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Psychology of Adjustment > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of stimuli we use for functional analysis of self-control?

A
  • external stimuli that precede and follow the behaviors

- internal stimuli that precede and follow the behavior in question

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2
Q

What are three steps for improving self-control?

A
  • manipulating antecedent stimuli
  • meddling with responses
  • manipulating consequences
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3
Q

Waiting periods for divorce is an example of what technique?

A
  • building in delays
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4
Q

Explain what relabeling is and how it works.

A
  • self-talk: finding more positive labels for negative stimuli
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5
Q

Explain what „chaining“ is and how it works.

A
  • behavioral patterns which follow long chains: they can be interrupted or reordered to change the outcome
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6
Q

Name 2 techniques from „manipulating consequnces“

A
  • utilizing feedback

- providing self-reward

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7
Q

What is a Premack principle?

A

A behavior performed (voluntarily) with high frequency can be used to reinforce a behavior performed with high frequency.

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8
Q

Is punishement more effective than other techniques and why?

A

It’s less effective:

  • people build up a resistance to punishment
  • does not teach what’s right
  • negative feelings may be generalized to the whole self-control program
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9
Q

Give an example for „choosing reward according to Premack principle“.

A
  • if I enjoying having a coffee break with my colleagues, I may make that break contingent on the work that needs to be done
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10
Q

Give an example of self-contract.

A

I will reward myself with a great vacation when I have finished my PhD

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11
Q

Techniques for manipulating antecedent stimuli:

A 
Environmental planning:
- avoiding stimuli
- building in and removing delays
- decreasing and increasing associations
Redirecting attention
Relabeling and organizing
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12
Q

Techniques for meddling with responses

A
  • chaining
  • incompatible behaviors
  • shaping
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13
Q

Techniques for manipulating consequences:

A
  • utilizing feedback
  • providing self-reward
  • rules and contracts
  • the Premack principle
  • punishment
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14
Q

What kind of personality (personality pathology) is typical for anorexia nervosa (mental anorexia)?

A
  • borderline (and obsessive compulsive)
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15
Q

What is a SQ3R method? How many tasks include? Name them.

A

survey, question, read, recite, review

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16
Q

Name 3 components of anxiety.

A
  • emotional
  • cognitive
  • physiological
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17
Q

Desenzitization was developed by whom?

A

Physiologist Joseph Wolpe

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18
Q

Describe what „in vivo

desenzitization“ is.

A

on-the-spot

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19
Q

Give an example of „armchair desensitization“.

A

using mental imagery

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20
Q

How could we work with „fear hierarchy“? Give an example.

A 
Fear of flying:
1. Booking tickets
2. Getting to the airport
...
9. Plain takes off
10. Looking out the window
21
Q

Suggest psychological techniques (e.g. from chapter 6, minimally 3) for control of eating habbits. Give an example.

A
  • stimulus narrowing
  • redirecting attention
  • chaining
  • delaying
22
Q

Which scale/dimension from Cloninger theory measure anxiety?

A

Harm avoidance (from the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire)

23
Q

What created Edmund Jacobson?

A

Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Biofeedback

24
Q

Harry Harlow provided experiments on … (complete). Describe the experiment.

A

… the need of others (cloth and feeding mother/monkey experiment

25
Q

What investigated Bruno Bettelheim?

A

A kibbutz settlement in Israel, where child-rearing is a communal responsibility (he found that children appear to be less emotional in one-on-one interactions)

26
Q

Define „attribution theory“. Give an example.

A

Attribution theory (by Fritz Heider) holds that the key to social interaction lies in the causes that each person attributes to other people’s behavior

27
Q

Erich Berne wrote about … (complete, give example)

A

games - stereotypical role transactions between Adult, Parent, and Child

28
Q

What is a „role clash“? (give example)

A

…trying to step out of one role and adopt a different one in relation to the same person (e.g. your boss starts dating your sister)

29
Q

Erving Gofman studied… (complete, give example)

A

ritualized exchanges (greetings, congratulations, etc,

30
Q

What could be a result of „exchange“, according to social exchange theory?

A
  • individuals can incur costs or acquire benefits or both (rewards minus costs equal profits)
31
Q

Rene Spitz investigated … (complete, write more about)

A

institutionalized infants (high mortality, due to insufficient human contact)

32
Q

Why is Erich Fromm mentioned in this chapter?

A
  • as an example of a psychologist who opposes social exchange theory
33
Q

Three factors which could influence attributions:

A

According to Kelley:

  • consistency
  • consensus
  • likelihood
34
Q

What was surprising in an experiment with film clips (Eugene Gollin)

A

after seeing a two clips of a woman displaying generosity and promiscuity, being asked to describe her, about half the Ps chose to ignore one of the traits altogether

35
Q

What is an „implicit theory of personality“. Give an example.

A

A set of beliefs about which traits go with which other traits in humans (e.g. intelligent people are more trustworthy)

36
Q

Is „central trait“ subjective or objective? Name one central trait.

A

Objective (warm, cold, intelligent, skillful)

37
Q

Sort the names (use names from our class) to 2 categories according to your textbooks.

A

common versus uncommon

38
Q

Name positive and negative primacy effect

A

halo effect & devil effect

39
Q

Explain classic study on proximity.

A

student housing project: students became friends with those who lived closest to them

40
Q

Explain what complemetarity means in social relationships.

A

Dissimilar, but complementing each other - in certain areas, one person, by fulfilling their own needs fulfills someone else’s needs too

41
Q

In what age separation anxiety usually appears? (in months)

A

8-12 months

42
Q

Social perception is an interlocking network … (complete)

A
  • knowledge
  • expectations
  • evaluation
43
Q

Wishful thinking – give a classic example about children and parents.

A

Parents hoping their children would become something that they themselves never could

44
Q

What psychological phenomen was portrayed by Heller in Something Happened?

A

Distortion of social perceptions due to fear

45
Q

Describe the study of David Rosenham

A

Rosenhan (1973) and seven colleagues faked schizophrenia symptoms and entered into psychiatric hospitals…

46
Q

Give an example of internal variable

A

-expectations

47
Q

Give an example of inferred qualities.

A

If a person is intelligent, he is probably also ambitious (based on an implicit personality theory)

48
Q

How could we change the perception of Julie about Steve? Explain their conflict.

A
  • throw him out
  • make him change
  • change the way she perceives him
    (he stopped working for a fancy law firm, after she worked to put him through law school, she did not appreciate his decision to choose a more relaxed job)
49
Q

Give an example of „talking back“ in case of Julie.

A

“I shouldnt’ expect him to be ashamed of choosing the lower-paid but easier job. Just be cause he’s intelligent, does not mean he has to make money off of his intelligence…”

Psychology of Adjustment (2 decks)

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