Midterm Flashcards
The ordered relationships and patterned expectations that guide social interaction
Social Structure
A socially defined position in a social structure
Status
All of the statuses a person has at a given time.
Status Set
Two or more statuses that a society deem contradictory.
Status Inconsistency
Statuses assigned to individuals without reference to their abilities or efforts.
Ascribed Statuses
Statuses secured through effort and ability.
Achieved statuses
A status that dominates all other statuses
Master Status
A possession that is taken to indicate a person’s wealth or high social or professional status
Status Symbol
A set of expectations, rights, and duties that are attached to a particular status
Role
When people play a role but remain detached from it to avoid any negative aspects of the role.
Role distance
When a person’s sense of identity is partially influenced by a role.
Role embracement
When a role becomes central to a person’s identity and the person literally becomes the role he or she is playing
Role Merger
Multiple roles that are attached to almost every status.
Role set
Contradictory expectations and demands attached to a single role.
Role strain
When a person cannot fulfill the roles of one status without violating those of another.
Role conflict
The process of disengaging from a role that is true to one’s self-identity, in order to take up a new role and identity.
Role Exit
It has been said that “we occupy a ___, but play a ___
status, role
What are the four stages of role exit?
1) First Doubts
2) Seeking alternatives
3) Turning Point
4) The Exit
The stage of exit that is gradual and preceded by an overall dissatisfaction in a general way; a vague discontent for which the cause is not clear.
First Stage
Examples that lead to the first stage of exit are:
- Changes
- Burnout
- Disappointments (Loss of confidence)
- Specific Events
- Discrepancies and Contradictions
Weighing the pros and cons is what stage of exit?
Second Stage
Significant events which precede your taking a firm stand and making a definite decision to exit
Third Stage
Examples of events that can lead to the third stage of exit are
- A specific, traumatic event
- The last straw – event following gradual build up; where a relatively minor event that took on symbolic significance doesn’t make sense
- Time-related factors (age, mid-life crisis)
- Events that gave an excuses or justification for an exit
- Either/or situation where the decision not to leave would have serious consequences
Adjusting to the role of exit is characterized by what 4 things.
1) Feeling Free
2) Changes
3) Happy Stage
4) Excess Baggage
What are the 5 social institutions?
1) family
2) education
3) religion
4) government
5) economy
The mutual influence of two or more people on each other’s behavior
Social Interaction
What are the 5 patterns of social Interaction?
1) Exchange
2) Cooperation
3 )Competition
4) Conflict
5) Coercion
Which pattern of social interaction is characterized by our interactions with others are guided by the profit motive?
Exchange
Which pattern of social interaction is characterized by individuals, groups, and societies working together to achieve shared goals?
Cooperation
Which pattern of social interaction is characterized by where we seek to attain a limited resource?
Competition
Which pattern of social interaction is characterized by people or groups struggling to achieve a commonly prized object or goal?
Conflict
Which pattern of social interaction is characterized by the actualization of the threat of force that those with power sometime use to achieve their objectives?
Coersion
Those who are pretty / handsome are usually given more courtesy than others is known as ___?
Lookism
The little “bubble” that surrounds each of us is known as ___?
Personal Space
The four personal space or distance zones are___?
1) Intimate Distance - body - 18”
2) Personal Distance - 18” - 4’
3) Social Distance - 12’
4) Public Distance - Beyond 12’
Analyzes social interaction as though participants were actors in an ongoing drama
Dramturgy
Actions that are visible to the audience and are part of the performance are known as ___
Frontstage
Behaviors when no audience is present is known as ___
Backstage
Ways that people use revelation and concealment to make a favorable impression on others
Impression Management
A common reaction to impression mis-management is
Embarrassment
___ signifies a desire – or defines a strategy – to avoid humiliation or embarrassment, to maintain dignity or preserve reputation
Saving Face
An impression management strategy in which one makes questionable behavior acceptable via excuses
Aligning actions
A statement designed to explain unanticipated, embarrassing, or unacceptable behavior after the behavior has occurred is known as ___
Accounts
A verbal assertion given before the fact to forestall any
complaints or negative implications is known as ___
Disclaimer
Gently persuading someone who has lost face to accept a less desirable but still reasonable alternative identity is known as
Cooling out
The permanent spoiling of one’s identity is known as ___
Stigma
Three stages of stigma are
1) Defects of Physical attributes
2) Defects of Character
3) Membership in a tribe, culture, religion, etc
A collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time
Aggregate
Groups of people who share common characteristics
Categorical Group
Ex: Republican Party, Lutheran Religion What type of group?
Associational or Organizational Groups
People who regularly interact and have close and enduring relationships
Primary Groups
Two or more people who interact on a formal and impersonal basis to accomplish a specific objective
Secondary Groups
A group with which people identify and have a sense of belonging
In-Groups
A group that people do not identify with and consider less worthy and less desirable than their own.
Out - Groups
Serve as standards against which people can evaluate themselves and others
Reference Group
Ex of positive reference group
“I want to be like___”
Ex. Negative Reference group
“I don’t want to be like___”
The phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone.
Social Loafing
Decision making that ignores alternative solutions in order to maintain group harmony
Groupthink
3 categories of group leadership
1) Authoritarian
2) Democratic
3) Laissez-faire Leaders
Someone who give orders and direct activities with minimal input from followers is what category of leadership group?
Authoritarian
Someone who involves others in decision making is what type of category group?
Democratic
Someone who is “hands-off” is what type of leadership group?
Laissez-faire
A large-scale organization organization that uses rules, hierarchical ranking, and a rational worldview to achieve maximum efficiencey
Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy will expand to a size that will control our whole lives
Iron Cage
a small self-serving group of people who achieve power and promote their own interests.
Iron Law of Oligarchy
Workers conform to rules and procedures to such a degree that they become more important than goals
Bureaucratic Ritualism
The violation of social norm
Deviance
Norms that tell us what we should do.
Prescriptive
Norms that tell us what we should not do
Proscriptive
The selection of a candidate for a position is based on the candidate’s performance in their current role, rather than on abilities relevant to the intended role
Peter Principle
The concept that work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion
Parkinson’s Law
Sometimes we will engage in pretend deviance aka ___
Pseudo Deviance
violation of social norms vs violation of law
deviance vs crime
Oftentimes we have a “___” for overconformity, underconformity, and acceptable behavior
Range of Tolerance
Helps all of us to understand what’s acceptable / not acceptable Punishment of deviant behavior promotes social solidarity
Functional Deviance
Deviance may be ___ for society as it may lead to a decrease in social stability
Dysfunctional
Supernatural forces are an example of ___
how we explain deviance e.g. full moon
Criminal tendencies are influenced by our genes; thus the desire to commit crime is inherited from one’s parents aka___
Biological Theories
Charles Whitman killed his wife, mother, 14 students at the University of Texas. An autopsy showed that he was suffering from a brain tumor is an example of ___.
Medical Model/Medicalization
In 1978, Dan White (San Francisco – marched into the office of city mayor Moscone and shot to death he and commissioner Harvey Milk. In his defense, White’s lawyers stated that the copious amounts of Twinkies and Coca-Cola consumed the night before had led to the murderous rampage this was known as ___
The twinkie defence (high blood sugar impacts cognition)
PERSONALITY is the motive force – crime may be the result of conditioning aka
Psychological Theory
According to research that was undertaken by Stanley Milgram, we are accustomed to submitting to impersonal authority figures, and because we view authority figures as more important than the everyday individual, we have the propensity to do as we are told (even if such an action makes no sense to the outside observer)
Submission to authority figure
Milgram’s research subjects consisted of “teachers” and “learners” In the study, “teachers” were told to administer electric shocks every time “learners” made mistakes Slight Shock - Moderate Shock - Strong Shock - Very Strong Shock - Intense Shock - Extreme Intensity Shock - Danger: Severe Shock - XXX
In reality, the “learners” received no shock at all – the experiment was conducted in order to determine how far a “teacher” would go before refusing to listen to the authority figure
Results
“Teachers” would frequently tremble, groan, and even pull on their earlobes – > but when told to do so, they would “shock” their “learners” with up to 450 volts of electricity
Milgram obedience study
From birth, Americans are socialized to strive for material possessions
Unfortunately, not everyone is able to do so
Society still expects us to have the ‘good things in life’, and so some of us turn to crime to obtain that which was denied us from more legitimate means
Merton’s Anomie Theory
View deviance as arising when groups with power attempt to impose their norms and values on less powerful groups.
Conflict theories of deviance
We learn our behavior from others… aka ___
Differential Association and Differential Reinforcement
All of us are tempted to commit wrongs; however “outside” and “inside” forces prevent us from acting on these emotions
Containment Theory
How others expect us to behave
Outside Forces
Our conscience, our self-esteem
Inside forces
The 5 techniques of Neutralization
1) Denial of Responsibility
2) Denial of Injury
3) Denial of the victim
4) Condemnation of the Condemner
5) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
“I didn’t get to class on time, because my alarm clock didn’t ring.” is what type of Neutralization?
Denial of Responsibility
“I didn’t get to class, but so what? It’s not like I’m hurting anyone.” is what type of Neutralization?
Denial of Injury
“Dr. Nelson doesn’t matter to me – I won’t worry about cutting class.” is what type of Neutralization?
Denial of the victim
“Maybe I’m not coming to class, but Dr. Nelson isn’t perfect either.” is what type of Neutralization?
Condemnation of the Condemner
“I’m not in class, but my friends are over…they’re more important to me than Dr. Nelson.” is what type of Neutralization?
Appeal to Higher Loyalties
The liberation hypothesis contends that females traditionally have not committed as much crime, delinquency, and other forms of deviance because of the rigid gender roles and fewer opportunities afforded them aka
Feminist Theory
States that deviance will be deterred if negative social sanctions (especially punishment) are perceived to be certain, swift, & severe.
Deterrence Theory
Attachment, commitment, involvement in conventional versus deviant or criminal activities, and lastly the common value system within an individual’s society or subgroup are the four basic elements of
Social Bond Theory
Gossip, shame and ostrcisim are examples of
Informal Social Control
