andean mountains
- Pryor European colonization sparsely populated
- since European conquest grazing of sheep
- small pockets of irrigated agriculture appear near its three major rivers
10
Q
Coastal plains
A
- because direction Pacific Ocean streams western coasts much drier than eastern ones
- perus pacific coast have been sites intensive agriculture, dense settlements, and large complex societies
- aridity decrease from south to north, Ecuador and college Maia characterized by high rainfall and lush vegetation
11
Q
Attacama desert
A
- on chiles pacific coast
- one of driest places on earth - years without any rain
- copper deposits
- nitrate deposits
12
Q
Andean Mountains
A
- highest mountain ranges of western alpine system present in chile, Bolivia, and Peru
- many 18,000-20,00ft ask
- intensive, irrigated agriculture &a large highly complex state level societies (ex Incas)
13
Q
Altiplano
A
Between eastern and western branches of Andes and entirely in Bolivia
- high, semi arid plateau, virtually deployed of trees
- bordered by Lake Titicaca
- prior European conquest, was center of large scale Aymara speaking chiefdoms -> intensive irrigated agriculture and pastoralist revolved around native South American camelids
14
Q
Mexico physiographic regions
A
- central plateau
- southern highlands
- gulf coastal plains: gulf region
- yucatan peninsula
15
Q
Central plateau
A
- 3000-7000ft asl
- volcanic basins & ringed by two mountain ranges (western and eastern Sienna Madre)
- northernmost section = mesa del Norte - arid and hot, populated by nomadic people resisted Aztec rule
- south more humid and cooler region = mesa Central
- Aztec capital
16
Q
Southern highlands
A
- rugged and volcanic area, interspersed by deep valleys with rich soils
- historically centre of intensive high yielding agriculture & large densely settled highly complex societies
- best soils
- part of neovolcanic range of Eje volcanico
- Maya culture in southern Mexico & Central Guatemalan range of regions
- thee broad climatic zones: the Tierra Templada, Tierra fria, and Tierra caliente (with diff elevations)
17
Q
Gulf coastal plains/ gulf region
A
- include stretches of tropical forest terrain and low lying coastal plains facing Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic Ocean, extending from central Mexico through most Central America.
- gulf region- north and northeastern lowlands :
- humid, rainfall, predominantly tropical rainforest
- Maya
18
Q
Yucatan peninsula
A
- northernmost is flat, arid plain scrub first
- humidity increases southwards –> change to tropical forest
- southern part Maya
19
Q
Physiographic regions in Central America
A
- Central American volcanic axis
- coastal plains
20
Q
Central American volcanic axis
A
- massive string of volcanic ranges, plateaus, and valleys that make up the greater part of Central America
21
Q
Coastal plains
A
- facing the pacific, the coastal plains are narrow and relatively arid, in Caribbean wider and more humid
22
Q
Caribbean physiographic regions
A
- interior mountain ranges
- coastal plains
23
Q
Interior mountain ranges
A
- cordilleras
- prolongation of western alpine system
- moment European co equestrian small scale sedimentary societies practice horticulture and intensive agriculture, coastal maritime resources
24
Q
Caribbean coastal plains
A
- after conquest sugar plantations
25
Culture area
- noted culturally analogous societies clustered over areas sharing broad environmental features
- an assemblage of cultural, social, and economic traits associated with a geographic or environmental region
26
Bands
- small scale and highly mobile societies
- several dozen households related through kinship
- foraging subsistence mode (hunting and gathering)
- egalitarian
- moment European conquest some in Mexico, more in Amazonia, southern chile and southern Argentina
27
Tribes
- demographically larger and less mobile
- usually distinct groups members claim kinship
- some domestication plants and animals
- agriculture and pastoralism/ animal husbandry
- signs of incipient inequality - political leaders
- economic differentiation
28
Cheifdoms
- larger societies - hundreds or thousands of households
- higher population densities & larger landscapes
- more intense extraction resources and reliance on domestication
- more complete transition to political and economical inequality
- coercive power
- widespread and moment of contact
29
State
- extreme end of deepening political and economic inequality
- huge populations divided into distinct groups
- example Incas
30
Prehistory of Latin America can be generally divided into 4 phases:
- paleo- Indian
- archaic
- formative
- horizon
31
Paleo- Indian period
- in mesoamerica, Central America & South America 13,000-9,000 years ago
- SA - sites in Peru, Ecuador &a chile
- Small foraging groups with maritime coastal adaptation
- band like
32
Archaic period
11,000 - 3,500 years ago
- in Andes to Middle to late preceramic and in Mesoamerica t o incipient agricultural phase
- during this period people of Caribbean first populated
- 6 social transformations
33
6 social transformations of archaic period
1. Increasing sedentary lifestyle (precedes existence agriculture)
2. Rise in population
3. Reliance on a broader resource base
4. Emergence of pottery
5. Domestication of plants or incipient agriculture
6. Rise of complex, chiefdom level societies
34
3 issues with relationship between emergence of agriculture and societal complexity:
1. The origins of agriculture
2. Agricultural potential of lowland environments
3. Importance of agriculture vs the role of the concentration of subsistence resources
35
Formative period
- 4,000 - 1,800 years ago
- more or less overlaps with Andean Initial, Early Horizo & Early Intermediate periods and Mesoamerican preclassic or formative periods
- phase economic, political, and social consolidation
- permanent settlements, rise population. Intensive agriculture, presence large and powerful chiefdoms
- states began to emerge
- regional and transregional economic ties and flows
36
Horizon period
1,800- 500 years ago (up to European conquest)
- Andean middle horizon, late intermediate, and late horizon & mesoamerican classic and postclassic
- rise & demise of Incas and Aztecs
- characterized by spread of culture across and control over diverse ecological & cultural areas
- "era of integration"
- large scale states
- technological advances
37
4 factors enables tiny Spanish expeditions to quickly overwhelm the Incas and the Aztecs:
1) lack of political consolidation of indigenous states
2) tactical and military advantages
3) cultural differences
4) disease
38
5 important mechanisms of rule in colonial times that altered indigenous societies:
1) establishment of encomiendas, repartimientos, and a variety tribute obligations
2) concentration of dispersed communities into irbanlike settlements
3) expansion of the state bureaucracy
4) reliance on indigenous elites as power and cultural brokers
5) public rituals and ceremonies
39
Plantations differ from haciendas in that they:
1. Plantations required more capital and technological advancements
2. Slaves or full time wage labourers
3. Plantations produced commodities
40
What is anthropology?
- the study of humankind in all places and throughout time
- insiders POV. Feel and think as members of their society. Vision of his world
- comparative
- descriptive
- holistic
- evolutionary
41
Culture
What we do, think, and believe as part of a group
42
Ethnography
- fieldwork
- participant observation
- informants
43
Proper field work
- cutting oneself off from kind
- as much contact with natives as possible
- become part of daily lives - start convos when bored
- inponderabilia of everyday life
- investigate on the moment
- takes notes describing, not judging
- inspiration comes from theory
44
5 field on anthropology
- physical
- linguistic
- archaeology
- socio-cultural
- applied
45
Latin America
- conquests by French, Spanish, and Portuguese
- Romance languages
- America name after catorgrapher, Latin produced idea of the other (as opposed to American)
- 1850 French
46
Maximilian I of Mexico
- only monarch of second Mexican empire
- younger brother of Austrian emperor
- accepted offer by Napolean to rule Mexico
- he accepts offer based on condition that people will vote in his favour - napolean forges results because he wanted to invade Mexico bay
47
Naming of Latin America
- 1850 based on idea of Latinitee that was being advanced by France
- resulted from conflict from imperial nations -> needed by France to justify its mission civilization
- after independence developed term Latinidad to create their own identity
48
Latin America geography
- larger from north to south than west to east
- climate diversity
- mountains
49
Similarities across Latin America
- history
- religion (Catholicism)
- social stratification
- population growth
- ethnic mosaic (diversity)
- Ibero America same as Latin America
50
Differences in Latin America
- amount indigenous/ European influence
- ethnic composition
- languages - most linguistically diverse area of world due to isolation from geography
51
Countries of Latin America
- argentina
- bolivia
- Brazil
- chile
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Guatemala
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Mexico
- Nicaragua
- panama
- Paraguay
- peru
- Dominican Republic
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
- Puerto Rico?
52
Tropical areas
- Tropics of cancer above equator
- Tropic of Capricorn below equator
- parts of Latin America like Mexico and chile that are not part of these zones and are not tropical
53
The Caribbean North
- Colombia, Venezuela, Panama
- rugged mountains
- tropical and cool misty highlands
- highlanders mostly mestizos
- enezuela - birthplace el libertarian
- coast mulatos
54
Caribbean
- Cuba
- Haiti
- Puerto Rico
- Dominican Republic
55
Andean north
- Andean north: Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia
| - Paraguay
56
Tropical east
Brazil
57
Southern cone
- chile
- Uruguay
- Argentina
58
Middle America
- all land between United States and South America is
59
Counties in Central America
- Mexico?, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, panama, Costa Rica
60
Landscapes environment
- eastern highlands
- Central lowlands
- western alpine system
61
Amerindian culture impact is greater in
- middle America
62
Central America geography
- land of volcanoes
- many earthquakes
- Managua capital of Nicaragua destroyed twice
- Mexico City
63
Fray Bernardino de Saghun
- first ethnographer in Latin America
- native informants diverse age and professions
- field work 3 years
- rapid transformation through action plans to achieve socio cultural change
64
19th century anthropology
- new strange human groups get in touch with Europeans
- search for the exotic
- wanted to make recordings before the cultures disappeared
- evolution (same as arky)
- belief every society goes through the same developmental stages
65
Superstructure
Behavioural and mental
66
Structure
1. Primary and 2. Secondary
67
Infrastructure
1. Production
| 2. Reproduction
68
Paleo Indio
- hunter gatherers
| - societies evolved from paleo Indio to settling down and beginning a culture in a center bar
69
Structure and dynamic of sociocultural systems
- environment is foundation for settling down; resources are determinants to have production
70
Timelines (oldest to youngest)
- Olmec
- Zapotec
- Maya
- teotihuacan
- tajin
- Mixtec
- Aztec
71
Olmec
- represented by carved figurines - figures come from Africa
- olmec is centre of Mexico, and their influence goes all the way down into Salvador
72
Teotihucan
```
1 AD - 650
- very warm and not much vegetation
- settlement comes from north
- flourished very large society
- environment could not sustain society and internal conflict began
-
```
73
Toltec
- started with type of gods aztecs had
- wind, sun, and humans are to be sacrificed
- influenced across the sea and into Wahaca
74
Aztec empire
- majority of
Mexico
- establishing their society by fighting with groups and building relationships/ alliances
- Aztec had lots of enemies, Spanish was able to conquer the empire
75
Aztec plate
- typical Aztec symbol
| - the had a calendar
76
Maya
- organized into cities, not a huge empire or one ruler
- slag and burn agriculture
- organizing clans that organize extended famili s
- Christina type of background, both had same gods, honoured sun and wind
77
Inca expansion
- potatoes
- quinoa
- coca
- corn
78
Aztec
- used lake to have crops with networks of branches and leaves were able to have floating crops
79
Inca split inheritance
- when one dies one of his descendants gets political power but no economic power, this is why they were interested in expanding, because new ruler needed to expand in order to acquire land
80
Who had written communication?
- Aztecs did Incas did not
81
Parallel 49. Tratado de Torrecillas
- catholic pope did not want Spain and Portugal fighting so he divided world by parallel 49 - Portugal could only get Brazil and east
82
Two Viceroyalties
- nueva espana
| - Peru Lima
83
Encomiendas
- given to Spanish to Christianize
| - use labour (Nita's) : calculus Mexicanos; Tallis Incas
84
Missionary protectors:
- Tata Vasco de Quiroga
| - Bartolommeo de las Casals
85
Criollo
- person born in new world from Spanish parents
86
Mestizo
- indigenous &a Spanish
87
Malato
Spanish and African
88
Castas
People that are not white
89
Haciendas Argentina
Cattle, horses, and mules
90
Haciendas chile
Wheat
91
Haciendas Mexico
Silver pistol
92
Brazil economy
- 1680 sugar
| - 1700 banderilleros found gold in Mina's Gerri's
93
Sor Juana de la Cruz
- poems
| - feminist
94
Simon Bolivar
- freedom fighter for independence Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
- got help from Haiti - liberated own slaves, not iothers
- became dictator
95
Ethnogenesis
Formation of ethnic group
96
Tipos
- based on phenotype, physical appearance
- can have same family different typos
- hegemonic racism
97
Zapatista
Chiapas, liberation Mexico
98
Meso America foods
- chiles, corn, beans, and vegetables (squash)
| - corn tortilla
99
Andes food
Corn, potatoes, quinoa, chile, chichi , guniea pigs
100
Caribbean Atlantic coast food
- manioca, casaba, yuca
101
Europeans food
Wheat & animal products
- citrus fruits
- coffee plantains and bananas
102
Africa food
- manicoa , casaba, yuca
- coffee and bananas
- dakaves dis not adapt European goods, other way around
103
Lopez Obrador
- socialist, will be president of Mexico in December
| - party called morena which means dark skin (new party)
104
Mexican music
- el son de la Nebraska - song of the black woken
| - not considered racist term. Just description
105
Eva Morales
- president of Bolivia
| - talked about indigenous roots during his campaign and gained indigenous power
