Final Flashcards
What kind of stimuli we use for functional analysis of self-control?
- external stimuli that precede and follow the behaviors
- internal stimuli that precede and follow the behavior in question
What are three steps for improving self-control?
- manipulating antecedent stimuli
- meddling with responses
- manipulating consequences
Waiting periods for divorce is an example of what technique?
- building in delays
Explain what relabeling is and how it works.
- self-talk: finding more positive labels for negative stimuli
Explain what „chaining“ is and how it works.
- behavioral patterns which follow long chains: they can be interrupted or reordered to change the outcome
Name 2 techniques from „manipulating consequnces“
- utilizing feedback
- providing self-reward
What is a Premack principle?
A behavior performed (voluntarily) with high frequency can be used to reinforce a behavior performed with high frequency.
Is punishement more effective than other techniques and why?
It’s less effective:
- people build up a resistance to punishment
- does not teach what’s right
- negative feelings may be generalized to the whole self-control program
Give an example for „choosing reward according to Premack principle“.
- if I enjoying having a coffee break with my colleagues, I may make that break contingent on the work that needs to be done
Give an example of self-contract.
I will reward myself with a great vacation when I have finished my PhD
Techniques for manipulating antecedent stimuli:
Environmental planning: - avoiding stimuli - building in and removing delays - decreasing and increasing associations Redirecting attention Relabeling and organizing
Techniques for meddling with responses
- chaining
- incompatible behaviors
- shaping
Techniques for manipulating consequences:
- utilizing feedback
- providing self-reward
- rules and contracts
- the Premack principle
- punishment
What kind of personality (personality pathology) is typical for anorexia nervosa (mental anorexia)?
- borderline (and obsessive compulsive)
What is a SQ3R method? How many tasks include? Name them.
survey, question, read, recite, review
Name 3 components of anxiety.
- emotional
- cognitive
- physiological
Desenzitization was developed by whom?
Physiologist Joseph Wolpe
Describe what „in vivo
desenzitization“ is.
on-the-spot
Give an example of „armchair desensitization“.
using mental imagery
How could we work with „fear hierarchy“? Give an example.
Fear of flying: 1. Booking tickets 2. Getting to the airport ... 9. Plain takes off 10. Looking out the window
Suggest psychological techniques (e.g. from chapter 6, minimally 3) for control of eating habbits. Give an example.
- stimulus narrowing
- redirecting attention
- chaining
- delaying
Which scale/dimension from Cloninger theory measure anxiety?
Harm avoidance (from the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire)
What created Edmund Jacobson?
Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Biofeedback
Harry Harlow provided experiments on … (complete). Describe the experiment.
… the need of others (cloth and feeding mother/monkey experiment
What investigated Bruno Bettelheim?
A kibbutz settlement in Israel, where child-rearing is a communal responsibility (he found that children appear to be less emotional in one-on-one interactions)
Define „attribution theory“. Give an example.
Attribution theory (by Fritz Heider) holds that the key to social interaction lies in the causes that each person attributes to other people’s behavior
Erich Berne wrote about … (complete, give example)
games - stereotypical role transactions between Adult, Parent, and Child
What is a „role clash“? (give example)
…trying to step out of one role and adopt a different one in relation to the same person (e.g. your boss starts dating your sister)
Erving Gofman studied… (complete, give example)
ritualized exchanges (greetings, congratulations, etc,
What could be a result of „exchange“, according to social exchange theory?
- individuals can incur costs or acquire benefits or both (rewards minus costs equal profits)
Rene Spitz investigated … (complete, write more about)
institutionalized infants (high mortality, due to insufficient human contact)
Why is Erich Fromm mentioned in this chapter?
- as an example of a psychologist who opposes social exchange theory
Three factors which could influence attributions:
According to Kelley:
- consistency
- consensus
- likelihood
What was surprising in an experiment with film clips (Eugene Gollin)
after seeing a two clips of a woman displaying generosity and promiscuity, being asked to describe her, about half the Ps chose to ignore one of the traits altogether
What is an „implicit theory of personality“. Give an example.
A set of beliefs about which traits go with which other traits in humans (e.g. intelligent people are more trustworthy)
Is „central trait“ subjective or objective? Name one central trait.
Objective (warm, cold, intelligent, skillful)
Sort the names (use names from our class) to 2 categories according to your textbooks.
common versus uncommon
Name positive and negative primacy effect
halo effect & devil effect
Explain classic study on proximity.
student housing project: students became friends with those who lived closest to them
Explain what complemetarity means in social relationships.
Dissimilar, but complementing each other - in certain areas, one person, by fulfilling their own needs fulfills someone else’s needs too
In what age separation anxiety usually appears? (in months)
8-12 months
Social perception is an interlocking network … (complete)
- knowledge
- expectations
- evaluation
Wishful thinking – give a classic example about children and parents.
Parents hoping their children would become something that they themselves never could
What psychological phenomen was portrayed by Heller in Something Happened?
Distortion of social perceptions due to fear
Describe the study of David Rosenham
Rosenhan (1973) and seven colleagues faked schizophrenia symptoms and entered into psychiatric hospitals…
Give an example of internal variable
-expectations
Give an example of inferred qualities.
If a person is intelligent, he is probably also ambitious (based on an implicit personality theory)
How could we change the perception of Julie about Steve? Explain their conflict.
- throw him out
- make him change
- change the way she perceives him
(he stopped working for a fancy law firm, after she worked to put him through law school, she did not appreciate his decision to choose a more relaxed job)
Give an example of „talking back“ in case of Julie.
“I shouldnt’ expect him to be ashamed of choosing the lower-paid but easier job. Just be cause he’s intelligent, does not mean he has to make money off of his intelligence…”
