Final Exam

Question 1

What is Morphology?

Answer 1

• creating meaningful units (morphemes), using them to form words

Question 2

Syntax:

Answer 2

• grammar (sentences form words)

Question 3

Pragmatics

Answer 3

• context-appropriate use

Question 4

Prelinguistic abilities timeline:

Answer 4

• cooing (6-8 weeks)
• babbling (4-6mo)
• home language sounds (8 mo)

Question 5

Precursors to language comprehension

Answer 5

• ability to discriminate between languages
• sensitivity to speech sounds
• memory for words in 8-9 mo
• facilitation of categorization by speech sounds

Question 6

Words and more during the first year of life:

Answer 6

• holophrases (single words)
• nonverbal information
• intonation: question, demand, request
• nouns first (naming)

Question 7

When is the vocabulary spurt?

Answer 7

18 months (30-50 words) - 24 months (186 words), with wide individual differences

Question 8

The speech of two-year olds:

Answer 8

• Telegraphic speech: critical content only (2+ word utterances)
• Functional grammar (semantic relationships are expressed, context is important)
• Rules are inferred from adult speech (no one knows how)
• Age 2.5 (or earlier) - appreciation of syntax (e.g. Billy hit, vs hit Billy)

Question 9

What is overregularization?

Answer 9

In the development of grammar - “He eated, two foots, he doos” - strict application of grammar rules, a sign of advancement

Question 10

Evidence that 2-year olds have some understanding of grammar:

Answer 10

• they generally react differently to ungrammatical sentences than to grammatical ones.

Question 11

What is fast mapping?

Answer 11

Quickly attaching a new word to the appropriate context

Question 12

What is the Contrast assumption

Answer 12

Kids assume that each object has only one label.

Question 13

Speed with which words are learning during the naming explosion:

Answer 13

10 to 20 words per week

Question 14

Overextension & underextension

Answer 14

Too broad & too narrow

Question 15

What is syntactic bootstrapping?

Answer 15

A technique by which children derive the meaning of a word from its linguistic context - the syntax

Question 16

Typical first-grade vocabulary:

Answer 16

10 000 words

Question 17

When do infants start to differentiate their own bodies from the environment?

Answer 17

By 2 mo

Question 18

When do children pass the self-recognition test (rouge test)?

Answer 18

15-17 mo - first signs

18-24 mo - most children recognize themselves

Question 19

When do children achieve an extended self awareness?

Answer 19

around 4 years

Question 20

Contributions to self-recognition:

Answer 20

• attachment style
• communications styles
• culture and parenting style (autonomy - more eye contact - earlier; interdependence - more touch - later)

Question 21

Influences on overall sense of self-worth:

Answer 21

• scholastic
• social
• athletic
• physical
• behavioral

Question 22

When is the time of “inflated” self-esteem and why?

Answer 22

4 to 7 years - may reflect a desire rather than reality

Question 23

Social influences on self-esteem:

Answer 23

• warm parenting with clear standards

- peer influences, social comparison

Question 24

Who proposed the mastery motive?

Answer 24

Robert White - achievement motivation

Question 25

Three stages of evaluating performance against standards:

Answer 25

Stipek et al.

• joy in mastery - 1 yr
• approval seeking - 2 yr
• use of standards - 3 yrs and later

Question 26

Contributing factors to the development of a theory of mind:

Answer 26

• attentive parents
• joint attention
• pretend play
• imitation
• social experiences
• talking about mental states
• sensitivity to the feelings of others

Question 27

Social referencing?

Answer 27

8-10 months - inferring meaning from the expressions and body language of others