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intro to Chiro > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Who was a staunch advocate of thorough pre-manipulation evaluation and differential diagnosis of a patient to identify organic disease?

A

Mennel, DO

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2
Q

Who developed “selective tissue tensioning”?

A

Cyriax

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3
Q

A New Zealand physiotherapist who accidentally developed a slow, oscillatory extension technique named after himself?

A

McKenzie

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4
Q

A PT who taught a style of manipulation that involved focusing on motion through individual joint planes imparting forces consistent with the biomechanics intent of the joint (arthrokinematics/osteokinematics)?

A

Kaltenborn

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5
Q

A PT who developed a style of manipulation that was comprised of slow, oscillatory movements of joints in sequentially increasing arcs that created increasing levels of stress to the joint and surrounding tissue that was designed to be both diagnostic and therapeutic?

A

Maitland

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6
Q

Who manipulation was rapid and forceful compared to other’s manipulation techniques?

A

DD palmer

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7
Q

Who’s manipulation involved pumping type motions with long levers to facilitate circulation?

A

Andrew Taylor Still

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8
Q

In the 1800s, who hypothesized that impaired neurologic and vascular supply to an organ would impair its function and eventually structure?

A

Riadore

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9
Q

3 examples of people who practiced manipulation in the 1700’s?

A

Hunter, Hay and Harrison

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10
Q

Who published a book on bone setting techniques in the 1800’s that helped manipulation regain status in medicine?

A

Wharton Hood

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11
Q

Who introduced the term “manipulation” in place of bone setting?

A

Marsh and Fox

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12
Q

A technique performed by physicians that used antigravity suspension with violent shaking of the body (condemned by Hippocrates)?

A

succussion

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13
Q

When and where were the first references to manipulation?

A

Cave of Lascaux in France about 17000 years ago

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14
Q

Application of thrust procedures through a joint in specified planes?

A

manipulation

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15
Q

Passive movement of the joint to varying degrees without thrust?

A

mobilization

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16
Q

The practice of reducing fractures and dislocations with no formalized training?

A

bone setting

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17
Q

A procedure performed in a given clinical situation?

A

technique

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18
Q

A complete adjustive package with unique health problem addressed, unique evaluation, unique intervention and unique explanation?

A

technique system

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19
Q

The belief that the scientific method is the only source of genuine factual knowledge and that those that hold this belief are the only ones that can yield true knowledge?

A

scientism

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20
Q

A claim, belief or practice presented as scientific but lacking adherence to valid scientific methods, supporting evidence or plausibility?

A

pseudoscience

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21
Q

What is it called when all agree something is valid therefore it is valid?

A

Gold effect or “group think of one”

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22
Q

What is an overly optimistic view called that only allows people to see those things that validate their argument?

A

valence effect

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23
Q

Oversimplification for purposes of believability?

A

causal reductionism

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24
Q

Who published the first chiropractic textbook called “Modernized Chiropractic” and in what year?

A

Langworthy, Smith and Paxon in 1906

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25
Q

Which technique emphasizes HVLA, bilateral hand contacts and full-spine segmental approach?

A

diversified

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26
Q

Which technique is the most rigorously and scientifically evaluated type of manipulation that incorporates procedures from a variety of sources?

A

diversified

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27
Q

Most RCT’s involving manipulation of the neck and low back use maneuvers from what technique?

A

diversified

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28
Q

Who developed the activator technique?

A

Warren Lee and Arlan Fuhr

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29
Q

Which system uses an instrument that imparts a rapid, very low amplitude, low force impulse?

A

activator

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30
Q

System evaluation procedures of the activator system include what test?

A

Derefield test to check leg length

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31
Q

What does a negative Derefield test mean?

A

when a short leg is determined that remains short during extension and flexion

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32
Q

What does a positive Derefield test mean?

A

an other pattern than that seen with a negative Derefield test

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33
Q

Who developed the Gonstead method?

A

Clarence Gonstead

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34
Q

The technique that focuses on the primacy of the pelvis and lumbar spine as the foundation for spinal stability?

A

Gonstead

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35
Q

Gonstead believed that misalignments in the spine and pelvis can cause what?

A

disc displacement

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36
Q

What are some diagnostic methods of Gonstead?

A

orthoskeletal diagnostic methods
“optimum posture” model
a thermocouple (Go-scope or nervoscope)
radiographic mensuration of spinal and pelvic positions

37
Q

The knee chest table and “cervical chair” are equipment used in which technique?

A

Gonstead

38
Q

Which technique uses a special table that stabilizes the patient’s torso and allow flexion of the lower extremities that is coupled with specific cephalad spinal contact?

A

Cox flexion/distraction technique

39
Q

Which technique was initially believed to be returning ectopic nucleus pulposus back into the center of the disc?

A

Cox flexion/distraction technique

40
Q

Which technique uses a table with “Drop pieces” incorporated in the pelvic, thoracic and head compartments that with application of over-pressure with release and provide depth of thrust?

A

Thompson terminal point technique

41
Q

The system version of Thompson terminal point technique uses what diagnostic test that has faired poorly in scientific evaluation?

A

Derefield test

42
Q

Which technique system was developed by Major Bertrand DeJarnette who was a DC and enegineer?

A

SOT

43
Q

Category I in SOT deals with what?

A

the primary (CSF) respiratory mechanism between the sacrum and occiput

44
Q

Category II in SOT deals with what?

A

over-motion or instability of the SI joint causing a dysfunctional relationship between the tailbone and pelvis

45
Q

Category III in SOT deals with what?

A

greater severity of over motion or instability of the SI joint than category II

46
Q

Which system uses block wedges and rolls of various types to create sustained pressure and postural correction passively?

A

SOT

47
Q

In which system have reflex point been identified that are connected to various organs and organ systems?

A

SOT

48
Q

What system also evaluated cranio-meningial stress points as a part of evaluating the neurophysiological chain?

A

SOT

49
Q

Which system detects and treats visceral, somatic and neurological imbalances and problems via reflex point stimulation, soft tissue manipulation, joint manipulation, visceral manipulation and mechanical blocks on the spine, pelvis and SI joints?

A

SOT

50
Q

What technique system was developed in the 1960’s by George Goodheart, DC?

A

applied kinesiology

51
Q

Which technique system is based on the belief that various muscles are linked to particular organs and glands and that specific muscle weakness can signals distant internal problems such as nerve damage, reduced blood supply, chemical imbalances or other organ/gland problems?

A

Applied kinesiology

52
Q

How are body imbalances primarily treated in applied kinesiology?

A

nutritional
homeopathic
herbal
neuro-lymphatic point stimulation

53
Q

Which technique system utilizes surrogate testing?

A

Applied kinesiology

54
Q

Which technique system was created by Raymond Nimmo in the early 1950’s based on the hypothesis that the cause of nervous system irritation could be the soft-tissues (“noxious generative points”)?

A

NIMMO/receptor Tonus

55
Q

Nimmo’s work paralleled the work of Travell but differed how?

A

in the explanation of why the noxious generative points existed as well as the treatment approach

56
Q

Describe the applied pressure/”noxious stimulus” in the NIMMO technique?

A

sufficient to reproduce pain but not maximize it

pressure is held for 5-7 seconds and then released

57
Q

What did NIMMO believe occurred when he applied “noxious stimulus”?

A

the neural reflex was reset

afferent and efferent feedback loops were normalized

58
Q

What technique was first described by Nephi Cottam, DC and William Sutherland, DO in the early 1900’s?

A

Cranial work

59
Q

Which technique is based on the belief that misalignments in the skull interfere with nerve impulses to and from the brain, causing a decrease in the blood supply to and from the brain, causing slow/inapproriate responses, memory lapse, aggressive behavior and dementia?

A

cranial work

60
Q

Which technique’s treatment consists of pressure over cranial sutures that is sustained and accompanied by specific breathing instructions?

A

cranial work

61
Q

The determination of thrust vector and force is based on radiographic analysis of C1 and C2 in which technique?

A

palmer upper cervical

62
Q

The object of which technique is to enable innate intelligence of the patient to perform its part in completing the adjustment?

A

palmer upper cervical

63
Q

The founder of which technique believed that the region of the sacrum, posterior pelvis and related joints were the primary source of all subluxations and that cure in this region would result in cure elsewhere?

A

Logan Basic

64
Q

The adjustment is which technique is accomplished by pressing the thumb into the gluteal cleft (laterally and moving cephalad over 10-15 seconds) at the intersection of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligament, under which the pudendal nerve passes?

A

Logan Basic

65
Q

Evidence has shown that anesthetic blocking of the pudendal nerve can do what?

A

have a reflex effect in relaxing the musculature in the pelvis and low back

66
Q

Which technique system attempts to map the visceral connections made by each spinal nerve level to more clearly codify viscerosomatic and somatovisceral reflex connections?

A

meric system

67
Q

Which technique, cofounded in 1963 by Stillwagon and Pierce, uses HVLA manual adjustments and advocates video fluoroscopy and full spine X-ray analysis?

A

Pierce Stillwagon technique/ Pierce results technique

68
Q

Who was the first to publish reference to subluxation and in what year?

A

Hieronymi in 1746 (only date we need to know)

69
Q

Who described subluxation and incorporated a reference to nerve compression in 1820?

A

Harrison

70
Q

Spinal irritation was first coined in 1828 by whom?

A

Brown

71
Q

The essential elements of subluxation according to Stephenson in 1927 were….?

A

loss of juxtaposition of the vertebra with the one above, below or both

72
Q

Vertebral subluxation complex was coined by who in the early 1980’s?

A

Lantz and Disham

73
Q

Regardless of definitional variation, most all versions of subluxation in evolve what two elements?

A

kinesiologic dysfunction

neurologic dysfunction

74
Q

What are the neuropathophysiological effects of joint complex dysfunction?

A

imbalance in afferent input
facilitated nociceptive input
reduced mechanoreceptor input

75
Q

What does the Garden Hose Theory posit?

A

pressure of nerves reduces flow of innate intelligence

76
Q

What does the ADIO (above down inside out) theory posit?

A

innate intelligence flows from the brain, through the spinal nerves to the periphery

77
Q

What is the safety pin cycle?

A

When safety pin is open, interrupted flow of “nerve energy” to the brain and from the end-organ/tissue creates a vicious cycle of dysfunction. When safety pin is closed, the circuit is complete and afferent and efferent nerve signals can travel without impingement

78
Q

The 5-component model of subluxation posited by Faye and Felicia consists of?

A
  • spinal kinesiopathology
  • neuropathophysiology/neuropathology
  • myopathology
  • histopathology
  • pathophysiology/pathology
79
Q

Dishman’s 9 component model includes?

A
  • kinesiology
  • neurology
  • myology
  • connective tissue physiology
  • angiology
  • inflammatory response
  • anatomy
  • physiology
  • biochemistry
80
Q

A reversible physiopathologic state consisting of unnoticed, misdirected neurophysiological reactions to various agents and the repercussions of these reactions throughout the organism

A

dysponesis (dis-ease)

81
Q

What is tone, according to Palmer?

A

the normal degree of nerve tension that is expressed in function by normal elasticity, strength and excitability

82
Q

What term did Korr coin to describe the facility segment?

A

“central sensitization”

83
Q

Manipulation results in:

A
  • pushing the joint beyond its normal or restricted ROM back towards its full ROM
  • stimulates many populations of neurologic receptors and resultant reflex arcs
  • may initiate protective muscular reflexes important in preventing joint degeneration and instability
84
Q

Which evidence type is higher in sophistication, systematic review or meta analysis?

A

meta analysis

85
Q

Which evidence type is higher in sophistication, cohort study or RCT?

A

RCT

86
Q

Which evidence type is higher in sophistication, RCT or systematic review?

A

systematic review

87
Q

Which evidence type is higher in sophistication, synopses or systematic review?

A

synopses

88
Q

Which evidence type is higher in sophistication, evidence based textbooks or pre-appraised abstracts of studies?

A

evidence based textbooks

89
Q

Which evidence type is higher in sophistication, case control studies or cohort studies?

A

cohort studies

intro to Chiro (2 decks)

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