Midterm Flashcards
Purpose of tumor markers
Screen & identify individuals who are at high risk for cancer.
Diagnose specific types of tumor.
Observe clinical course of cancer.
Type of cancer Epstein-Barr virus is associated with
Cancers of the nasopharynx
Hodgkins Lymphoma’s
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma’s
Most common types of cancer in children age birth to 14 years.
Leukemia & Brain tumors
Occupational risks for cancer
Asbestos- mesothelioma & lung ca
Dyes, rubber & paint - bladder Ca
Soot chimney sweep- scrotal ca
Radiation - various
Explosive l, rubber cement, benzol, dyeing materials - leukemia
Definition of anaplasia
Cancer cells are characterized by anaplasia - loss or differentiation
Which type of cancer H. pylori is associated with
Stomach and lymphoma
Definition of neoplasia
The formation or presence of a new,abnormal growth of tissue
Which germ layer testicular cancer develops from
Most childhood cancer originate from the mesodermal germ layer. Ex gonads
Blood pressure classification (normal, prehypertension, Stage 1 hypertension, Stage 2 hypertension)
Normal - 120/80
Pre hypertension - 120-139/80-89
Stage 1 - 140-159/90-99
Stage 2 - 160+/100+
Type of murmur associated with patent ductus arteriosus
Diastolic Murmurs / continuous murmurs
Clinical findings with varicose veins
Dilated & torturous veins
Standing offers gravitational advantages to visualized veins
Hyper pigmentation of distal leg
Veins are palpable
Grading of Murmurs
1 - faint
2 - quiet but heard with stethoscope
3 - moderately loud
4 - loud with palpable thrill
5 - very loud with palpable thrill partially stethoscope on chest
6 - very loud no stethoscope needed, palpable thrill
Atrial septal defect
Progressive symptoms in 2nd & 3rd decade of life
Coarctation of the aorta
Hallmark is absent or weak femoral pulses.
Tetralogy of Fallot
Congenital birth defect
4 components
A large ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Pulmonary stenosis.Right ventricular hypertrophy
An overriding aorta.
PAD peripheral arterial disease
Risk factors
40+ Tobacco Hyperlipidemia, HTN, atherosclerosis DM Obesity Male
Effects of angiotensin 2 in CHF
Increases in preload & after-load mediates remodeling of ventricular wall. High levels associated with increased mortality in CHF
Functional classification heart disease NYHA
Class 1 - cardinal disease no limitations with physical activity
Class 2 - slight limitations with physical activity
Class 3 - marked limitation with physical activity
Class 4 inability to carry out physical activity
Diastolic Heart Failure - CHF
Not as acute as Systolic failure
Can occur with or without Systolic failure
Pulmonary congestion with normal stroke volume & cardiac output (preserved ejection fracture)
Caused by decreased compliance of left ventricle & abnormal diastolic relaxation
Inability to relax
Dyspnea on exertion
Left heart failure
Pulmonary (left lungs)
Dyspnea, orthopenea, cough of frothy sputum
Can’t perfuse to vital tissues
Right heart failure
Peripheral (edema)
JVD, hepatosplenomegly
Inadequate pulmonary circulation to a normal central venous pressure
+ sympathetic nervous system in HTN
+ heart rate
+peripheral resistance
+ insulin resistance
Narrowing of vessels and vasospasams
Pro coagulation effects
Endothelial dysfunction
Lipid values adults
Total
-200 desirable
200 - 239 borderline high risk
240 - high risk
HDL
Less than 40 men
Less that 50 women
LDL Less that 100 optimal 100-129 near optimal 130-159 borderline high 169-189 high 190 + very high
Triglycerides Less than 150 150-199 borderline 200-499 high 500 + very high
Lipid intervention in children
+190 initiate statin therapy
