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Nursing 611 Patho > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Purpose of tumor markers

A

Screen & identify individuals who are at high risk for cancer.

Diagnose specific types of tumor.

Observe clinical course of cancer.

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2
Q

Type of cancer Epstein-Barr virus is associated with

A

Cancers of the nasopharynx

Hodgkins Lymphoma’s

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma’s

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3
Q

Most common types of cancer in children age birth to 14 years.

A

Leukemia & Brain tumors

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4
Q

Occupational risks for cancer

A

Asbestos- mesothelioma & lung ca

Dyes, rubber & paint - bladder Ca

Soot chimney sweep- scrotal ca

Radiation - various

Explosive l, rubber cement, benzol, dyeing materials - leukemia

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5
Q

Definition of anaplasia

A

Cancer cells are characterized by anaplasia - loss or differentiation

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6
Q

Which type of cancer H. pylori is associated with

A

Stomach and lymphoma

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7
Q

Definition of neoplasia

A

The formation or presence of a new,abnormal growth of tissue

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8
Q

Which germ layer testicular cancer develops from

A

Most childhood cancer originate from the mesodermal germ layer. Ex gonads

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9
Q

Blood pressure classification (normal, prehypertension, Stage 1 hypertension, Stage 2 hypertension)

A

Normal - 120/80

Pre hypertension - 120-139/80-89

Stage 1 - 140-159/90-99

Stage 2 - 160+/100+

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10
Q

Type of murmur associated with patent ductus arteriosus

A

Diastolic Murmurs / continuous murmurs

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11
Q

Clinical findings with varicose veins

A

Dilated & torturous veins

Standing offers gravitational advantages to visualized veins

Hyper pigmentation of distal leg

Veins are palpable

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12
Q

Grading of Murmurs

A

1 - faint

2 - quiet but heard with stethoscope

3 - moderately loud

4 - loud with palpable thrill

5 - very loud with palpable thrill partially stethoscope on chest

6 - very loud no stethoscope needed, palpable thrill

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13
Q

Atrial septal defect

A

Progressive symptoms in 2nd & 3rd decade of life

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14
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Hallmark is absent or weak femoral pulses.

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15
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Congenital birth defect

4 components

A large ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Pulmonary stenosis.Right ventricular hypertrophy

An overriding aorta.

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16
Q

PAD peripheral arterial disease

A

Risk factors

40+
Tobacco
Hyperlipidemia, HTN, atherosclerosis 
DM
Obesity 
Male
17
Q

Effects of angiotensin 2 in CHF

A

Increases in preload & after-load mediates remodeling of ventricular wall. High levels associated with increased mortality in CHF

18
Q

Functional classification heart disease NYHA

A

Class 1 - cardinal disease no limitations with physical activity

Class 2 - slight limitations with physical activity

Class 3 - marked limitation with physical activity

Class 4 inability to carry out physical activity

19
Q

Diastolic Heart Failure - CHF

A

Not as acute as Systolic failure

Can occur with or without Systolic failure

Pulmonary congestion with normal stroke volume & cardiac output (preserved ejection fracture)

Caused by decreased compliance of left ventricle & abnormal diastolic relaxation

Inability to relax

Dyspnea on exertion

20
Q

Left heart failure

A

Pulmonary (left lungs)

Dyspnea, orthopenea, cough of frothy sputum

Can’t perfuse to vital tissues

21
Q

Right heart failure

A

Peripheral (edema)

JVD, hepatosplenomegly

Inadequate pulmonary circulation to a normal central venous pressure

22
Q

+ sympathetic nervous system in HTN

A

+ heart rate
+peripheral resistance
+ insulin resistance
Narrowing of vessels and vasospasams

Pro coagulation effects
Endothelial dysfunction

23
Q

Lipid values adults

A

Total
-200 desirable
200 - 239 borderline high risk
240 - high risk

HDL
Less than 40 men
Less that 50 women

LDL
Less that 100 optimal 
100-129 near optimal 
130-159 borderline high
169-189 high
190 + very high 
Triglycerides 
Less than 150
150-199 borderline 
200-499 high
500 + very high
24
Q

Lipid intervention in children

A

+190 initiate statin therapy

25
Q

Modifiable risk factors of HTN

A 
Lose weight
Refuse sat fat & cholesterol
Limit drinking 
Quit smoking
Less that an teaspoon of salt daily 
Exercise
26
Q

Effect of RAAS on HTN

A

Vasoconstriction

Renal salt and water retention

27
Q

Acute bronchitis

A

Acute inflammation in the lining of the trachea bronchial tree no lower airway consolidation

28
Q

Patho of croup

A

Acute inflammation of larynx and subglottic airway.

29
Q

Priorities in assessment of asthma

A

Pulse ox think oxygen

30
Q

Potential complications of acute tonsillitis

A

Death

Aspiration or airway obstructing

31
Q

AKA for Small cell lung ca

A

Oat cell carcinoma

32
Q

Causes of primary emphysema

A

Inherited deficiency of enzyme a1 antitypsin

33
Q

Secondary emphysema

A

Cigarette smoking
Air pollution
Resp infections

34
Q

Effects of IgE release asthma

A 
Vasodilation 
Mucosal edema 
Broncho spasm
Mucosal secretions 
Increased capillary permeability
35
Q

Mgt of acute bronchiolitis infants

A

Frequent clears or diluted milk
Frequent suctions
Cool humidified o2 if hypoxic
Refutation in symptoms 3-5 days

Admit do make red distress

36
Q

Latent TB

A

Are not infectious, cannot spread

Without treatment 5-10% will develop active TB in 2 years

Good Chest xr & negative sputum

Latent TB treatment

37
Q

TB diagnosis

A

Sputum cultures - positive m.tuberculosis.

38
Q

UV Light

A

Causes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

39
Q

Auscultation pouts for Murmurs

A
  1. A - Aortic area
  2. P - pulmonic area
  3. E - Ebs point
  4. T - tricuspid
  5. M - mitral

Nursing 611 Patho (4 decks)

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