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Sociology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The ordered relationships and patterned expectations that guide social interaction

A

Social Structure

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2
Q

A socially defined position in a social structure

A

Status

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3
Q

All of the statuses a person has at a given time.

A

Status Set

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4
Q

Two or more statuses that a society deem contradictory.

A

Status Inconsistency

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5
Q

Statuses assigned to individuals without reference to their abilities or efforts.

A

Ascribed Statuses

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6
Q

Statuses secured through effort and ability.

A

Achieved statuses

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7
Q

A status that dominates all other statuses

A

Master Status

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8
Q

A possession that is taken to indicate a person’s wealth or high social or professional status

A

Status Symbol

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9
Q

A set of expectations, rights, and duties that are attached to a particular status

A

Role

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10
Q

When people play a role but remain detached from it to avoid any negative aspects of the role.

A

Role distance

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11
Q

When a person’s sense of identity is partially influenced by a role.

A

Role embracement

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12
Q

When a role becomes central to a person’s identity and the person literally becomes the role he or she is playing

A

Role Merger

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13
Q

Multiple roles that are attached to almost every status.

A

Role set

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14
Q

Contradictory expectations and demands attached to a single role.

A

Role strain

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15
Q

When a person cannot fulfill the roles of one status without violating those of another.

A

Role conflict

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16
Q

The process of disengaging from a role that is true to one’s self-identity, in order to take up a new role and identity.

A

Role Exit

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17
Q

It has been said that “we occupy a ___, but play a ___

A

status, role

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18
Q

What are the four stages of role exit?

A

1) First Doubts
2) Seeking alternatives
3) Turning Point
4) The Exit

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19
Q

The stage of exit that is gradual and preceded by an overall dissatisfaction in a general way; a vague discontent for which the cause is not clear.

A

First Stage

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20
Q

Examples that lead to the first stage of exit are:

A
  1. Changes
  2. Burnout
  3. Disappointments (Loss of confidence)
  4. Specific Events
  5. Discrepancies and Contradictions
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21
Q

Weighing the pros and cons is what stage of exit?

A

Second Stage

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22
Q

Significant events which precede your taking a firm stand and making a definite decision to exit

A

Third Stage

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23
Q

Examples of events that can lead to the third stage of exit are

A
  1. A specific, traumatic event
  2. The last straw – event following gradual build up; where a relatively minor event that took on symbolic significance doesn’t make sense
  3. Time-related factors (age, mid-life crisis)
  4. Events that gave an excuses or justification for an exit
  5. Either/or situation where the decision not to leave would have serious consequences
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24
Q

Adjusting to the role of exit is characterized by what 4 things.

A

1) Feeling Free
2) Changes
3) Happy Stage
4) Excess Baggage

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25
Q

What are the 5 social institutions?

A

1) family
2) education
3) religion
4) government
5) economy

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26
Q

The mutual influence of two or more people on each other’s behavior

A

Social Interaction

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27
Q

What are the 5 patterns of social Interaction?

A

1) Exchange
2) Cooperation
3 )Competition
4) Conflict
5) Coercion

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28
Q

Which pattern of social interaction is characterized by our interactions with others are guided by the profit motive?

A

Exchange

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29
Q

Which pattern of social interaction is characterized by individuals, groups, and societies working together to achieve shared goals?

A

Cooperation

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30
Q

Which pattern of social interaction is characterized by where we seek to attain a limited resource?

A

Competition

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31
Q

Which pattern of social interaction is characterized by people or groups struggling to achieve a commonly prized object or goal?

A

Conflict

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32
Q

Which pattern of social interaction is characterized by the actualization of the threat of force that those with power sometime use to achieve their objectives?

A

Coersion

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33
Q

Those who are pretty / handsome are usually given more courtesy than others is known as ___?

A

Lookism

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34
Q

The little “bubble” that surrounds each of us is known as ___?

A

Personal Space

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35
Q

The four personal space or distance zones are___?

A

1) Intimate Distance - body - 18”
2) Personal Distance - 18” - 4’
3) Social Distance - 12’
4) Public Distance - Beyond 12’

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36
Q

Analyzes social interaction as though participants were actors in an ongoing drama

A

Dramturgy

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37
Q

Actions that are visible to the audience and are part of the performance are known as ___

A

Frontstage

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38
Q

Behaviors when no audience is present is known as ___

A

Backstage

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39
Q

Ways that people use revelation and concealment to make a favorable impression on others

A

Impression Management

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40
Q

A common reaction to impression mis-management is

A

Embarrassment

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41
Q

___ signifies a desire – or defines a strategy – to avoid humiliation or embarrassment, to maintain dignity or preserve reputation

A

Saving Face

42
Q

An impression management strategy in which one makes questionable behavior acceptable via excuses

A

Aligning actions

43
Q

A statement designed to explain unanticipated, embarrassing, or unacceptable behavior after the behavior has occurred is known as ___

A

Accounts

44
Q

A verbal assertion given before the fact to forestall any

complaints or negative implications is known as ___

A

Disclaimer

45
Q

Gently persuading someone who has lost face to accept a less desirable but still reasonable alternative identity is known as

A

Cooling out

46
Q

The permanent spoiling of one’s identity is known as ___

A

Stigma

47
Q

Three stages of stigma are

A

1) Defects of Physical attributes
2) Defects of Character
3) Membership in a tribe, culture, religion, etc

48
Q

A collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time

A

Aggregate

49
Q

Groups of people who share common characteristics

A

Categorical Group

50
Q

Ex: Republican Party, Lutheran Religion What type of group?

A

Associational or Organizational Groups

51
Q

People who regularly interact and have close and enduring relationships

A

Primary Groups

52
Q

Two or more people who interact on a formal and impersonal basis to accomplish a specific objective

A

Secondary Groups

53
Q

A group with which people identify and have a sense of belonging

A

In-Groups

54
Q

A group that people do not identify with and consider less worthy and less desirable than their own.

A

Out - Groups

55
Q

Serve as standards against which people can evaluate themselves and others

A

Reference Group

56
Q

Ex of positive reference group

A

“I want to be like___”

57
Q

Ex. Negative Reference group

A

“I don’t want to be like___”

58
Q

The phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone.

A

Social Loafing

59
Q

Decision making that ignores alternative solutions in order to maintain group harmony

A

Groupthink

60
Q

3 categories of group leadership

A

1) Authoritarian
2) Democratic
3) Laissez-faire Leaders

61
Q

Someone who give orders and direct activities with minimal input from followers is what category of leadership group?

A

Authoritarian

62
Q

Someone who involves others in decision making is what type of category group?

A

Democratic

63
Q

Someone who is “hands-off” is what type of leadership group?

A

Laissez-faire

64
Q

A large-scale organization organization that uses rules, hierarchical ranking, and a rational worldview to achieve maximum efficiencey

A

Bureaucracy

65
Q

Bureaucracy will expand to a size that will control our whole lives

A

Iron Cage

66
Q

a small self-serving group of people who achieve power and promote their own interests.

A

Iron Law of Oligarchy

67
Q

Workers conform to rules and procedures to such a degree that they become more important than goals

A

Bureaucratic Ritualism

68
Q

The violation of social norm

A

Deviance

69
Q

Norms that tell us what we should do.

A

Prescriptive

70
Q

Norms that tell us what we should not do

A

Proscriptive

71
Q

The selection of a candidate for a position is based on the candidate’s performance in their current role, rather than on abilities relevant to the intended role

A

Peter Principle

72
Q

The concept that work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion

A

Parkinson’s Law

73
Q

Sometimes we will engage in pretend deviance aka ___

A

Pseudo Deviance

74
Q

violation of social norms vs violation of law

A

deviance vs crime

75
Q

Oftentimes we have a “___” for overconformity, underconformity, and acceptable behavior

A

Range of Tolerance

76
Q

Helps all of us to understand what’s acceptable / not acceptable Punishment of deviant behavior promotes social solidarity

A

Functional Deviance

77
Q

Deviance may be ___ for society as it may lead to a decrease in social stability

A

Dysfunctional

78
Q

Supernatural forces are an example of ___

A

how we explain deviance e.g. full moon

79
Q

Criminal tendencies are influenced by our genes; thus the desire to commit crime is inherited from one’s parents aka___

A

Biological Theories

80
Q

Charles Whitman killed his wife, mother, 14 students at the University of Texas. An autopsy showed that he was suffering from a brain tumor is an example of ___.

A

Medical Model/Medicalization

81
Q

In 1978, Dan White (San Francisco – marched into the office of city mayor Moscone and shot to death he and commissioner Harvey Milk. In his defense, White’s lawyers stated that the copious amounts of Twinkies and Coca-Cola consumed the night before had led to the murderous rampage this was known as ___

A

The twinkie defence (high blood sugar impacts cognition)

82
Q

PERSONALITY is the motive force – crime may be the result of conditioning aka

A

Psychological Theory

83
Q

According to research that was undertaken by Stanley Milgram, we are accustomed to submitting to impersonal authority figures, and because we view authority figures as more important than the everyday individual, we have the propensity to do as we are told (even if such an action makes no sense to the outside observer)

A

Submission to authority figure

84
Q

Milgram’s research subjects consisted of “teachers” and “learners” In the study, “teachers” were told to administer electric shocks every time “learners” made mistakes Slight Shock - Moderate Shock - Strong Shock - Very Strong Shock - Intense Shock - Extreme Intensity Shock - Danger: Severe Shock - XXX
In reality, the “learners” received no shock at all – the experiment was conducted in order to determine how far a “teacher” would go before refusing to listen to the authority figure
Results
“Teachers” would frequently tremble, groan, and even pull on their earlobes – > but when told to do so, they would “shock” their “learners” with up to 450 volts of electricity

A

Milgram obedience study

85
Q

From birth, Americans are socialized to strive for material possessions
Unfortunately, not everyone is able to do so
Society still expects us to have the ‘good things in life’, and so some of us turn to crime to obtain that which was denied us from more legitimate means

A

Merton’s Anomie Theory

86
Q

View deviance as arising when groups with power attempt to impose their norms and values on less powerful groups.

A

Conflict theories of deviance

87
Q

We learn our behavior from others… aka ___

A

Differential Association and Differential Reinforcement

88
Q

All of us are tempted to commit wrongs; however “outside” and “inside” forces prevent us from acting on these emotions

A

Containment Theory

89
Q

How others expect us to behave

A

Outside Forces

90
Q

Our conscience, our self-esteem

A

Inside forces

91
Q

The 5 techniques of Neutralization

A

1) Denial of Responsibility
2) Denial of Injury
3) Denial of the victim
4) Condemnation of the Condemner
5) Appeal to Higher Loyalties

92
Q

“I didn’t get to class on time, because my alarm clock didn’t ring.” is what type of Neutralization?

A

Denial of Responsibility

93
Q

“I didn’t get to class, but so what? It’s not like I’m hurting anyone.” is what type of Neutralization?

A

Denial of Injury

94
Q

“Dr. Nelson doesn’t matter to me – I won’t worry about cutting class.” is what type of Neutralization?

A

Denial of the victim

95
Q

“Maybe I’m not coming to class, but Dr. Nelson isn’t perfect either.” is what type of Neutralization?

A

Condemnation of the Condemner

96
Q

“I’m not in class, but my friends are over…they’re more important to me than Dr. Nelson.” is what type of Neutralization?

A

Appeal to Higher Loyalties

97
Q

The liberation hypothesis contends that females traditionally have not committed as much crime, delinquency, and other forms of deviance because of the rigid gender roles and fewer opportunities afforded them aka

A

Feminist Theory

98
Q

States that deviance will be deterred if negative social sanctions (especially punishment) are perceived to be certain, swift, & severe.

A

Deterrence Theory

99
Q

Attachment, commitment, involvement in conventional versus deviant or criminal activities, and lastly the common value system within an individual’s society or subgroup are the four basic elements of

A

Social Bond Theory

100
Q

Gossip, shame and ostrcisim are examples of

A

Informal Social Control

Sociology (4 decks)

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