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Geography of canada > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

4 countries prone to Regionalism

A

canada
russia
australia
china

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2
Q

Region

A

Distinctive area with distinguishing human or natural characteristics. Boundaries are faultlines

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3
Q

Uniform region

A

Named after a characteristic, where all locations in the region share it–> vegetation regions

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4
Q

Functional region

A

interactions among different areas within the region–> core/periphery

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5
Q

Cultural region

A

based on sense of belonging and historical experience

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6
Q

Faultlines

A

Economic, social and political boundaries dividing regions and threatening unity

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7
Q

4 faultlines

A

Centralist/decentralist
English/french
Indigenous/non-indigenous
New comers vs old timers

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8
Q

% of Nunvut pop who are inuit

A

80%

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9
Q

Sense of place

A

Bond between people and their location stemming from landscape, human activites and institutions. Evident in Atlantic canada

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10
Q

6 regions of Canada

A 
Territorial north
BC
Western Canada 
Ontario
Quebec
Atlantic canada
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11
Q

% of population that is lives in Ontario and Quebec

A

62% combine

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12
Q

Heartland/Hinterland

A

Capitalist economics result in regionally uneven development . Industrial heartland dominates the periphery

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13
Q

Upwards and downwards transitional regions

A

Upwards: BC and prairies
Downwards: atlantic canada

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14
Q

Core

A

Recieve raw materials from periphery for manufacturing. Densely populated, diverse economy

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15
Q

Periphery

A

Purchase finished goods from core in a resource based economy. Sparsely populated, higher unemployment and lower income

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16
Q

Regional Exploitation theory

A

Wealthy core exploits the natural wealth of periphery leaving it impoversihed

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17
Q

Modernization theory

A

Core invests in periphery and helps it to develop. Canada

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18
Q

Sub-cores

A

Clusters of people in the periphery. Calgary/Edmonton, Vancouver/Victoria, Halifax

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19
Q

Staple

A

natural resources than be exploited quickly and cheaply. East to West progression of staples from the original settlements in Atlantic Canada. Farming went from ontario

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20
Q

3 types of economic linkages for growth

A

Backward: supplies for staple industry
Forward: Local processing before export
Final Demand: Services for needs of workers and family

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21
Q

National Policy 1879

A

Created Canada wide market for Canadian goods throguh tariffs and restricted trade on foreign goods. Encourage core growth and location but negatively impacted the west who bought expensive Can goods, sold cheap Us staples

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22
Q

Canada-US free trade agreement 1988

A

Help peripheries by providing cheaper products and a larger market for staple products. Companies made one plant in a country

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23
Q

Global core/periphery

A

Core–> north america and europe

Semi-perihery in Asia

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24
Q

5 elements of physical geography

A 
Geology (rock type)
Physiography (land surface)
Climate
Vegetation
Soil
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25
Q

Igenous rock

A

Molten rock merges on surface and cools. Hard, resists erosion and contains minerals

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26
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Layered rock composed of materials effected by weathering. Flat, horizontal no minerals

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27
Q

Erosion

A

Movement of weathered rock material

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28
Q

Metamorphic

A

Pre exisitng rocks change by heat and pressure, contain minerals–> limestone to marble

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29
Q

Canadian Shield

A

Igenous rock from NWT, prairies, Quebec and labrador

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30
Q

Platform rock

A

Sedimentary rock containing oil and natural gas, underlies interior plains

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31
Q

Folded mountains

A

Tectonic plate movement causes sedimnetary rock to change to metamorphic

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32
Q

3 mountain areas

A

Appalachian–> oldest, vegetation
Innutian
Cordillera–> youngest

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33
Q

7 physiographic regions

A 
Canadian shield
Cordillera
Interior plains
Hudson bay lowlands
Arctic Archipelago
Appalachian uplands
Great lakes/St. lawrence
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34
Q

Cordillera

A

Mountains, plateaus and valleys. Plates collide east/west, mountains run north/south

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35
Q

Interior plains

A

Once a shallow inland sea, now sedimentary rock in deep,wide river valleys

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36
Q

Hudson bay lowlands

A

Many bogs, permafrost and muskeg: poorly drained soil

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37
Q

Arctic archipelago

A

Coastal plains, plateaus, mountains in the Arctic circle

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38
Q

Appalachian uplands

A

Rugged, rocky land in NFLD, rounded mountains of new brunswick

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39
Q

Pleistocene glaciation

A

All of Canada excpet yukon under an ice sheet 18k years ago–> coldest time before ice melt. 3km thick ice created hudson bay

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40
Q

Arete

A

Jagged mountainside between 2 glaciers

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41
Q

Cirque

A

Half circle glacier on a mountainside

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42
Q

2 types of glaciers

A

Continental (only greenland and antarctica)

Alpine

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43
Q

When were the greta lakes formed

A

10-13k years ago when ice retreated

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44
Q

Lake Agassiz

A

Large lake that used to cover maitoba and northern ontario from melting ice sheets

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45
Q

2 major components of climate

A

Temp

Precipitation

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46
Q

7 climactic controls in order of importance

A 
Lattitude
Altitude
Proximity to water
Ocean currents 
Variations in topography --> cold air sinks in valleys
Prevailing wind--> chinook wind
Pressure systems
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47
Q

7 climatic zones

A 
Pacific
Cordillera
Prairies
Great lakes/st lawrence
Atlanti
Subarctic 
Arctic
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48
Q

5 vegetation regions dictated by temp

A 
tundra
boreal barrens
boreal forest
mixed forest
deciduous forest
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49
Q

Growing season

A

Number of days between last frost of spring and first frost of fall. 180 in london, 200 in victoria. 6 is hardiness zone for soy and corn

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50
Q

Orographic precipitation

A

Air rises over mountians, forms clouds at the top so the region on the other side is more dry

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51
Q

Convective precipitation

A

thunderstorms caused by rising hot air off the ground and cold fronts from the lake. Prairies and great lakes in the summer

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52
Q

Desert

A

Less than 250mm of annual precipitation –> yukon

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53
Q

3 major vegetation types

A

Forest
grassland
tundra

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54
Q

Xerophyte

A

Plant that has adapted to low amounts of water. Grasslands

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55
Q

Tundra

A

small plants survive in harsh climates. Reproduce by runners. Arctic and alpine. Waxy leaves and shallow roots

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56
Q

Krumholz

A

plant grows sideways due to harsh winds

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57
Q

5 permafrost zones

A 
Continuous--> 80% permanently frozen
Discontinuous--> in northern aspects
Sporadic--> 0-30% frozen
Alpine
Free
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58
Q

Permafrost

A

Forms where annual mean soil temp is below 0. Follows treeline

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59
Q

Alpine treeline

A 
ice
tundra
needle leaf forest
deciduous
tropical rain forest
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60
Q

Talik

A

permafrost free zone below a lake

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61
Q

5 soil types

A 
Cryosolic
podzolic
luvisolic
chernozemic
mountain complex
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62
Q

Cryosolic

A

North of tree line in arctic archipelago and hudosn bay. Continuous permafrost common

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63
Q

Podzolic

A

Cool, moist climates like the Canadain shield, light grey in colour associated with coniferous vegetation

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64
Q

Leaching

A

Mositure easily percolates down soil–> podzolic and chernozemic

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65
Q

Luvisolic

A

Humid continental climates like southern ont. High organic content due to deciduous forest

66
Q

Chernozemic

A

dry climates in grasslands. Dark soil with high organic content. As you go east rain increases, grass gets bigger and ph drops

67
Q

Pallisers Triangle

A

Semi-arid area in Western prairies unsuitable for farming

68
Q

Drainage basin

A

Area of land surrounding river or lake. Input is precipitation, output is rivers and evaporation

69
Q

Divide

A

High ridge boundary of a drainage basin. Pacific, arctic, gulf of mexico, hudson bay, atlantic

70
Q

Columbia ice sheet

A

Last remaining ice sheet in Southern Canada . Straddles continetal divide in jasper, has 8 alpine glaciers

71
Q

Athabasca glacier

A

Alpine glacier on columbia icefield retreats 2-3m/year

72
Q

3 influential historical events

A

Arrival of first people
British and french colonization
Arrival of third people

73
Q

First people

A

Crossed Bering land bridge 40k years ago. Travelled the ice-free corridor at the Rocky foothills

74
Q

Tribes

A

Trade between tribes began 10k years ago when revised diet allowed them to remain in one place

75
Q

Laurentide ice sheet

A

Began retreating from nunavut 5k years ago

76
Q

Thule people

A

Ancestors of inuit settled in area 1000 years ago

77
Q

First contact with europeans

A

1400s-1600s. 500k natives dropped by 80% from disease

78
Q

Terra Nullius

A

Thought north america was empty land

79
Q

Second people

A

French and british decent

80
Q

New France

A

French settled uebec in 1608. Population was 60k before British came in 1700s

81
Q

Battle of Plains of Abraham

A

British conquest of new france in 1759. British began to immigrate in

82
Q

British immigration waves

A

First–> British loyalists in 1775-83 from the US

Second–> 1 million people came. deteriorated english economy

83
Q

Canada 1867 population

A

3 million
75% in great lakes and 20% in atlantic canada
60% spoke english

84
Q

4 colonies united in 1867

A 
Upper canada--> ontario
Lower canada--> quebec
New brunswick
Nova Scotia 
-- withstand annexing by US
85
Q

Third people of Canada

A

government encouraged mass immigration to Ruperts land from eastern europe and scandanavia (1895-1915

86
Q

Ruperts Land

A

1870 gov obtained it from HBC to diminish threat of US settlers

87
Q

Clifford Sifton

A

Minister of the interior settled the prairies and ruperts land. Planned a railroad for grain freight

88
Q

July 15, 1870

A

Ruperts land named NWT

Manitoba joined

89
Q

Years the provinces joined

A 
1867--> Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New brunswick
1870--> NWT, Manitoba 
1871: BC
1873: PEI
1898: Yukon
1905: ALberta and Sask.
1949: NFLD
1998: Nunavut
90
Q

Quebec vs NFLD

A

Fought over labrador. Settled by english court in 1927. Everything that drained into Atlantic was given to NFLD

91
Q

Centralist

A

Want power, strength and control to stay with federal government

92
Q

Road to resources

A

Government build railroad to terriories in the 50s

93
Q

House of Commons

A

338 seats for each riding, represnts 105,000 people. Ontario has 106 and Quebec has 75

94
Q

2 rules for house of commons

A

Each province has as many MPs as senators–> PEI has 4

Each will have as many MPs as it did in 1976– quebec

95
Q

oil in the 70s

A

Price got high. Gov and provinces agreed to match world oil price. Big $ for alberta

96
Q

National Energy Program 1980-84

A

Ottawa refused to match oil price. Liberal gov made program to bring low oil costs to core and increase federal share of oil revenue though it is a provincial power. Now they hate liberals

97
Q

Equalization Payments

A

Sharing of federal tax revenue among provinces to ensure a standard of living. Given to those with low fiscal capacity

98
Q

Haves and Have nots

A

Haves–> BC, AL, SASK, NFLD

Nots–> ON, QB, MB, NS, NB, PEI, territories

99
Q

Residential school years

A

1892-1996

100
Q

3 federal policies to resolve native issues

A

Settle outstanding land claims
Recognize right to self-govenrment
Aceept concerns of indians, metis and inuit are different

101
Q

Status Indian

A

Registred as an Indian under Indian Act of 1985. Entitled to rights

102
Q

Treaty Indian

A

Member of a band who has signed a treaty

103
Q

Red River Rebellion 1869

A

Fight between Louis Riel and Ottawa when Western land surveyor ignored Metis landholdings . Took over HBC and negotiated with gov

104
Q

Metis demands in Manitoba union

A

Use of french and english in provincial gov

Dual system of protestant and catholic schools

105
Q

Northwest rebellion 1885

A

Sask metis were threatened by advancing settlers. Ottawa ignored Riel. Ambush where 12 mounted police and 6 metis died

106
Q

Doukhobors

A

Communalists who avoided government, came to Canada to avoid persecution for avoiding army in Russia

107
Q

Dominion lands act 1905

A

Frank oliver enforced it and cancelled doukobors land rights

108
Q

Treaty of Parisin 1763

A

France ceded new France to Britain and put the french under the british monarchy

109
Q

Quebec Act 1774

A

Gave french canadians right to Seigneurial landholding

Guarantee religious freeedom and right to teach in french

110
Q

British loyalists

A

40k moved in after US revolution. led to increased english pop in ontario. Led to constituitonal act

111
Q

Constitutional Act 1791

A

Divided british colony of Quebec into provinces of upper and lower canada seperated by the ottawa river . Rebellions broke out from french

112
Q

Act of Union 1841

A

Britain sent lord durham to handle french/english issues. Suggested a united province of Canada where french was minority. Manitoba ends catholic school funcding. French aint happy

113
Q

Quiet Revolution

A

1960s rebirth of Quebec nationalism . Hydro-Quebec formed

114
Q

Nation

A

Distinct cultural group. 2006 Quebec was named a nation

115
Q

Seperatism referendum

A

1960–> 60% said no

1995–> 49.5% said no

116
Q

% of countries with a higher op than Canada

A

20%

117
Q

curent pop trneds

A

Rate of natural increase is declining
Aging population
High native birth rates
High growth occuring in Ontario,BC, Alberta and Sask

118
Q

population density

A

Number of people divided by land area

119
Q

Canada and ontario pop density

A

Canada is 3.7

Ontario is 14.1

120
Q

Physiological density

A

Amount of arable land

121
Q

Pop distribution

A

Dispersal of people within an area. Very unevven

122
Q

% of pop that lives 100km from US

A

75%

123
Q

Ecumene

A

Inhabited part of an area

124
Q

Urban area

A

Population of at least 1000 pop and 400 people/km2

125
Q

% of pop that is urban

A

82%– caused by auto industry in the 20s

- least urbanized is atlantic canada

126
Q

6 urban centres in order

A 
Toronto
Montreal
Vancouver
Ottawa
Calgary
Edmonton
127
Q

Census metropolitan area

A

Urban core combined with adjacent subburbs that have a high degree of interaction. Urban core must have 100k. 33 in Canada, 15 are in Ontario

128
Q

2006-2011 CMAs with highest growth

A

Calagary
Edmonton
Saskatoon

129
Q

Densely populated zone

A

Great lakes/st lawrence. Toronto, Montreal, hamilton, kitchener, quebec city–> core

130
Q

Moderate population zone

A

Extends coast to coats at lattitude 49/50. Slow but uneven growth in Vancouver, Calgary, edmonton, halifax

131
Q

Sparse population zone

A

Boreal forest over mid section of country. Fewer than `% of pop. Whitehorese, yellowknife, Fort Mcmurray

132
Q

Isolated settlements zone

A

Fewer than 0.1% of pop. Labrador city, Iqauliuit, Inuvik

133
Q

Crude birth rate

A

Number of births per 1000 in a given year

134
Q

Rate of natural increase

A

Difference between crude birth and death rate. Usually positive

135
Q

Net migration

A

Difference between in and out

136
Q

3 reasons for falling of rate of natural increase

A

More people in cities
More women in workforce
Acceptance of family planning

137
Q

Height of the birth rate

A

1961

138
Q

Replacement fertility rate

A

Level of fertility at which women have enough daughters to replace themselves–> 2.1 daughters/births. Canadas is 1.6

139
Q

Demographic transition theory

A

Shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels occuring in 5 steps from pre-industrial tl industrial

140
Q

5 steps of demographic transition theory

A

Late pre-industrial: High birth and death rates, stable
Early industrial: Death rates fall but high births. Increase
Late industrial: Falling birth rate. High but declining incr,
Early post-industrial: Low birth and death with no increas
Late post-industrial: Birth rates fall below detah. Decreas

141
Q

Age-dependancy ratio

A

ratio of dependant age groups to productive age groups . 1961: 70 dependants/100 working age
Now it is 46/100

142
Q

Old-age dependancy ratio

A

Ratio of those over 54 to the productive age group

143
Q

OADR 1961 to now

A

1961: 14 elederly/ 100 workign age
1991: 18/100
now it is 22/100

144
Q

Common immigrant location

A

1800s– britain
1840– ireland
1900s– eastern europe
1960s asia

145
Q

% of immigrants from asia or middle east

A

60%

146
Q

% of Canadians born outside the country

A

24%

147
Q

% of pop growth from immigration

A

70%

148
Q

2030

A

Annual deaths are expected ti outnumber births in canada

149
Q

Allophone

A

Mother tongue is not english, french or indigenous. 20% of canada

150
Q

2 native languages experiencign growth

A

Cree

Inuktitut

151
Q

% of christian pop in 60s and now

A

89% in 1961, now it is 67%

152
Q

Big religions

A 
Catholic
Protestant 
Non-religious
Islam
Hindu
153
Q

Hutterites

A

Pacificts came in 1918 to avoid US army service. 30k in manitoba today

154
Q

Multiculturalism

A

Official policy of federal gov since 1971

155
Q

Ethnocentricity

A

Belief that one group is superior

156
Q

Which province is in an economic boom

A

Sask. Strong resource base of potash and oil. Construction and knowledge based industry

157
Q

% of immigrants swttling in Toronto, montreal or vancouver

A

70%

158
Q

Indigenous birth rates`

A

6x higher than the rest of canada, in phase 3. Most in western cities

159
Q

Indigenous population

A

4% of pop.
62% first nations
34% metis
4% inuit

160
Q

native growth phases

A

Pre contact–> Pop size varied with food and weather 100k people
Early contact–> 1500s. Exposure to disease
Late contact (40s) high birth and death rates
Post contact–> high fertility, low mortality
1.8 million

161
Q

Primary , secondary, teritary, quternanry

A

Primary: Extraction of natural resources
Secondary: Process raw materials
Tertiary: Sale of goods and services
Quaternary: Knowledge based

162
Q

Knowledge based economy

A

Large proportion of highly educated citizens, highly urbanized pop

Geography of canada (2 decks)

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