Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
The founding fathers of developmental psychology and their contributions:
A
Charles Darwin - evolution - baby biography G. Stanley Hall - child development as an academic discipline - questionnaires for children Alfred Binet - first standardized intelligence test
2
Q
Childhood timetable
A
- neonate & infant (0-1)
- toddler (2-3)
- preschool (4-5)
- middle childhood (6-10/12)
- adolescence
3
Q
Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s view of children:
A
- children are inherently good and moral
4
Q
When was childhood recognized as a distinct period of life?
A
Around the industrial revolution
5
Q
What is a sequential experimental design?
A
- multiple shorter longitudinal samples overlapping an certain ages
6
Q
Approximate number of genes in the human genome…
A
…30 000
7
Q
Why are many genes called pleiotropic?
A
Because they have multiple effects
8
Q
Heredity (H) =
A
= 2 (Rmz - Rdz)
9
Q
Non-shared environment (NSE) =
A
= 1 - Rmz (reared together)
10
Q
Shared environment (SE) =
A
= 1 - (H + NSE)
11
Q
Concordance rate of schizophrenia for MZ vs DZ twins:
A
.48 vs .17
12
Q
The range-of-reaction principle:
A
…genes set the range of possible outcomes (e.g. IQ), environment determines the actual outcome from the range
13
Q
Three categories of genetic influences on behavior:
A
- passive (strengthened by parents’ choice of environment)
- active (seeking fitting environment)
- evocative (environment responds to one’s genetics - reading books because people give me books because they see I’m good at it)
14
Q
The first two weeks of pregnancy are known as…
A
…the germinal/zygotic period
15
Q
Weeks 3 to 12 of pregnancy are called…
A
…the embryonal period (most organ systems have already started developing by the end of this period)
16
Q
Weeks 13 to 38 of pregnancy are called…
A
…the fetal period (age of viability is ca. 25 weeks)
17
Q
4 weeks after conception is the time of the formation of the…
A
…blastocyst (80-60 cells)
18
Q
Implantation happens around..
A
10-14 days after conception (the blastocyst nests against the uterine wall)
19
Q
Two membranes around the zygote:
A
amnion & chorion
20
Q
The placenta is formed from
A
… chorion and the uterine wall
21
Q
During the embyonic period (weeks 3-8)…
A
- differentiation of cells
- organogenesis (organs begin to develop, heart starts beating, circulatory system becomes autonomous, indifferent gonad forms and starts producing testosterone in males)
22
Q
The time when movements of the fetus may be felt by the mother…
A
…ca. 16 weeks
23
Q
During the fetal period…
A
- body fat builds up
- 28-32 weeks, heart rate, motor activity, and sleep and waking activity become more regular - a sign of neural maturation
24
Q
Major teratogens:
A
- rubella, STDs, toxoplasmosis
- medical drugs
- environmental hazards (e.g. radiation, lead, PCB)
25
"Lifestyle" teratogens:
- alcohol
- smoking (low birth weight, SIDS risk)
- drugs, especially cocaine
26
Lack of folic acid during pregnancy may cause...
...spina bifida in the infant
27
Prolonged and severe emotional stress may cause...
...slow prenatal growth, pre-term delivery, low birth weight)
28
Measurable fetal activities:
- movement
- habituation
- fetal heart rate
29
36-40 week old fetuses can...
- discriminate male and female voices
| - discriminate syllable sequences: /biba/ vs /babi/
30
The Apgar test measures...
- heart rate
- respiratory effort
- muscle tone
- color
- reflex irritability
31
% of new mothers affected by maternity blues...
...40 to 60%
32
What counts as low and very low birth weight?
Low - below 2500g, very low - below 1250g
33
Newborns' survival reflexes:
breathing, eye-blink, pupillary, sucking, swallowing...
34
Newborns' primitive reflexes (disappear):
Babinski, grasping, Moro, swimming, stepping
35
Newborns' behavioral states:
regular/irregular sleep, drowsiness, alert activity, alert inactivity, crying
36
What is ossification?
- the process wherein cartilage turns into bone
37
Timeline for brain growth spurt:
- between 7 mo of pregnancy and year 2 of life
38
Most neurons have formed by...
...the second trimester
39
Who said "blooming, buzzing, confusion" was the infant's world?
- William James
40
The author of Differentiation theory:
- E. Gibson - sensory input contains all the information, children must develop the ability to differentiate
41
Methods for the study of infant sensation & perception:
- preference method
- habituation
- evoked potentials, ERP
- high-amplitude sucking
42
Can newborns track moving stimuli?
yep...
43
Color discrimination in newborns:
2 or 3 months - discriminate basic colors; 4 months - group colors similarly to adults
44
Visual acuity in neonates:
- 20/600 by birth
| - 20/100 by 6 months
45
Can newborns discriminate phonemes?
yep...
46
When do babies start to recognize frequently heard words?
ca. 4.5 months
47
Can newborns smell?
4-day-olds prefer the smell of milk to that of amniotic fluid
48
Preference for moderately complex high-contrast stimuli observed in...
...the first 2 months
49
Visual scanning timeline
Scanning becomes much more organized from mo 1 to mo 2 of life
50
Early object perception:
4 mo olds can use movement cues to detect a connected object
51
Illusory contour is detected by...
...4 mo
52
Stereopsis develops...
...in 3- to 5-month-olds
53
3D pictorial cues (occlusion, relative size, shading, perspective, texture gradient) is observed in...
...6- to 7-month-olds
54
Depth perception in newborns:
....some sensitivity to depth cues is already present in newborns
55
Age when babies begin to fear the visual cliff:
...6-7 mo
56
When do infants begin to discriminate depth on the visual cliff?
...2 mo (but not afraid of it)
57
Predictive validity of infant habituation:
- speed of habituation in 6-8 mo-olds predicts IQ in later childhood
58
Earliest age of operant conditioning:
2 to 3 mo
59
Age of adult facial expression imitation (observational learning)
2 to 3 weeks of age (the reaction disappears)
60
Age of deferred imitation:
9 mo - simple acts, 24 hour delay
| 14 mo - even after a week
61
Age when children can acquire a memory strategy:
3-4 years (but they will not make up a memory strategy themselves)
62
Timeline for rehearsal as a memory strategy:
- 3-4 years - rare
| - 5-8 years - rehearse individual items, older children in clusters
63
Age of emergence of semantic organization
(clustering by meaning) - 9-10 years
64
Does telling young children what to attend to improve performance?
nope...
65
When does infantile amnesia start showing?
by 10 years of age, children remember their early years poorly
66
Piaget's four stages of development:
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
67
Basic concepts in Piaget's theory:
- assimilation - "fit new ideas to existing schemes"
| - accommodation - modify schemes to accommodate new ideas
68
Sensorimotor period:
(0-2 years):
- from reflex responses to goal oriented behavior
- by the end - form mental representations, hold complex pictures of past events in mind, solve problems by mental trial and error
69
Substages of the sensorimotor period:
- simple reflexes (birth to 1 mo)
- primary circular reactions (1-4 mo)
- secondary circular reactions (4-8 mo)
70
Timeline for object permanence:
- 2 mo - surprise when an object is placed behind a screen and isn't there when the screen is lifted
6 mo - try to retrieve a partially hidden object
8-12 mo - try to retrieve completely hidden objects
71
When does the A not B error disappear?
- after ca. 12 months
72
Earliest infant arithmetic:
- 5 mo-olds are surprised when numbers do not match
73
Preoperational stage:
(age 2-7)
- may have imaginary companions
- egocentric thinkers
- animism
- appearance/reality (Maynard the cat)
- do not understand the conservation problem
74
Questioning egocetrism
- 3-y-olds know what cards the other person sees (Flavell et al., 1981)
- 3-yr-olds can guess what the deceived person thinks if they're playing the trick on him but not if they are just watching (Hala & Chandler, 1996)
75
Concrete operations
Age 7-11:
- can conserve
- decentration
- reversible thinking
- logical thinking
- seriation & classification
- transitive thinking (if A>B & B>C, then A>C)
76
Formal operations
Age: adolescence
- logical thinking about ideas (hypothetical/abstract thinking & hypothetical-deductive reasoning)
- decontextual thinking (ability to separate prior knowledge from new evidence to the contrary
- adolescent egocentrism (personal fable, imaginary audience,
77
Problems with Piaget's theory:
- underestimated competencies
- focused on performance, not competence
- stages vs. domain growth
- left out social influences
78
Age when private speech guides behavior:
3-4 years
79
What is "pragmatics" in language:
- context-appropriate use of language
80
Prelinguistic abilities:
- vocalizations (6-8 weeks)
- babbling (4-6 months)
- home language sounds (8 months)
81
Timeline for first words:
First year - holophrases (single words); nonverbal information; intonation (question, request, demand)
18 mo - vocabulary spurt (30-50 words)
24 mo - 186 words
82
Speech in two-year-olds:
- telegraphical
- functional grammar
- rules inferred from adult speech
- 2.5 years - appreciation of syntax
83
Effects of teratogens depending on the period of pregnancy:
germinal period - often leads to death of zygote
embryonic period - may result in major structural damage
fetal period - influence function of organs, impede growth
84
Low risk age for pregnancy:
16 to 35
85
Apgar test scores
>7 - normal
4-6 is fairly low
<3 - critically low
86
What is engrossment?
father-child bonding
87
When is the fastest physical growth?
in the first two years...
88
Brain growth spurt:
mo 7 to year 2
89
Time when children can sit without support
5.5 mo (50%), 7.8 mo (90%)
90
Time when children can walk without support
12.1 mo (50%) 14.3 mo (90%)
91
In a "utilization deficiency"
a child spontaneously produces an appropriate strategy but receives little or no benefit from it for recall
92
In a "production deficiency"
...the child does not spontaneously produce would-be verbal mediators
