Midterm Flashcards
What is adjustment?
The process of dealing with problems through continuous interaction with our selves, with other people, and with the world.
Erikson’s psychosocial stages
Trust v. Mistrust (first year) Autonomy v. Shame & doubt (second year) Initiative v. Guilt (3-5) Industry v. Inferiority (6-puberty) Identity v. Role confusion (adolescence) Intimacy v. Isolation (early adulthood) Generativity v Stagnation (mid adulthood) Integrity v. Despair (old age)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Safety Belongingness & Love Esteem Self-actualization
According to Frankl, the most important is the will to…
…will-to-meaning
Events expressed in LCU (life change units)
marriage, divorce, death, job loss, etc.
Albert Bandura developed which theory?
Social learning theory
Name 2 aspects of self-actualized people:
personal autonomy; spontaneity; accurate perception of reality; intimacy with others
Name five aspects of the self:
physical self-as-process (stream of consciousness) social self self-concept self-ideal
Definition of the self.
A hypothetical construct referring to the complex set of physical, behavioral, and psychological processes characteristic of the individual.
Name 2 items from Snyder scale
- I guess I put on a show to impress or entertain people
I’m not always the person I appear to be
What was the project of Benjamin Franklin
self-monitoring
The self: methods of description
physical measurement
self-report
performance measure
self-monitoring
Preliminary rules for description:
simplicity
objectivity
specificity
The third-variable problem
exactly what you think
Desribe what self-monitoring means according to Snyder
watching for signals as to how one’s behavior is seen by others and adjusting it accordingly…
Name three characteristics of self-consciousness scale
Generally, I’m not very aware of myself
I reflect about myself a lot
I usually worry about making a good impression
I feel anxious when I speak in front of a group of people
Name three dimensions of the self.
Knowledge
Expectations
Evaluation
Describe what „reaction formation“ is
doing the exact opposite of what one wishes to do…
Leon Festinger is famous for his theory of
Cognitive consistency and cognitive dissonance
Define what self-schema is
A generalization that one makes about oneself based on past experience
Describe what Q sort is
Q sort is a measure of how close one’s real self is to one’s ideal self
What is a conceptual anchor?
What is formed by early experiences of pleasure, pain, affection, and rejection…
Describe what self theory is
Rogers’ theory: human personality is the interaction of two elements: the organism and the self
Describe one irrational belief and name the author of this concept
Albert Ellis:
- one must be loved and approved of by everyone
- it is easier to avoid than to face difficulties
- one has no control over one’s emotions
Name three steps for changing the self-concept.
setting the goal
getting new information
cognitive restructuring
Describe how to make cognitive restructuring using self-talk.
listen to self talk
talk back
act on the back-talk
What is mean by conventionality?
Slavishly following social values
Give an example of faulty categorization
“I know he’s guilty because it’s just the kind of thing he would do”
Give an example of situational description of self-label
I am timid only in front of authority figures, especially my father
Define self-control
… a person’s influence over and regulation of his physical, behavioral, and psychological processes
What is a „law of effect“?
Thorndike: responses that lead to satisfying consequences are strengthened and there fore are likely to be repeated
What is a „shaping“?
The learning of a specific desired behavior through reinforcement of responses that more and more closely approximate that behavior.
What is a respondent conditioning?
it’s CLASSICAL conditioning!
What is the difference between operant and conditioned responding?
it’s the freaking difference between classical & operant conditioning
Explain what „modeling“ means in learning.
learning by imitating others
Give an typical example of controling impulsive behaviour during childhood.
Not taking the Oreo
