Midterm Flashcards
4 countries prone to Regionalism
canada
russia
australia
china
Region
Distinctive area with distinguishing human or natural characteristics. Boundaries are faultlines
Uniform region
Named after a characteristic, where all locations in the region share it–> vegetation regions
Functional region
interactions among different areas within the region–> core/periphery
Cultural region
based on sense of belonging and historical experience
Faultlines
Economic, social and political boundaries dividing regions and threatening unity
4 faultlines
Centralist/decentralist
English/french
Indigenous/non-indigenous
New comers vs old timers
% of Nunvut pop who are inuit
80%
Sense of place
Bond between people and their location stemming from landscape, human activites and institutions. Evident in Atlantic canada
6 regions of Canada
Territorial north BC Western Canada Ontario Quebec Atlantic canada
% of population that is lives in Ontario and Quebec
62% combine
Heartland/Hinterland
Capitalist economics result in regionally uneven development . Industrial heartland dominates the periphery
Upwards and downwards transitional regions
Upwards: BC and prairies
Downwards: atlantic canada
Core
Recieve raw materials from periphery for manufacturing. Densely populated, diverse economy
Periphery
Purchase finished goods from core in a resource based economy. Sparsely populated, higher unemployment and lower income
Regional Exploitation theory
Wealthy core exploits the natural wealth of periphery leaving it impoversihed
Modernization theory
Core invests in periphery and helps it to develop. Canada
Sub-cores
Clusters of people in the periphery. Calgary/Edmonton, Vancouver/Victoria, Halifax
Staple
natural resources than be exploited quickly and cheaply. East to West progression of staples from the original settlements in Atlantic Canada. Farming went from ontario
3 types of economic linkages for growth
Backward: supplies for staple industry
Forward: Local processing before export
Final Demand: Services for needs of workers and family
National Policy 1879
Created Canada wide market for Canadian goods throguh tariffs and restricted trade on foreign goods. Encourage core growth and location but negatively impacted the west who bought expensive Can goods, sold cheap Us staples
Canada-US free trade agreement 1988
Help peripheries by providing cheaper products and a larger market for staple products. Companies made one plant in a country
Global core/periphery
Core–> north america and europe
Semi-perihery in Asia
5 elements of physical geography
Geology (rock type) Physiography (land surface) Climate Vegetation Soil
Igenous rock
Molten rock merges on surface and cools. Hard, resists erosion and contains minerals
Sedimentary rock
Layered rock composed of materials effected by weathering. Flat, horizontal no minerals
Erosion
Movement of weathered rock material
Metamorphic
Pre exisitng rocks change by heat and pressure, contain minerals–> limestone to marble
Canadian Shield
Igenous rock from NWT, prairies, Quebec and labrador
Platform rock
Sedimentary rock containing oil and natural gas, underlies interior plains
Folded mountains
Tectonic plate movement causes sedimnetary rock to change to metamorphic
3 mountain areas
Appalachian–> oldest, vegetation
Innutian
Cordillera–> youngest
7 physiographic regions
Canadian shield Cordillera Interior plains Hudson bay lowlands Arctic Archipelago Appalachian uplands Great lakes/St. lawrence
Cordillera
Mountains, plateaus and valleys. Plates collide east/west, mountains run north/south
Interior plains
Once a shallow inland sea, now sedimentary rock in deep,wide river valleys
Hudson bay lowlands
Many bogs, permafrost and muskeg: poorly drained soil
Arctic archipelago
Coastal plains, plateaus, mountains in the Arctic circle
Appalachian uplands
Rugged, rocky land in NFLD, rounded mountains of new brunswick
Pleistocene glaciation
All of Canada excpet yukon under an ice sheet 18k years ago–> coldest time before ice melt. 3km thick ice created hudson bay
Arete
Jagged mountainside between 2 glaciers
Cirque
Half circle glacier on a mountainside
2 types of glaciers
Continental (only greenland and antarctica)
Alpine
When were the greta lakes formed
10-13k years ago when ice retreated
Lake Agassiz
Large lake that used to cover maitoba and northern ontario from melting ice sheets
2 major components of climate
Temp
Precipitation
7 climactic controls in order of importance
Lattitude Altitude Proximity to water Ocean currents Variations in topography --> cold air sinks in valleys Prevailing wind--> chinook wind Pressure systems
7 climatic zones
Pacific Cordillera Prairies Great lakes/st lawrence Atlanti Subarctic Arctic
5 vegetation regions dictated by temp
tundra boreal barrens boreal forest mixed forest deciduous forest
Growing season
Number of days between last frost of spring and first frost of fall. 180 in london, 200 in victoria. 6 is hardiness zone for soy and corn
Orographic precipitation
Air rises over mountians, forms clouds at the top so the region on the other side is more dry
Convective precipitation
thunderstorms caused by rising hot air off the ground and cold fronts from the lake. Prairies and great lakes in the summer
Desert
Less than 250mm of annual precipitation –> yukon
3 major vegetation types
Forest
grassland
tundra
Xerophyte
Plant that has adapted to low amounts of water. Grasslands
Tundra
small plants survive in harsh climates. Reproduce by runners. Arctic and alpine. Waxy leaves and shallow roots
Krumholz
plant grows sideways due to harsh winds
5 permafrost zones
Continuous--> 80% permanently frozen Discontinuous--> in northern aspects Sporadic--> 0-30% frozen Alpine Free
Permafrost
Forms where annual mean soil temp is below 0. Follows treeline
Alpine treeline
ice tundra needle leaf forest deciduous tropical rain forest
Talik
permafrost free zone below a lake
5 soil types
Cryosolic podzolic luvisolic chernozemic mountain complex
Cryosolic
North of tree line in arctic archipelago and hudosn bay. Continuous permafrost common
Podzolic
Cool, moist climates like the Canadain shield, light grey in colour associated with coniferous vegetation
Leaching
Mositure easily percolates down soil–> podzolic and chernozemic
Luvisolic
Humid continental climates like southern ont. High organic content due to deciduous forest
Chernozemic
dry climates in grasslands. Dark soil with high organic content. As you go east rain increases, grass gets bigger and ph drops
Pallisers Triangle
Semi-arid area in Western prairies unsuitable for farming
Drainage basin
Area of land surrounding river or lake. Input is precipitation, output is rivers and evaporation
Divide
High ridge boundary of a drainage basin. Pacific, arctic, gulf of mexico, hudson bay, atlantic
Columbia ice sheet
Last remaining ice sheet in Southern Canada . Straddles continetal divide in jasper, has 8 alpine glaciers
Athabasca glacier
Alpine glacier on columbia icefield retreats 2-3m/year
3 influential historical events
Arrival of first people
British and french colonization
Arrival of third people
First people
Crossed Bering land bridge 40k years ago. Travelled the ice-free corridor at the Rocky foothills
Tribes
Trade between tribes began 10k years ago when revised diet allowed them to remain in one place
Laurentide ice sheet
Began retreating from nunavut 5k years ago
Thule people
Ancestors of inuit settled in area 1000 years ago
First contact with europeans
1400s-1600s. 500k natives dropped by 80% from disease
Terra Nullius
Thought north america was empty land
Second people
French and british decent
New France
French settled uebec in 1608. Population was 60k before British came in 1700s
Battle of Plains of Abraham
British conquest of new france in 1759. British began to immigrate in
British immigration waves
First–> British loyalists in 1775-83 from the US
Second–> 1 million people came. deteriorated english economy
Canada 1867 population
3 million
75% in great lakes and 20% in atlantic canada
60% spoke english
4 colonies united in 1867
Upper canada--> ontario Lower canada--> quebec New brunswick Nova Scotia -- withstand annexing by US
Third people of Canada
government encouraged mass immigration to Ruperts land from eastern europe and scandanavia (1895-1915
Ruperts Land
1870 gov obtained it from HBC to diminish threat of US settlers
Clifford Sifton
Minister of the interior settled the prairies and ruperts land. Planned a railroad for grain freight
July 15, 1870
Ruperts land named NWT
Manitoba joined
Years the provinces joined
1867--> Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New brunswick 1870--> NWT, Manitoba 1871: BC 1873: PEI 1898: Yukon 1905: ALberta and Sask. 1949: NFLD 1998: Nunavut
Quebec vs NFLD
Fought over labrador. Settled by english court in 1927. Everything that drained into Atlantic was given to NFLD
Centralist
Want power, strength and control to stay with federal government
Road to resources
Government build railroad to terriories in the 50s
House of Commons
338 seats for each riding, represnts 105,000 people. Ontario has 106 and Quebec has 75
2 rules for house of commons
Each province has as many MPs as senators–> PEI has 4
Each will have as many MPs as it did in 1976– quebec
oil in the 70s
Price got high. Gov and provinces agreed to match world oil price. Big $ for alberta
National Energy Program 1980-84
Ottawa refused to match oil price. Liberal gov made program to bring low oil costs to core and increase federal share of oil revenue though it is a provincial power. Now they hate liberals
Equalization Payments
Sharing of federal tax revenue among provinces to ensure a standard of living. Given to those with low fiscal capacity
Haves and Have nots
Haves–> BC, AL, SASK, NFLD
Nots–> ON, QB, MB, NS, NB, PEI, territories
Residential school years
1892-1996
3 federal policies to resolve native issues
Settle outstanding land claims
Recognize right to self-govenrment
Aceept concerns of indians, metis and inuit are different
Status Indian
Registred as an Indian under Indian Act of 1985. Entitled to rights
Treaty Indian
Member of a band who has signed a treaty
Red River Rebellion 1869
Fight between Louis Riel and Ottawa when Western land surveyor ignored Metis landholdings . Took over HBC and negotiated with gov
Metis demands in Manitoba union
Use of french and english in provincial gov
Dual system of protestant and catholic schools
Northwest rebellion 1885
Sask metis were threatened by advancing settlers. Ottawa ignored Riel. Ambush where 12 mounted police and 6 metis died
Doukhobors
Communalists who avoided government, came to Canada to avoid persecution for avoiding army in Russia
Dominion lands act 1905
Frank oliver enforced it and cancelled doukobors land rights
Treaty of Parisin 1763
France ceded new France to Britain and put the french under the british monarchy
Quebec Act 1774
Gave french canadians right to Seigneurial landholding
Guarantee religious freeedom and right to teach in french
British loyalists
40k moved in after US revolution. led to increased english pop in ontario. Led to constituitonal act
Constitutional Act 1791
Divided british colony of Quebec into provinces of upper and lower canada seperated by the ottawa river . Rebellions broke out from french
Act of Union 1841
Britain sent lord durham to handle french/english issues. Suggested a united province of Canada where french was minority. Manitoba ends catholic school funcding. French aint happy
Quiet Revolution
1960s rebirth of Quebec nationalism . Hydro-Quebec formed
Nation
Distinct cultural group. 2006 Quebec was named a nation
Seperatism referendum
1960–> 60% said no
1995–> 49.5% said no
% of countries with a higher op than Canada
20%
curent pop trneds
Rate of natural increase is declining
Aging population
High native birth rates
High growth occuring in Ontario,BC, Alberta and Sask
population density
Number of people divided by land area
Canada and ontario pop density
Canada is 3.7
Ontario is 14.1
Physiological density
Amount of arable land
Pop distribution
Dispersal of people within an area. Very unevven
% of pop that lives 100km from US
75%
Ecumene
Inhabited part of an area
Urban area
Population of at least 1000 pop and 400 people/km2
% of pop that is urban
82%– caused by auto industry in the 20s
- least urbanized is atlantic canada
6 urban centres in order
Toronto Montreal Vancouver Ottawa Calgary Edmonton
Census metropolitan area
Urban core combined with adjacent subburbs that have a high degree of interaction. Urban core must have 100k. 33 in Canada, 15 are in Ontario
2006-2011 CMAs with highest growth
Calagary
Edmonton
Saskatoon
Densely populated zone
Great lakes/st lawrence. Toronto, Montreal, hamilton, kitchener, quebec city–> core
Moderate population zone
Extends coast to coats at lattitude 49/50. Slow but uneven growth in Vancouver, Calgary, edmonton, halifax
Sparse population zone
Boreal forest over mid section of country. Fewer than `% of pop. Whitehorese, yellowknife, Fort Mcmurray
Isolated settlements zone
Fewer than 0.1% of pop. Labrador city, Iqauliuit, Inuvik
Crude birth rate
Number of births per 1000 in a given year
Rate of natural increase
Difference between crude birth and death rate. Usually positive
Net migration
Difference between in and out
3 reasons for falling of rate of natural increase
More people in cities
More women in workforce
Acceptance of family planning
Height of the birth rate
1961
Replacement fertility rate
Level of fertility at which women have enough daughters to replace themselves–> 2.1 daughters/births. Canadas is 1.6
Demographic transition theory
Shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels occuring in 5 steps from pre-industrial tl industrial
5 steps of demographic transition theory
Late pre-industrial: High birth and death rates, stable
Early industrial: Death rates fall but high births. Increase
Late industrial: Falling birth rate. High but declining incr,
Early post-industrial: Low birth and death with no increas
Late post-industrial: Birth rates fall below detah. Decreas
Age-dependancy ratio
ratio of dependant age groups to productive age groups . 1961: 70 dependants/100 working age
Now it is 46/100
Old-age dependancy ratio
Ratio of those over 54 to the productive age group
OADR 1961 to now
1961: 14 elederly/ 100 workign age
1991: 18/100
now it is 22/100
Common immigrant location
1800s– britain
1840– ireland
1900s– eastern europe
1960s asia
% of immigrants from asia or middle east
60%
% of Canadians born outside the country
24%
% of pop growth from immigration
70%
2030
Annual deaths are expected ti outnumber births in canada
Allophone
Mother tongue is not english, french or indigenous. 20% of canada
2 native languages experiencign growth
Cree
Inuktitut
% of christian pop in 60s and now
89% in 1961, now it is 67%
Big religions
Catholic Protestant Non-religious Islam Hindu
Hutterites
Pacificts came in 1918 to avoid US army service. 30k in manitoba today
Multiculturalism
Official policy of federal gov since 1971
Ethnocentricity
Belief that one group is superior
Which province is in an economic boom
Sask. Strong resource base of potash and oil. Construction and knowledge based industry
% of immigrants swttling in Toronto, montreal or vancouver
70%
Indigenous birth rates`
6x higher than the rest of canada, in phase 3. Most in western cities
Indigenous population
4% of pop.
62% first nations
34% metis
4% inuit
native growth phases
Pre contact–> Pop size varied with food and weather 100k people
Early contact–> 1500s. Exposure to disease
Late contact (40s) high birth and death rates
Post contact–> high fertility, low mortality
1.8 million
Primary , secondary, teritary, quternanry
Primary: Extraction of natural resources
Secondary: Process raw materials
Tertiary: Sale of goods and services
Quaternary: Knowledge based
Knowledge based economy
Large proportion of highly educated citizens, highly urbanized pop
