Midterm

Question 1

What is adjustment?

Answer 1

The process of dealing with problems through continuous interaction with our selves, with other people, and with the world.

Question 2

Erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 2

Trust v. Mistrust (first year)
Autonomy v. Shame & doubt (second year)
Initiative v. Guilt (3-5)
Industry v. Inferiority (6-puberty)
Identity v. Role confusion (adolescence)
Intimacy v. Isolation (early adulthood)
Generativity v Stagnation (mid adulthood)
Integrity v. Despair (old age)

Question 3

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 3

Physiological
Safety
Belongingness & Love
Esteem
Self-actualization

Question 4

According to Frankl, the most important is the will to…

Answer 4

…will-to-meaning

Question 5

Events expressed in LCU (life change units)

Answer 5

marriage, divorce, death, job loss, etc.

Question 6

Albert Bandura developed which theory?

Answer 6

Social learning theory

Question 7

Name 2 aspects of self-actualized people:

Answer 7

personal autonomy; spontaneity; accurate perception of reality; intimacy with others

Question 8

Name five aspects of the self:

Answer 8

physical
self-as-process (stream of consciousness)
social self
self-concept
self-ideal

Question 9

Definition of the self.

Answer 9

A hypothetical construct referring to the complex set of physical, behavioral, and psychological processes characteristic of the individual.

Question 10

Name 2 items from Snyder scale

Answer 10

• I guess I put on a show to impress or entertain people

I’m not always the person I appear to be

Question 11

What was the project of Benjamin Franklin

Answer 11

self-monitoring

Question 12

The self: methods of description

Answer 12

physical measurement
self-report
performance measure
self-monitoring

Question 13

Preliminary rules for description:

Answer 13

simplicity
objectivity
specificity

Question 14

The third-variable problem

Answer 14

exactly what you think

Question 15

Desribe what self-monitoring means according to Snyder

Answer 15

watching for signals as to how one’s behavior is seen by others and adjusting it accordingly…

Question 16

Name three characteristics of self-consciousness scale

Answer 16

Generally, I’m not very aware of myself
I reflect about myself a lot
I usually worry about making a good impression
I feel anxious when I speak in front of a group of people

Question 17

Name three dimensions of the self.

Answer 17

Knowledge
Expectations
Evaluation

Question 18

Describe what „reaction formation“ is

Answer 18

doing the exact opposite of what one wishes to do…

Question 19

Leon Festinger is famous for his theory of

Answer 19

Cognitive consistency and cognitive dissonance

Question 20

Define what self-schema is

Answer 20

A generalization that one makes about oneself based on past experience

Question 21

Describe what Q sort is

Answer 21

Q sort is a measure of how close one’s real self is to one’s ideal self

Question 22

What is a conceptual anchor?

Answer 22

What is formed by early experiences of pleasure, pain, affection, and rejection…

Question 23

Describe what self theory is

Answer 23

Rogers’ theory: human personality is the interaction of two elements: the organism and the self

Question 24

Describe one irrational belief and name the author of this concept

Answer 24

Albert Ellis:

• one must be loved and approved of by everyone
• it is easier to avoid than to face difficulties
• one has no control over one’s emotions

Question 25

Name three steps for changing the self-concept.

Answer 25

setting the goal
getting new information
cognitive restructuring

Question 26

Describe how to make cognitive restructuring using self-talk.

Answer 26

listen to self talk
talk back
act on the back-talk

Question 27

What is mean by conventionality?

Answer 27

Slavishly following social values

Question 28

Give an example of faulty categorization

Answer 28

“I know he’s guilty because it’s just the kind of thing he would do”

Question 29

Give an example of situational description of self-label

Answer 29

I am timid only in front of authority figures, especially my father

Question 30

Define self-control

Answer 30

… a person’s influence over and regulation of his physical, behavioral, and psychological processes

Question 31

What is a „law of effect“?

Answer 31

Thorndike: responses that lead to satisfying consequences are strengthened and there fore are likely to be repeated

Question 32

What is a „shaping“?

Answer 32

The learning of a specific desired behavior through reinforcement of responses that more and more closely approximate that behavior.

Question 33

What is a respondent conditioning?

Answer 33

it’s CLASSICAL conditioning!

Question 34

What is the difference between operant and conditioned responding?

Answer 34

it’s the freaking difference between classical & operant conditioning

Question 35

Explain what „modeling“ means in learning.

Answer 35

learning by imitating others

Question 36

Give an typical example of controling impulsive behaviour during childhood.

Answer 36

Not taking the Oreo