Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infancy and Childhood > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

The founding fathers of developmental psychology and their contributions:

A 
Charles Darwin
- evolution
- baby biography
G. Stanley Hall 
- child development as an academic discipline
- questionnaires for children
Alfred Binet
- first standardized intelligence test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Childhood timetable

A
  • neonate & infant (0-1)
  • toddler (2-3)
  • preschool (4-5)
  • middle childhood (6-10/12)
  • adolescence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s view of children:

A
  • children are inherently good and moral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When was childhood recognized as a distinct period of life?

A

Around the industrial revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a sequential experimental design?

A
  • multiple shorter longitudinal samples overlapping an certain ages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Approximate number of genes in the human genome…

A

…30 000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why are many genes called pleiotropic?

A

Because they have multiple effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Heredity (H) =

A

= 2 (Rmz - Rdz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Non-shared environment (NSE) =

A

= 1 - Rmz (reared together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Shared environment (SE) =

A

= 1 - (H + NSE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Concordance rate of schizophrenia for MZ vs DZ twins:

A

.48 vs .17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The range-of-reaction principle:

A

…genes set the range of possible outcomes (e.g. IQ), environment determines the actual outcome from the range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Three categories of genetic influences on behavior:

A
  • passive (strengthened by parents’ choice of environment)
  • active (seeking fitting environment)
  • evocative (environment responds to one’s genetics - reading books because people give me books because they see I’m good at it)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The first two weeks of pregnancy are known as…

A

…the germinal/zygotic period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Weeks 3 to 12 of pregnancy are called…

A

…the embryonal period (most organ systems have already started developing by the end of this period)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Weeks 13 to 38 of pregnancy are called…

A

…the fetal period (age of viability is ca. 25 weeks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

4 weeks after conception is the time of the formation of the…

A

…blastocyst (80-60 cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Implantation happens around..

A

10-14 days after conception (the blastocyst nests against the uterine wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Two membranes around the zygote:

A

amnion & chorion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The placenta is formed from

A

… chorion and the uterine wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

During the embyonic period (weeks 3-8)…

A
  • differentiation of cells
  • organogenesis (organs begin to develop, heart starts beating, circulatory system becomes autonomous, indifferent gonad forms and starts producing testosterone in males)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The time when movements of the fetus may be felt by the mother…

A

…ca. 16 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

During the fetal period…

A
  • body fat builds up
  • 28-32 weeks, heart rate, motor activity, and sleep and waking activity become more regular - a sign of neural maturation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Major teratogens:

A
  • rubella, STDs, toxoplasmosis
  • medical drugs
  • environmental hazards (e.g. radiation, lead, PCB)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

“Lifestyle” teratogens:

A
  • alcohol
  • smoking (low birth weight, SIDS risk)
  • drugs, especially cocaine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lack of folic acid during pregnancy may cause…

A

…spina bifida in the infant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Prolonged and severe emotional stress may cause…

A

…slow prenatal growth, pre-term delivery, low birth weight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Measurable fetal activities:

A
  • movement
  • habituation
  • fetal heart rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

36-40 week old fetuses can…

A
  • discriminate male and female voices

- discriminate syllable sequences: /biba/ vs /babi/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The Apgar test measures…

A
  • heart rate
  • respiratory effort
  • muscle tone
  • color
  • reflex irritability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

% of new mothers affected by maternity blues…

A

…40 to 60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What counts as low and very low birth weight?

A

Low - below 2500g, very low - below 1250g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Newborns’ survival reflexes:

A

breathing, eye-blink, pupillary, sucking, swallowing…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Newborns’ primitive reflexes (disappear):

A

Babinski, grasping, Moro, swimming, stepping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Newborns’ behavioral states:

A

regular/irregular sleep, drowsiness, alert activity, alert inactivity, crying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is ossification?

A
  • the process wherein cartilage turns into bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Timeline for brain growth spurt:

A
  • between 7 mo of pregnancy and year 2 of life
38
Q

Most neurons have formed by…

A

…the second trimester

39
Q

Who said “blooming, buzzing, confusion” was the infant’s world?

A
  • William James
40
Q

The author of Differentiation theory:

A
  • E. Gibson - sensory input contains all the information, children must develop the ability to differentiate
41
Q

Methods for the study of infant sensation & perception:

A
  • preference method
  • habituation
  • evoked potentials, ERP
  • high-amplitude sucking
42
Q

Can newborns track moving stimuli?

A

yep…

43
Q

Color discrimination in newborns:

A

2 or 3 months - discriminate basic colors; 4 months - group colors similarly to adults

44
Q

Visual acuity in neonates:

A
  • 20/600 by birth

- 20/100 by 6 months

45
Q

Can newborns discriminate phonemes?

A

yep…

46
Q

When do babies start to recognize frequently heard words?

A

ca. 4.5 months

47
Q

Can newborns smell?

A

4-day-olds prefer the smell of milk to that of amniotic fluid

48
Q

Preference for moderately complex high-contrast stimuli observed in…

A

…the first 2 months

49
Q

Visual scanning timeline

A

Scanning becomes much more organized from mo 1 to mo 2 of life

50
Q

Early object perception:

A

4 mo olds can use movement cues to detect a connected object

51
Q

Illusory contour is detected by…

A

…4 mo

52
Q

Stereopsis develops…

A

…in 3- to 5-month-olds

53
Q

3D pictorial cues (occlusion, relative size, shading, perspective, texture gradient) is observed in…

A

…6- to 7-month-olds

54
Q

Depth perception in newborns:

A

….some sensitivity to depth cues is already present in newborns

55
Q

Age when babies begin to fear the visual cliff:

A

…6-7 mo

56
Q

When do infants begin to discriminate depth on the visual cliff?

A

…2 mo (but not afraid of it)

57
Q

Predictive validity of infant habituation:

A
  • speed of habituation in 6-8 mo-olds predicts IQ in later childhood
58
Q

Earliest age of operant conditioning:

A

2 to 3 mo

59
Q

Age of adult facial expression imitation (observational learning)

A

2 to 3 weeks of age (the reaction disappears)

60
Q

Age of deferred imitation:

A

9 mo - simple acts, 24 hour delay

14 mo - even after a week

61
Q

Age when children can acquire a memory strategy:

A

3-4 years (but they will not make up a memory strategy themselves)

62
Q

Timeline for rehearsal as a memory strategy:

A
  • 3-4 years - rare

- 5-8 years - rehearse individual items, older children in clusters

63
Q

Age of emergence of semantic organization

A

(clustering by meaning) - 9-10 years

64
Q

Does telling young children what to attend to improve performance?

A

nope…

65
Q

When does infantile amnesia start showing?

A

by 10 years of age, children remember their early years poorly

66
Q

Piaget’s four stages of development:

A
  • sensorimotor
  • preoperational
  • concrete operational
  • formal operational
67
Q

Basic concepts in Piaget’s theory:

A
  • assimilation - “fit new ideas to existing schemes”

- accommodation - modify schemes to accommodate new ideas

68
Q

Sensorimotor period:

A

(0-2 years):

  • from reflex responses to goal oriented behavior
  • by the end - form mental representations, hold complex pictures of past events in mind, solve problems by mental trial and error
69
Q

Substages of the sensorimotor period:

A
  • simple reflexes (birth to 1 mo)
  • primary circular reactions (1-4 mo)
  • secondary circular reactions (4-8 mo)
70
Q

Timeline for object permanence:

A
  • 2 mo - surprise when an object is placed behind a screen and isn’t there when the screen is lifted
    6 mo - try to retrieve a partially hidden object
    8-12 mo - try to retrieve completely hidden objects
71
Q

When does the A not B error disappear?

A
  • after ca. 12 months
72
Q

Earliest infant arithmetic:

A
  • 5 mo-olds are surprised when numbers do not match
73
Q

Preoperational stage:

A

(age 2-7)

  • may have imaginary companions
  • egocentric thinkers
  • animism
  • appearance/reality (Maynard the cat)
  • do not understand the conservation problem
74
Q

Questioning egocetrism

A
  • 3-y-olds know what cards the other person sees (Flavell et al., 1981)
  • 3-yr-olds can guess what the deceived person thinks if they’re playing the trick on him but not if they are just watching (Hala & Chandler, 1996)
75
Q

Concrete operations

A

Age 7-11:

  • can conserve
  • decentration
  • reversible thinking
  • logical thinking
  • seriation & classification
  • transitive thinking (if A>B & B>C, then A>C)
76
Q

Formal operations

A

Age: adolescence

  • logical thinking about ideas (hypothetical/abstract thinking & hypothetical-deductive reasoning)
  • decontextual thinking (ability to separate prior knowledge from new evidence to the contrary
  • adolescent egocentrism (personal fable, imaginary audience,
77
Q

Problems with Piaget’s theory:

A
  • underestimated competencies
  • focused on performance, not competence
  • stages vs. domain growth
  • left out social influences
78
Q

Age when private speech guides behavior:

A

3-4 years

79
Q

What is “pragmatics” in language:

A
  • context-appropriate use of language
80
Q

Prelinguistic abilities:

A
  • vocalizations (6-8 weeks)
  • babbling (4-6 months)
  • home language sounds (8 months)
81
Q

Timeline for first words:

A

First year - holophrases (single words); nonverbal information; intonation (question, request, demand)
18 mo - vocabulary spurt (30-50 words)
24 mo - 186 words

82
Q

Speech in two-year-olds:

A
  • telegraphical
  • functional grammar
  • rules inferred from adult speech
  • 2.5 years - appreciation of syntax
83
Q

Effects of teratogens depending on the period of pregnancy:

A

germinal period - often leads to death of zygote
embryonic period - may result in major structural damage
fetal period - influence function of organs, impede growth

84
Q

Low risk age for pregnancy:

A

16 to 35

85
Q

Apgar test scores

A

> 7 - normal
4-6 is fairly low
<3 - critically low

86
Q

What is engrossment?

A

father-child bonding

87
Q

When is the fastest physical growth?

A

in the first two years…

88
Q

Brain growth spurt:

A

mo 7 to year 2

89
Q

Time when children can sit without support

A

5.5 mo (50%), 7.8 mo (90%)

90
Q

Time when children can walk without support

A

12.1 mo (50%) 14.3 mo (90%)

91
Q

In a “utilization deficiency”

A

a child spontaneously produces an appropriate strategy but receives little or no benefit from it for recall

92
Q

In a “production deficiency”

A

…the child does not spontaneously produce would-be verbal mediators

Infancy and Childhood (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions