Midterm Flashcards
Levels of processing
Shallow - structural and phonemic
Deep - semantic and meaningful
Evolution of Definition of Health
- Absence of disease
- Longevity: Medical Model
- Wellness: Holistic Model
Medical Model
Oriented towards disease treatment
- people get sick and then go to doctor
Wellness Philosophy
Based on health promotion
- by adopting positive health behaviours there is a reduced chance of becoming ill and requiring treatment
WHO Definition of Health 1947
“Not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, but a state complete physical, mental and social well being.”
WHO definition
Incorporates all factors that affect health
- environmental
- living conditions
- social environment
- mental and body states
Holistic health
Recognizes the interrelatedness of physical, emotional, social, spiritual and environmental factors that affect life
Lalonde Report
Canada 1970s - New perspective on health of Canadians
- rethinking treatment-focused medicine
- saves money to focus on prevention
Health Field Concept
- Human biology
- Health care organizations
- Lifestyle
- Environment
Health in Canada 1980s
Moved towards building healthy policy through health promotion
WHO updated definition of health
1986 - “To achieve health one must be able to identify and realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment.”
Health Promotion Framework
National Health Challenges - reducing inequities - increasing prevention - enhancing people's ability to cope Mechanisms for Health Promotion - self care - mutual aid - healthy environments Implementation Strategies - fostering public participation - strengthening community - health services - coordinating healthy public policy
Quality of Life Model
Being, Belonging, Becoming
- emphasizes an individual’s physical, psychological, and spiritual functioning
- emphasizes the connections with his or her environment
- emphasizes the opportunities for maintaining and enhancing skills
Quality of Life definition
The degree to which a person enjoys the important possibilities of his or her life
Domain of BEING
Who one is
- physical being
- psychological being
- spiritual being
Domain of BELONGING
Connections with one’s environment
- physical
- social
- community
Domain of BECOMING
Achieving one’s personal goals, hopes, and aspirations
- practical
- leisure
- growth
What is wellness?
- purposeful, enjoyable living
- dynamic process
- lifestyle choice
Halbert Dunn’s Criteria
Wellness is a dynamic process of continually moving toward one’s optimal level of functioning
- direction and progress toward a higher potential of functioning
- total individual
- functioning and adapting for daily living and in times of crisis
Seven wellness dimensions
- Physical
- Emotional
- Intellectual
- Social
- Spiritual
- Occupational
- Environmental
Determinants of health
A number of important factors contribute to overall good health
- Living conditions
- Environment
- Genetic makeup
- Physical health
- Mental state
- Income and social status
Health dependent on income and social status
Only 47% of Canadians in the lowest bracket rate their health as very good or excellent compared with 73% of Canadians in the highest income group
Social support network
Include programs, services, and benefits that help individuals and families during various life transitions or unexpected events
Increased social support network
Increased social contacts - emotional support - social participation
Decreased social support network
Lack of support - death
People with higher levels of education have:
- better access to healthy environments
- smoke less and are more physically active
- better access to healthier foods
- better able to prepare children for school
Low literacy and education leads to:
- unemployment
- low income
- poorer health
- earlier death
Paid work provides:
- money
- sense of identity
- social contacts
- opportunities for personal growth
Unemployed people:
- have a reduced life expectancy
- suffer significantly more health problems than people who have a job
Work conditions
- have profound effect on people’s health and emotional well being
Health in Canada
Canada Health Act - requires provincial governments to support citizens through a public health-care insurance program but there is still serious issues of access to care across Canada
Health status of Canadians
Among healthiest in the world
- 4th highest life expectancy
Why are Canadians Happy and Healthy?
Health care system:
- publicly administered, non profit
- comprehensive
- universal
- portable
- accessible
Publicly administered, non-profit
Can not charge additional money for insured health expenses
Comprehensive
- All medically required services provided by licensed practitioners in hospitals, clinics, doctors offices covered
- Hospital care includes all inpatient services, a standard room
- All necessary drugs, biologic products, supplies and diagnostic tests, range of outpatient services
Universal
All legal residents are entitled in their province or territory
Accessible
- Reasonable access to insured hospitals and physicians without barriers
- No discrimination on the basis of age, income, health status or gender
Portable
- Entitled when you move to another province or travel
- If specialty care in unavailable in Canada, gov’t will cover treatment anywhere else in the world
Family Health Teams
Primary health care organizations that include a team of family physicians, nurse practitioners, registered nurses, social workers, dieticians, other professionals who work together to provide primary health care for their community
Perceived problems in Canada health care
- waiting lists
- quality of medical research
- closing of beds
- doctors leaving
- shortages of medical staff
- people going to US
- system stretched to limit
- sharing of medical info
- squabbling between provinces
- threats of privatization
Health and University students
Investing in a university or college education to prepare for a career has many benefits but not if individuals are not healthy
How healthy are university students?
- many students engage in behaviours which puts them at risk for health problems (men more than women)
- residence can be dangerous
- psychological distress, depression, anxiety
How healthy are UoG students?
55.9% report excellent or very good health
First year students
Report drops in physical and emotional wellness from the beginning to the end of first year
Education is good for body and mind
- influences lifestyle behaviours, problem solving abilities, and values
- promotes access to health resources and services
- connect with social networks and support
- develop higher self esteem and greater control over life
Predisposing factors
Encourage a behaviour change or inhibit us from changing
- knowledge
- attitudes
- beliefs
- values
- self efficacy
- behavioural intentions
- existing skills
- age/sex
- socioeconomic status
- ethnicity
- family background
Enabling factors
Make it easier for people or populations to change their behaviour
- individual physical capabilities
- mental capacities
- resources
- living conditions
- societal support
- developing skills
Reinforcing factors
Stick with it
- praise
- rewards
- encouragement and recognition
- healthy community policies
Smart decision making
- set priorities
- inform yourself
- consider all options
- tune in to your intuitive feelings
- consider a worst case scenario
Health belief model
Decision making that depends on attitude and beliefs: people will take a health related action based on
- perceived susceptibility
- perceived severity
- perceived benefits
- cues to action
- self efficacy
Stages of change
- pre contemplation
- contemplation
- preparation
- action
- maintenance
- termination
Complementary and alternative medicine
- aboriginal healing
- acupuncture (ancient chinese medicine)
- ayurveda (traditional indian medical treatment)
- biofeedback (learn to control involuntary functions)
- chiropractic
- herbs, botanical medicines, dietary supplements
- homeopathy (like cures like)
- massage therapy
- naturopathy
- physiotherapy
Epidemiology
Study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why
How can health promotion be defined
Process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
What are federal health care responsibilities?
- setting and administering national principles or standards for health care system through Canada Health Act
- assisting in financing of provincial health care services through fiscal transfers
- delivering direct health services to specific groups
- fulfilling other health related functions
What are provincial and territorial health care responsibilities?
- managing and delivering health care services
- planning, financing, and evaluating provision of hospital care
- physician and allied health care services
- managing some aspects of prescription care and public health
Why do people use complementary and alternative therapies?
To take an active role in their own treatment
What does informed consent mean?
The physician has informed the patient about the treatment to be given and the patient has consented to the treatment
Common causes of stress in university students
- costs
- course load
- roommates
- time management
- lack of sleep
- relationships
- staying fit and healthy
- test pressures
- academic failures
- daily hassles
Technostress
Modern disease caused by people’s inability to manage new technologies in a healthy way
- struggle to embrace
- stress from over exposure
Stress interventions
- arts based
- psycho educational
- CBT
- mindfulness
Mindfulness
Being aware of what is taking place in the present moment non judgementally
Mindfulness “attitude”
- beginner’s mind
- non judging
- acceptance
- non attachment
- non striving
What is cognitive behavioural therapy?
Focuses on changing wrongful thoughts/beliefs to help individuals break out of distorted thinking
- thoughts create feelings then feelings create behaviours and behaviour reinforces thoughts
Gum study results
Chewing gum better for overall health than other activities done when individuals are stressed, anxious, or depressed
How were conclusions of gum study made?
Electroencephalography studies have provided evidence that chewing gum produces brain wave patterns very similar to the brain state of people who are relaxed
Those who chewed more than __ pieces of gum over __ day period reported what?
40; 14; lower levels of stress and more productiveness than the no gum chewers and those who chewed less
Stress
Non specific responses of the body to any demands made on it - Hans Selye
Eustress
“Salt of life”
Distress
“Kiss of death”
Impact of stress
- performance
- gene expression
- health
Poor breathing impairs:
- memory
- concentration
- cognitive tasks
- perceptual tasks
- problem solving
- judgment
- coordination, balance, dexterity
Breathe to think and learn most clearly:
SLOW - 12 to 15 breast/min LOW - from diaphragm Longer BLOW out - exhale longer than inhale
General Adaptation Syndrome
Really good at describing really intense feelings
- constantly strive to maintain homeostasis and stressors disturb this state
- trigger non specific physiological response
- body attempts to restore homeostasis by means of adaptive response
3 distinct stages of GAS
- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion
Hans Selye
“Father of stress theory”
- defined stress as physiological responses to challenges
- Came up with GAS
- “Gratitude is possibly the most important attitude in stress management”
Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman
Came up with Cognitive-transactional model
Cognitive-transactional model
Looks at relationship between stress and health - daily hassle response
How does cognitive transactional model work?
- primary appraisal process
- secondary appraisal process - coping responses initiated
The cognitive transactional model suggests that stress is what?
“Neither an environmental stimulus, characteristic of person, nor a response but a relationship between demands and power to deal with them without unreasonable or destructive costs.”
Effects of stress
- breathing quickens
- digestive system slows down
- muscles tense
- immune system is depressed
- reproductive complications
- adrenal glands produce stress hormone
- heart rate increases
- brain becomes more alert
Warning signals for stress overload
- physical symptoms
- frequent illness
- self medication
- concentration problems
- irritability, anxiety, apathy
- accident prone
- breaking rules
- going to extreme
- working/studying longer than usual
- exaggerating importance of what you do
- “I’ve GOT to do it ALL!”
Mother Teresa effect
- 5 minutes of caring and compassion increased immune function for 4-6 hours
- feelings of fondness, appreciation, caring and pausing to connect with the world are related to healthier heart function
If isolated and not “connected”
3 x the risk of CVD
Biofeedback
Using sensitive monitors to pick up what is going on with our body and then can we get it more under control
How does biofeedback work?
Uses instruments to make unconscious body processes perceptible to the senses, in order to bring them under conscious mental control
Stress survival strategies
- refocusing
- reality checks
- spiritual coping strategies
- journalling
- eat well
- exercise
- laughter
Edgar Wilson recommends
- having a variety of stress management techniques
- let go of anger quickly
- cultivate a healthy narcissism (pay attention to your own needs)
Resources for dealing with stress
- personal support network
- connection with meaningful things
- previous learning
- exercise
- nutrition
- sleep
- personal skills and strengths
Over time increased levels of stress hormones have been shown to increase a person’s risk for which conditions?
- diabetes
- high blood pressure
- memory loss
- skin disorders
Common defence mechanisms to alleviate anxiety and eliminate conflict
- denial
- displacement
- projection
- rationalization
- reaction formation
- repression
Denial
Refusal to accept painful reality
Displacement
Redirection of feelings from their true object to a more acceptable or safer substitute
Projection
The attribution of unacceptable feelings or impulses to someone else
Rationalization
The substitution of acceptable reasons for the real motivations for your behaviour
Reaction formation
Adopting attitudes and behaviours that are opposite of what you feel
Repression
Keeping threatening impulses, fantasies, memories, feelings, or wishes from becoming conscious
Stress and immune system
When our adrenal hormones stay at high levels for long periods of time, the WBCs in our body lose their ability to keep us healthy
Psychosocial health
Complex interaction of psychological and social processes
- includes emotional, mental, social and spiritual states
- balance between 7 dimensions of wellness
Emerging adulthood
Distinct stage of life between adolescence and adult
- characterized by period of transition
How can we support psychosocial health?
- connect with others
- stay positive
- eat better with hard times
Resilience
Ability to bounce back
- everyone has challenges but it is how we bounce back that matters the most
- healthy/stable living despite setbacks
Mental wellbeing
Ability to:
- perceive reality as it is
- respond to challenges
- carry out adult responsibilities
- develop rational strategies for living
- adapt to change and cope with adversity
Emotional wellbeing
General refers to emotions and moods
- conscious reaction directed toward a specific object or person
Emotional intelligence
“The ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in the self of others”
- degree to which you understand and manage feelings
Social wellbeing
- ability to interact with other around you and to form relationships
- capability to function as a contributing member of society
- celebrating our diverse society by accepting differences
- being open to new experiences with others
- equal access to assistance, goods, services and programs for all individuals
Spiritual wellbeing
- ability to identify a basic purpose in life
- experiencing the fulfillment of achieving our full potential
- deep understanding with the interconnectedness of humans with each other and with nature
Culture
A set of shared attitudes, values, goals and practices
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization ^ Esteem ^ Love/Belonging ^ Safety ^ Physiological
Needs
Motivating factors in personality development
How can you lead a fulfilling life?
- clarify your values
- strengthen self esteem
- manage moods
- feeling in control
Values
Represent what is most important to you
- criteria by which you evaluate things, people, events and yourself
Instrumental values
Ways of thinking and acting that we hold important
Terminal values
Goals, achievements, or ideal states we strive towards
Poor self esteem linked with:
- mental illness
- abuse
- addiction
- unhealthy relationships
What is the difference between feelings and moods?
- Feelings come and go
- Moods are more sustained (hours or days)
Theory can?
Help us:
- predict relationships
- to explain relationships
Health theories
- Theory of reasoned action
- Theory of planned behaviour
- Social learning theory
Difference between theory and model
Theory is an explanation of a concept
- repeatedly test in the real world
- sometimes becomes a law (disproven or accepted)
Model is used to describe or test not explain
- verbal, visual or mathematical representation of a concept
Health belief model
Individuals take health related action if that person:
- feels negative health condition can be avoided
- has positive expectation that by taking recommended action they will avoid negative health condition
- believes they can successfully take a recommended health action
Outline health belief model
- perceived susceptibility: personal risk
- perceived severity: perceived consequences
- perceived benefits: advantages
- perceived barriers: challenges
- cues to action: what initiates change?
Transtheoretical model of change
Developed from various theories of human behaviour and change processes
Core concepts of transtheoretical model of change
- Stages of change: temporal dimension
- Processes of change: activities people use to progress through the stages
- Decisional balance: weighing pros and cons of changing (pros have to outweigh cons)
- Self efficacy: belief in ability to carry out or succeed with a specific task
Pre-contemplation
No intention to act in the near future (6 months) due to lack of information or demoralization from past attempts
Contemplation
- beginning to acknowledge an issue with behaviour
- aware of pros vs. cons
- intention to change in next 6 months
Preparation
Intention to take action in immediate future (1 month) and have a plan of action
Action
Overt action taken within last 6 months
Maintenance
- work to prevent relapse
- less temptation and more confidence
Termination
- no temptation
- 100% self efficacy
Qualitative research
Words and stories are the data
- interviews
- focus group
- case study
- observation
Strengths to qualitative research
- rich, in-depth understanding of phenomenon
- uses participant’s own words and descriptions
Limitations to qualitative research
- small samples, cannot generalize
- research bias in participant observation
Quantitative research
Numbers are data
- goal is to predict or explain (hypothesis testing)
- surveys, experimental studies, longitudinal studies
Correlation studies
Relationship between variables as they exist naturally in the world
- measure by calculating a correlation coefficient
Experimental studies
Systematic way of manipulating key factors to investigate cause and effect
Longitudinal studies
Same individuals tested/observed over different points in time
Less than __ % of population work out on regular basis
8!
Deteriorating health effects of lack of exercise is equivalent to what?
Smoking a pack of cigarettes day!
CVD
1 killer
- claims lives of 79, 500 each year
- 7.3 billion in direct health care costs
- could be reduced by increasing physical activity to only 150 minutes each week (30 mins 5 days/wk)
Physical fitness
An improved physiological state leading to improved health and longevity
- treat depression
- more concentration
- self esteem
- body image
- better focus
Primary components of physical fitness
- Cardiovascular
- Muscular Strength and Endurance
- Flexibility
- Body composition
Cardiovascular
- ability of body to take in AND use oxygen
- deliver oxygen to tissue and utilize it
- muscle around heart thickens so that heart can fill/pump more blood per beat
Muscular Strength and Endurance
Endurance - ability of muscle to maintain contraction or repeat a contraction for a period of time (higher rep lower weight)
Strength - ability of muscle to produce maximum tension once (lower rep higher weight)
Flexibility
Range of Motion of the joints
Body composition
- Ratio of fat free mass to fat mass
- Fat mass to lean body mass
- Body fat is a risk factor for CVD (especially mid section)
Secondary components of physical fitness
Balance - stand in one place
Coordination - ability to use body as a whole
Agility - ability to change direction quickly
Reaction time - ability to respond to stimulus
Speed - ability to go fast
Power - ability to be explosive
Mental capacity - tell your mind to get out of body’s way
Physical activity increases
- bone density and joint stability
- metabolism
- lifespan
- HDL cholesterol
- ability to sleep and alternates/concentration
- immune function
Physical activity decreases
- resting heart rate and blood pressure
- body image issues
- cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes
- LDL cholesterol
- stress, anxiety, depression
- illness, time off work/school
Men vs. women
- men have twice as much muscle and 1/2 as much fat
- men’s heart and lungs are larger than women
- women have wider hips
Cardio recommendation
4-7 days/wk
MSE
2-4 days/wk
Flexibility
4-7 days/wk
Time vs. Intensity
Body can only withstand so much bio mechanical stress
- longer time/lower intensity
Progressive overload conditioning
If you want to be better at something than you are right now you have to do more or a little bit harder than you already do it
Shock the body
Body adapts to stress
- 4 weeks > plateau
SAID and specificity principle
Specific, Adaptation, Imposed, Demand
FITT principle
Formula for creating plan: Frequency Intensity Time Type
Reversibility principle
If you don’t lose it you use it
- aerobic capacity is lost more quickly than strength
Maintenance
If intensity of the exercise is maintained, frequency and duration may be reduced to 2/3 of the original to maintain desired level of fitness
- maintain intensity drop from 5 to 3 days a week with no change in fitness
Why warm up?
- safety and prepping body
- rehearsal effect
- increases synovial fluid at joint
- increases blood circulation
- avoid premature onset of lactic acid and fatigue
Warm up
- multi jointed dynamic activity for 5-10 minutes
- heart rate approximately 40-50% of maximum
VO2 max
Volume of oxygen that can be taken in, delivered, and utilized
Cardio increases
- heart efficiency
- lactate threshold
- oxygen consumption
- aerobic and anaerobic capacity
Cardio decreases
- blood pressure
- fat stores
- risk of CVD, diabetes and some cancers
How often should you do cardio?
Beginners: 1-3x/wk
Intermediate: 3-5x/wk
Advanced:4-6x/wk
Intensity
55-90% of max heart rate is necessary for benefits
- can be varied through speed or workload
Methods of monitoring intensity
- Heart rate
- Rate of perceived exertion
Excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption
Oxygen levels stay elevated for longer time
- metabolism working hard
- burn more calories after you work out
- help clear lactic acid
Reasons we do HIIT
Enables us to have EPOC
What is the best type of cardio?
The kind you will do!
Why is a cool down important?
- prevents blood pooling by promoting venous return
- can help in delaying effects of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
General guideline for cool down
120 beats/min recommended
Benefits of MSE
Increases - muscle fibre size, muscle contractile strength, bone and joint strength
Decreases - loss of muscle due to inactivity and aging, and muscular imbalances
Improves - coordination, sport performance posture, performance at daily activity
Skeletal muscle
Creates movement
- movement happens at joint
- muscles contract not flex
Origin
Where a muscle starts
Insertion
Where a muscle ends
Isotonic contraction
Muscle contracts and joint moves
- concentric (up phase of bicep curl)
- eccentric (down phase of bicep curl)
Isometric
Muscles contract but joint does not move
ex: plank
Isokinetic
Muscle contracts and joint moves, speed is controlled
ex: stairmaster
Major muscles of upper body
- pectorals
- back: latissimus dorsi, trapezius, rhomboids
- serratus anterior
- deltoids
- biceps
- triceps
Major muscles of trunk
- abdominals: rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, obliques
- erector spinae
Major muscles of lower body
- quadriceps
- hamstrings
- gluteus maximus
- gastrocnemius/soleus
- tibias anterior
- abductor/adductors
Ratio working front to back
1:2
Delay onset muscle soreness
Microtears happen as a result of weight training and the body repairs these tears to become stronger resulting in some soreness
______ on concentric and ______ on eccentric
Exhale; inhale
Flexibility
Ability of body to move through a complete ROM around a joint
- genetics play a role
- decreases with age, inactivity and activity
- can have detrimental effects on posture and muscular imbalance
Benefits of stretching
- reduces chance of injury
- relaxation
- improved posture
Static stretching
Stationary (held) stretch
- done at end of workout
Dynamic stretching
Active movement through a full ROM
- part of warm up
- preparatory response
Stretching cautions
DO NOT
- stretch without warming up first
- bounce
- stretch to a point of pain
General precautions for physical fitness
- overtraining
- don’t get caught up on numbers
- overheating/under hydrating
- improper nutrition
AUDIT alcohol screening for excessive drinking
Series of questions that indicates to the person reading results what participants drinking habits are
Alcohol
Toxic drug that modifies body functions
- can be addictive
Low risk drinking
14 drinks a week for men
9 drinks a week for women
Why do students drink?
- relax
- socialize
- get drink
- feel good/euphoric
- peer pressure
- celebrate important occasions
- lower inhibitions
- self-medicate
- increase sociability
- relief from anxiety or tension
- alter state of consciousness
- lower sexual inhibitions
- become less self conscious
Alcohol use…
Hinders all the attainment of all the qualities used to promote it
What is considered binge drinking?
- 5+ drinks at one sitting for men
- 4+ drinks at one sitting for women
What is the leading cause of preventable death among undergraduates?
Binge drinking
When is binge drinking most common?
- beginning of semester
- around sporting events
Drinking in high school students
Half of all high school students report drinking at least once a month
1/3 report binge drinking
Binge drinking more/less common among students vs. non students?
MORE
Binge drinkers more likely to:
- engage in unplanned sex
- unprotected sex
- be involved with sexual assault
- drive after drinking
- get into trouble with police
- damage property
- get hurt/injured
- miss classes
- hangovers
- lose memory
- regret actions
Link between sexual risk taking and drinking
Unable to communicate NO effectively
Blood alcohol concentration
Percentage of alcohol in the blood
- expressed as a ratio of milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood
BAC and driving
- zero tolerance if you are under 21 or a novice driver
- 0.05 to 0.08 is warning range
- greater than 0.08 is criminal offence
Blood level and intoxication depend on
- amount consumed
- strength of drinks
- speed of drinking
- age
- temperature of alcohol
- drinking history
- tolerance
- lack of sleep
- what is in stomach
- emotions and mood
- metabolic rate
- menstrual cycle
- type of mix
Why can men generally tolerate more alcohol than women?
- higher body weight
- more alcohol dehydrogenase
- more muscle, which has a higher water content
Physical effects of drinking
- impaired perception
- vision
- decreased body temp
- dulled taste/smell
- altered sense of time and space
- diminished sensation
- decreased motor skills and judgement
- decreased sexual performance
- increased urination
- sleep: bad sleep
- memory and blackouts
Peak levels of alcohol occur after
1 hour
Short term effects of alcohol
Low concentrations: social stimulant
High concentrations: depressant
Safety mechanisms: gastric irritation and vomiting
Alcohol poisoning symptoms
- cold, clammy, pale skin
- breathing slows
- vomiting while sleeping
- person is un/semi conscious
BAC 0.25%
pass out
BAC 0.30%
lapse into coma
BAC 0.40%
could die
Hangover symptoms
Headache, fatigue, upset stomach, irritability, anxiety, and thirst
Hangover causes
Dehydration of brain cells from drinking - when brain cells begin to rehydrate, nerve pain accompanies their swelling back to normal size
Hangover treatments
- AVOID tylenol
- plain foods like toast, gatorade
- rest
- coffee could make it worse
Signs that alcohol is a problem
- drinking alone
- using alcohol to get through difficult situations
- feeling uncomfortable when alcohol is not available
- consuming in risky situations
- getting drunk more frequently
- drinking at unusual times
Health consequences related to alcohol consumption
- liver diseases
- CVD
- cancer
- brain damage
- poor nutrition
- digestive problems
- reproductive/sexual dysfunction
Moderate drinking
2 drinks for men
1 drink for women
cause of preventable death in our society
SMOKING
What percent of men and women in Canada smoke?
20% and 15%
Students who use tobacco are more likely to
- smoke marijuana and binge drink
- have more sexual partners
- lower grades and rate parties as more important
- spend more time socializing with friends
Cigarettes
Only product on market that when used as directed are FATAL
- contain more than 4000 chemicals
- on average lose 1 minute of life per each min spent smoke
Nicotine
Psychoactive drug which is highly addictive
- reaches brain 2x as fast as injected heroin
- low doses acts as stimulant
- high doses acts as sedative
Health issues caused by tobacco use
- heart disease and stroke
- cancers
- respiratory diseases
- ulcers
- increased wrinkles
- decreased sexual arousal/damage to sperm
- osteoporosis
- loss of teeth and teeth supportive bone
- anxiety/panic attacks
- increased risk of death by fire
Smoking is responsible for almost __ % of lung cancers
90!
Mainstream smoke
Inhaled and then exhaled by smoker
- 8 to 9 times cigarette, 24 secs
Side stream smoke
Burning end of cigarette not filtered by smoker’s lungs
- burns for 12 mins and anyone can breathe it in
- 85% of smoke that nonsmokers inhale
Other types of tobacco
- Hookahs
- E cigs
Smoking cessation
- wellbutrin
- nicotrol inhaler
- gums/lozenges
- patch
Preparing to quit smoking
- decide positively that you want to quit
- list all reasons and repeat often
- begin to condition yourself physically
- decide how you will quit
- set target date
- change your environment
- DO IT
