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Sociology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

___________ studied the division of labor, religion, and how to conduct proper sociological research methods

A

Durkheim

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2
Q

Prior to Durkheim, what is covered in Sociology today, was covered in ___________ & ______________

A

Psychology and Philosophy

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3
Q

Durkheim demonstrated the importance of a social understanding of the world in his work___________.

A

Suicide

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4
Q

Durkheim studied the _______ forces that have a bearing upon the decision to take one’s life. By considering these forces, he demonstrated the need for a discipline that considers the _____ influences on our lives.

A

outside, social

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5
Q

_____ Suicide occurs due to a lack of social integration.

A

Egoistic

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6
Q

_____ Suicide occurs when we are overly influenced by others.

A

Altruistic

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7
Q

_______ Suicide occurs due to anomie, or a sense of nomlessness

A

Anomic

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8
Q

______ Suicide is found where your life is controlled completely by other people

A

Fatalistic

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9
Q

Give an example of egositic suicide

A

demographic

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10
Q

Give an example of altruistic suicide

A

Jonestown

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11
Q

Give an example of anomic suicide

A

Lost everything

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12
Q

Give and example of fatalistic suicide

A

Slaves

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13
Q

What are the four types of suicides

A

Egoistic
Altruistic
Anomic
Fatalistic

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14
Q

________ is known for “Value-Free” teaching and research

A

Max Weber

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15
Q

____________ (Who?) analyzed what society is, rather than what (the research thinks) it should be

A

Max Weber

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16
Q

What, taught by ______, links two social institutions: __________ & ____________

A

Protestant Ethic

Religion/Economy

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17
Q

Kelvinism - Predestination

A

Kelvinism = heaven or hell

Looks for hints of God’s grace, such as $ => captialism

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18
Q

_________ was an American sociologist who turned to social activism as a academia was out of reach for most women at this time.

A

Jane Addams

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19
Q

_____ was the founder of Chicago’s Hull House

A

Jane Addams

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20
Q

________was the 1931 Nobel Prize winner

A

Jane Addams

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21
Q

______ was a strong supporter of applied sociology.

A

Jane Addams

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22
Q

Who believed in taking what you learn & using it to help people, aka ________?

A

Jane Addams

Applied Sociology

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23
Q

_____ was an American sociologist who was the first African-American student to earn a PhD from Harvard, after which he studied under Weber at the University of Berlin

A

W.E.B. DuBois

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24
Q

The Chicago School of Sociology Development used _______ analysis and studied _________

A

Qualitative

Study of diaries, letters, interviews, “more of the written word”

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25
Q

The Iowa School of Sociology Development used ______ analysis and studied _______________.

A

Quantitative

Numbers and Stats

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26
Q

There are ____ assumptions of symbolic

interactionism. What is the first? Give an example.

A
  • 3
  • Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings that the things have for them.
  • Likely treat your mom different to other women
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27
Q

What is the 2nd assumption of Symbolic Interactionism? Give and example.

A
  • The meaning of things comes from our interactions with other people.
  • Without human interaction, we have no common definitions as to how one is to treat “mom”
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28
Q

What is the 3rd assumption of Symbolic Interactionism?

Give an example.

A
  • The meaning of things may be modified through interaction and interpretation.
  • Our interpretation of “mom” will change over time.
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29
Q

Symbolic Interactionism is also used to study_________

A

Meaningful symbols

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30
Q

________ are sounds, objects, colors and events that represent something other than themeselves

A

Meaningful symbols

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31
Q

The idea that if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences is known as ________?

A

The Thomas Theorem

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32
Q

_______ analysis focuses on the day-to-day interactions of individuals and groups in specific social situations.

A

Micro-level

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33
Q

Symbolic Interactionism is considered _______-level analysis.

A

Micro

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34
Q

______ -level analysis examines broader social structures and society as a whole.

A

Macro

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35
Q

Structural Functionalism is considered ________-level analysis.

A

Macro

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36
Q

_________ views society as a system of interdependent and interrelated parts.

A

Structural Functionalism

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37
Q

__________ Functions: Anticipated or intended consequence of social institutions (active)

A

Manifest Functions

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38
Q

__________ Functions: Unintended or unrecognized consequences of social institutions (passive)

A

Latent Functions

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39
Q

Some aspects of society are viewed as ______ because they threaten to disrupt social stability and order.

A

dysfuntional

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40
Q

________ views society as composed of diverse groups with conflicting values and interests

A

Conflict theory

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41
Q

_______ believed that conflict - not evolution - made up the core of social relations

A

Marx

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42
Q

Marx believed that society was made up of two classes: _________ & ___________

A

Bourgeoisie

Proletariat

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43
Q

________ are those who control the means of production - “the ___________”

A

Bourgeoisie - “The Haves”

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44
Q

The _______ exploit the __________ - “the _________”

A

Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, “The Have Nots”

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45
Q

Marx contends that when the proletariat achieve ______ ____, they will start a ______.

A

Class Consciousness

Revoltution

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46
Q

Conflict Theory is _______-level

A

Macro

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47
Q

_____ Theory: Studies, analyzes, and explains social phenomena from a gender-focused perspective.

A

Feminist Theory

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48
Q

Feminist theory is ______-level

A

Can be macro or micro (instructor leans toward micro)

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49
Q

Sociology is __________?

A

the systematic and scientific study of human behavior, social groups and society

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50
Q

__________ is what makes us who and what we are. Also known as ___________.

A

Society

Social Expectations

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51
Q

We can only understand ourselves amid the context of others. (T/F)

A

True

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52
Q

________ _____ :gives us the ability to recognize that even our most personal decisions are influenced by other people.

A

Sociological Imagination

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53
Q

Personal Troubles affect________

A

an individual

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54
Q

Social Issues reflects a ____________

A

problem for the entire society

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55
Q

The discipline that became Sociology developed in the early _______ during a period of great __________.

A

1800s

Upheaval

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56
Q

Three things that were prevalent during the time that sociology was developed are ______, _____ & _________

A

1) Development of the Scientific Method
2) Industrialization
3) Political Revolution

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57
Q

As a result of the developments in the natural sciences, much of the early writing in sociology was based on the assumption that laws of ______ _____ could be discovered in the same way that lows of nature had been discovered also known as ________.

A

Human behavior

The Scientific Method

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58
Q

Sociology became a practical discipline interested in _____

A

social reform

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59
Q

The industrial revolution occurred when the power of ______ replaced the power of _______.

A

Steam

Human & animal muscle

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60
Q

The industrial capability spread outward from _______, and into ___________, then _______

A

Britain,
northern Europe,
America

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61
Q

How did the industrial revolution impact social life?

A

Changes within the family

Movement from rural to urban areas

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62
Q

What changes took place in the family unit during the industrial revolution?

A

Family members were no longer together for most of the day; parents and children worked long hours separated from one another

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63
Q

What 3 main problems arose from the influx of people into urban areas/cities?

A

Rising Crime Rates,
Air and Water pollution
Disease

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64
Q

The _________ fostered a sense of instability and led to a questioning of tradition

A

Political Revolution

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65
Q

____ believed that science might be the answer to solving social problems.

A

Comte

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66
Q

______ emphasized positivism

A

Comte

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67
Q

________: The use of observation, comparison, experimentation, and the historical method to analyze society.

A

Positivism

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68
Q

______ coined the term Sociology

A

Comte

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69
Q

_______ examined both the stable elements of society as well as social change

A

Comte

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70
Q

______:stable elements of society

A

Social Statics

71
Q

______: Social Change

A

Social Dynamics

72
Q

________ translated Comte’s work into English, thus bringing sociology to Britain and the US

A

Harriet Martineau

73
Q

______ authored Society in America

A

Harriet Martineau

74
Q

_______ espouses the force and clarity racial equality, the emancipation of the slaves, the abolitionist cause, the rights of women and the need for equalization of property.

A

Society of America

75
Q

________ disagreed with Comte’s notion that social reform should be one of the major goals of Sociology.

A

Herbert Spencer

76
Q

_____ believed we should avoid interfering with the evolution of society.

A

Herbert Spencer

77
Q

________: Those who are well adapted will succeed and survive while those who are not must be allowed to fail and to die away.

A

Survival of the Fittest

78
Q

__________: People who live in a specific geographic territory interact with one another, and share many elements of a common culture.

A

Society

79
Q

The ____ Society is 10,000 BCE - Present

A

Hunting and Gathering

80
Q

People make their living by hunting, collecting wild foods and fishing with simple technologies are characteristics of the ____ society.

A

Hunting and Gathering

81
Q

_____ are hunters and ____ are gatherers.

A

Men

Women

82
Q

Life organized around the family or band is characteristic of the _____ society

A

Hunting Gathering

83
Q

________ society is a society in which hand tools, such as ___ and _____ are used to grow domesticated crops.

A

Horticulture

Sickle, hoe

84
Q

The economy of the Horticulture Society requires ______

A

several months surplus

85
Q

Horticulture Societies are characterized by what types of social organization

A

Chiefdoms; specialized religious-military roles

86
Q

Horticulture Society population size is approximately______

A

150 - 3000 people

87
Q

______ society is a society that depends on domestic animals for its livelihood

A

Pastoral

88
Q

Pastoral Society population size is approximately______

A

150 - 10,000 people

89
Q

Hunter - Gatherer Society settlement pattern is _____

A

Nomadic

90
Q

Horticulture Society settlement pattern is ______

A

Semi-permanent; villages

91
Q

Pastoral settlement Pattern is ________

A

Nomadic; semi-nomadic camps

92
Q

Today, Pastoral societies are under threat (T/F)

A

True

93
Q

______ Society is a society that depends on crops raised with plows ,draft animals and intensive agricultural methods.

A

Agrarian

94
Q

The population size of an agrarian society is approximately

A

larger populations, millions

95
Q

Pastoral Society technology is _________

A

domesticated animals

96
Q

Pastoral society economy is ______

A

surplus on the hoof

97
Q

Pastoral social organization consists of ______

A

Chiefdoms and marked inequality

98
Q

The agrarian technology consists of ____

A

animal-drawn plow, irrigation and animals

99
Q

Agrarian settlement patterns are ______

A

Cities and empires; large rural populations

100
Q

The agrarian social organization is (4)____________?

A

1) Complex division of Labor
2) Complex military, and religious institutions
3) Marked social inequality
4) Massive Public Works

101
Q

Industrial Society period of dominance was ______

A

18th - 20th century

102
Q

An ______ Society is a society that relies on machines and advanced technology to produce and distribute food, information, goods, and services

A

Industrial

103
Q

A ______ Society is a society where service industries and the manufacture of information and knowledge dominate the economy

A

Postindustrial

104
Q

Social Darwinism was a theory of ___________?

A

Herbert Spencer

105
Q

The evolution of society and the survival of those within it were directly linked to their ability to adapt to changing conditions is the theory of _______?

A

Social Darwinism

106
Q

The struggle between the two classes will end when those who belong to the proletariat realize that they are being taken advantage of is known as ________.

A

Class Consciousness

107
Q

Class Consciousness was a theory of whom?

A

Marx

108
Q

Class Consciousness would ultimately result in ______?

A

Revolution

109
Q

_______ argued that understanding the meaning of social interaction requires Verstehen.

A

Max Weber

110
Q

______: An empathetic and introspective analysis of the interaction

A

Vertstehen

111
Q

__________ is the conceptual model or typology constructed from the direct observation of a number of specific cases and representing the essential qualities found in those cases.

A

Ideal Type

112
Q

Who’s concept was “Ideal Type”?

A

Max Weber

113
Q

Who wrote “Souls of Black Folk”?

A

WEB DuBois

114
Q

________ is considered the found of “Afro-American Sociology”

A

WEB DuBois

115
Q

_________ was one of the founder of the NAACP

A

WEB DuBois

116
Q

NAACP stands for________?

A

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

117
Q

Characteristics of Industrial Society are (3)

A

1) Mass Production
2) Billions of people
3) Urbanization

118
Q

Characteristics of Postindustrial Society (3)

A

1) Computers and Robotics
2) Service Industries
3) Panopticon

119
Q

_____ indicates we are under observation all the time which impacts how we behave. Ex: Prison

A

Panopticon

120
Q

___________ is the learned set of beliefs, values, norms, and material goods shared by group members.

A

Culture

121
Q

__________ lets us know what to expect from others and what others ought to expect from us.

A

Culture

122
Q

______ satisfies the need we have for our lives to have at least some level of predictability.

A

Culture

123
Q

_______ is characterized by artifacts, art, architecture, and other tangible goods that people create and assign meanings and is considered part of the ________ society.

A

Material Culture

Post Industrial

124
Q

_______ is characterized by mental blueprints that serve as guidelines for group behavior and is characterized as the _____ society.

A

Non-material Culture

Post Industrial

125
Q

Who believed that the ______ type, wouldn’t exist in real life, but act as a comparison?

A

Weber

Ideal Type

126
Q

WEB DuBoise wrote _______ and was considered a _______ ________.

A

Souls of Black Folk

]Social Reformer

127
Q

Symbolic Interactionism was contributed to whom?

A

Blumer

128
Q

Do not interfere and let the weak die out is known as __________?

A

Social Darwinism

129
Q

The size of a hunting gathering society has a range of ____ to ___ people.

A

50 - 150

130
Q

The industrial society is characterized by 3 things: ___, ___, ___.

A

1) Mass Production
2) Billions of people
3) Urbanization

131
Q

________ is known as the complete understanding of every layer.

A

Verstchen

132
Q

Signs and symbols are created by___ and ___. Although only _______ can create complex ones.

A

animals, people

133
Q

Signs and Symbols are used to ____ ____.

A

Assign Meaning

134
Q

What hypothesis supports the idea that language bears upon how we view our reality?

A

Sapir Whorf

135
Q

_______ are assertions while _____ are shared ideas as socially desirable.

A

Beliefs, Values

136
Q

_________ Sanctions are favorable affirmations (non-actionabe)l: Give an Example

A

Informal Positive

Smile, Nod, thumbs-up

137
Q

________ Sanctions are favorable affirmations (actionable): Give an Example

A

Formal positive

Letter of accommodation, medal

138
Q

_______ Sanctions are unfavorable affirmations (non-actionable) Give an example.

A

Informal Negative

shake of the head, thumbs down

139
Q

_____ Sanctions are unfavorable affirmations ( actionable) Give and example

A

Formal Negative

Letter of Reprimand, Article 15

140
Q

_________ are informal rules and expectations that guide people’s everyday behavior. Violations bring about mild sanctions.

A

Folkways

141
Q

_______ are norms that people consider essential to the proper working of society and have considerable moral significance; sanctions are severe. Not all of these are considered laws

A

Mores

142
Q

____ are formal rules enacted and enforced by the poser of the state,.

A

Laws

143
Q

_____ are expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide the behavior of group members. They enforced by (4) sanctions ____, ___, ___, and ___.

A 
Norms
Informal Positive
Formal Positive
Informal Negative
Formal Negative
144
Q

____ are norms so strongly ingrained that even the though of their violation is revolting.

A

Taboos

145
Q

______ involves feelings of confusion and disorientation that occur when a person encounters very differnt cultures which is characterized by ___, ___, and ___.

A

Culture Shock

1) Disorientation
2) Helplessness
3) Frustration

146
Q

Stages of Culture Shock are:

A

1) Anticipation
2) This place is great
3) I hate this place
4) Fight or Flight

147
Q

______ is the tendency to evaluate the customs of other groups according to one’s own cultural standards.

A

Ethnocentrism

148
Q

___has the potential to make us feel good about ourselves but is also has the potential to create hate,
bigotry, discrimination, genocide.

A

Ethnocentrism

149
Q

________ is the perspective that emphasizes the preeminence of African and African American culture in human development.

A

Afrocentrism

150
Q

A perspective that asks that we evaluate other cultures according to their standards; not ours.

A

Cultural Relatism

151
Q

A better alternative than ethnocentrism, but be aware of the __ __ - in its most extreme form it would treat even the most sever social pathologies as legitimate cultural practices.

A

relativist fallacy

152
Q

____ are groups that share many common elements of mainstream culture but maintain their own distinctive customs, values norms and lifestyles.

A

Subculture

153
Q

___ a subculture where values place its members in opposition to the values of the rest of society.

A

Counterculture

154
Q

___ is one’s knowledge of the finer things in life.

A

High Culture

155
Q

___ includes the art, dance, music and other creations of working-class and minority group members

A

Folk Culture

156
Q

___ tastes and creations that appeal to the masses.

A

Pop Culture

157
Q

___ is the belief that European cultures have contributed the most tohuman knowledge and are superior to all others. A focus on the contributions of Europeans to history, math, science and literature

A

Eurocentrism

158
Q

___ is what people should do, according to group norms and values.

A

Ideal Culture

159
Q

— is what people do in everyday social interactions.

A

Real Culture

160
Q

Who separated kids from their mothers to see what language they would speak?

A

Frederick II

161
Q

Who separated children from all physical contact/interaction to see how they would respond?

A

Spitz

162
Q

Who contended that an individual’s mind and conception of ___ are inseparable from society and social interaction.

A

Mead, Self

163
Q

Mead contended that the self is composed of two related and interdependent components: the ___ and the ___.

A

I, me

164
Q

___ in Mead’s schema, the un-socialized self as subject.

A

I

165
Q

___, in Meade’s schema, the socialized self as object.

A

ME

166
Q

The ___ stage occurs from 0 -2 and is characterized by doing what others do.

A

Imatative

167
Q

The __ stage occurs from 3 - 8 and is characterized by pretending.

A

Play

168
Q

The ___ stage occurs from 9+ and is characterized by taking the roll of others.

A

Game

169
Q

Who is responsible for the Looking Glass Self?

A

Cooley

170
Q

There are three characteristics of the Looking Glass self, what are they?

A

1) The imagination of our appearance to others
2) The imagination of their judgment of that appearance.
3) The development of feelings about the responses to these judgements

171
Q

___ is the self that emerges in a particular situation.

A

Situated Self

172
Q

___ are those groups and institutions that both informally and formally take on the task of socialization.

A

Agents of socialization

173
Q

___ is the “unlearning” of previous normative expectations and roles.

A

Desocialization

174
Q

___ is learning a radically different set of norms, attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors.

A

Resocialization

Sociology (4 decks)

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