Final Flashcards
Sexuality
The ways in which we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings
Dimensions of sexuality
- physical
- psychological
- orientation
- developmental
- reproductive
- spiritual
What is sex?
Most people define it as penis/vagina intercourse but we need to be more specific
- penis/vaginal penetration
- oral
- anal
What is abstinence?
represents a deliberate choice regarding our bodies, minds, spirits and sexuality
Is abstinence and virginity the same thing?
Not necessarily, you could choose to be abstinent after losing virginity…
- virginity tends to be defined as penis/vagina intercourse
- abstinence is broader
Carpenter study participants categorized losing their virginity as one of what three things?
- Gift
- Stigma
- Process
Tetro virginity research showed that people were resistant because they were waiting for…
- the right partner
- specific kind of person
- special feelings
- specific kind of relationship
- relationship characteristics
- the right opportunity
Sexual orientation
Combination of emotional, romantic, sexual or affectionate attraction to another person
- who you are attracted to, fall in love with and want to live your life with
Sexual identity
based on biology and begins at the moment of contraception
Gender
based on a sense of femininity or masculinity as defined by the society in which we live
Gender identity
refers to a persons self-identified sense of being male, female, neither or both
Gender presentation
refers to external appearance, dress, mannerisms, and behaviour through which an individual presents his or her gender identity or the gender they would like to appear as
Androgynous
refers to people who identify as neither male nor female
Intersex
refers to people who were born with male and female anatomy, or ambiguous genitalia
- based on gender, hormones, internal organs and chromosomal differences
Transgender
someone whose gender identity or expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth
Heterosexual
an individual whose primary sexual orientation is toward members of the opposite sex
Homosexual
a person who is sexually or romantically attracted to or involved with individuals of the same sex
Homophobia
irrational fear and hatred of someone who is homosexual
Demisexual
person who must feel deep emotional or romantic connection to feel sexual attraction
Pansexual
someone who is attracted to others regardless of gender
Polysexual
someone who is attracted to more than one gender
Polyamorous
someone who loves more than one
Scoliosexual
someone who is attracted to non-binary, trans, or gender-non conforming individuals
Two-spirited
First nations term for gays and lesbians
Why do people have sex?
- physiological need?
- societal pressure
- fun
- stress relief
- reproduction
- love and connection
- physical pleasure
- attraction
3 Most common reasons people have sex?
- Physical pleasure
- Show affection
- Attraction
Why not have sex?
- too tired/sick
- too anxious/stressed
- no longer committed to relationship
- angry with partner
- not feeling attractive
- relationship issues
Trojan university sex survey reported that
88 percent of university students agreed that sexual health contributes to overall health and well being
What are some risks and benefits of sexual activity in university?
- safety
- emotional
- pregnancy
- health (risk and benefit)
Masturbation
self stimulation of genitals, produces similar physical responses to those of sexual activity with a partner
Why masturbate?
- relatively few negative consequences
- learn about body
- pleasure and orgasm
- enhance fantasy life
- bladder control/cardio?
Physical health benefits of sex
- cardiovascular fitness
- improves cholesterol
- increases flexibility
- strengthens immune system
- increases pain tolerance
- weight loss
- bladder control
- helps prevent endometriosis
- decreased chance of prostate cancer
- increased life!
Emotional health benefits of sex
- stress relief
- improved sleep
- reduced depression
- maintains intimate connections
- builds passion and excitement
Downsides of sex
- emotional distress
- relationship problems
- stress
- psychosocial discomfort
- guilt
- STIs
- unplanned pregnancy
Sexual negotiation
Say what you mean strongly and clearly!
- consent is ongoing (you can say no anytime)
- no means no
- no one owes sex to anyone
Ages of consent in Canada
12-13 year olds if partner is within 2 years
14-15 year olds if partner is within 5 years
16-18 except when partner is in position of authority
You can’t legally consent to have sex if…
- you are under 18 and not married and having anal sex
- you are under 12 and having vaginal sex
- you are intoxicated
- you are under 18 and having sex with someone in a position of authority
Sexting repercussions
- moral shaming
- emotional turmoil
- sex offenders list
- jail time
__ in __ people will get an STI by the age of __
1 in 2; age 25
About __% of women and __% of men infected with Chlamydia don’t have symptoms
75; 50
The highest rates of STI’s occur among…and are more widespread in _______
16 to 24 year olds; developing nations
STI pathogens like ______ and hate _____
dark, warm, moist body surfaces; light, cold, dryness
Various factors that put young people at risk of STI’s:
- feelings of invulnerability
- multiple partners
- failure to use condoms
- substance abuse
Most STI’s are _________ and 100% _________
curable; manageable with medication
Testing for STI’s is _______
free and painless
What are STI’s?
Infections you catch through sexual contact
- usually transmitted through exchange of body fluids such as semen, vaginal fluids and blood
STI’s cross all lines of ________
age, education, income level and ethnicity
Behavioural factors contributing to the spread of STIs
- early initiation of intercourse
- multiple partners
- high risk partners
- high risk sexual activity
- incorrect condom use
- substance abuse
- sexual coercion
- lack of knowledge and concern about STIs
Social factors contributing to the spread of STIs
- poverty and marginalization
- access to health care
- secrecy and moral conflict about sexuality
Biological factors contributing to the spread of STIs
- asymptomatic nature of STIs
- resistance to treatment or lack of a cure
- other biological factors
Most common STIs on campus are:
- chlamydia
- HPV (genital warts)
- herpes
General signs and symptoms of STIs
- sores
- burning
- pain
- discharge
- itching
- growths or warts
- abdominal pain
Heterosexual women spend __% of their reproductive years trying to prevent pregnancy years trying to prevent pregnancy and __% trying to become pregnant
90; 10
Abstinence and outercourse
- kissing
- hugging
- sensual touching
- mutual masturbation
Prescription contraceptives
- birth control pill
- contraceptive ring
- contraceptive patch
- contraceptive injectables
- intrauterine device
- diaphragm
- cervical cap
Nonprescription contraceptives
- male/female condom
- vaginal spermicide
- contraceptive sponge
Periodic abstinence and fertility awareness methods
- cervical mucus method
- calendar method
- basal body temperature method
Emergency contraception
Use of a method of contraception to prevent unintended pregnancy after unprotected intercourse of failure of another form of contraception
- morning after pill
Sterilization
Surgery to end a person’s reproductive capability
Msost effective types of birth control
- implant
- IUD
Most effective types of birth control
- implant
- IUD
Vaginal irritants
- UTI
- bacterial vaginosis
- yeast infections
2 common bacterial STIs
Gonorrhoea
Chlamydia
Characteristics of bacterial STIs
- treated with antibiotics
- mostly asymptomatic in women
- can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility
- if symptoms are to develop, will do so in less than 10 days
2 common viral STIs
HPV
Herpes
Characteristics of viral STIs
- related to immune system health
- skin to skin contact
- spread when asymptomatic
Hormonal birth control works by:
- preventing ovulation
- making uterine lining inhospitable to fertilized egg
- thickening cervical mucus to hinder sperm movement
Most birth control pills contain _____
synthetic forms of estrogen and progestin
Birth control risks
- cancers
- blood clots
Plan B prevents pregnancy by:
- temporarily stops release of an egg from ovary
- prevents fertilization
- prevents fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus
Male contraceptive
Injectable contraceptive to suppress sperm
- 96% effective
- trials halted because risks outweighed benefits
Coitus interruptus
- removal of penis from vagina before ejaculation
Unprotected sex should not occur…
during the middle of menstrual cycle (days 9-13)
Day one of menstrual cycle is ____ and the last day is _____
the first day of menstruation; the day before menstrual flow begins
Conception occurs
When sperm fertilizes the egg
Contraception
The prevention of conception through various forms of birth control
Implantation
The embedding of the fertilized ovum in uterine lining
Fertilization
The fusion of sperm and egg nuclei
Method of birth control used by about 100 million women all over the world?
Birth control pill
Friendship defined as…
the bond of society
Friends with benefits…
refers to relationships between friends who have sex
Hooking up
loosely defined as sexual activity with a casual partner who may be a friend or stranger
Dating
Any occasion during which two people share their time
Sternberg’s love triangle
Theory that the three components of love are intimacy, passion and commitment and the various kinds of love are composed of different combinations of these three components
Five love languages
- words of affirmation
- quality time
- giving gifts
- acts of service
- physical touch
Signs of emotional abuse:
- attempting to control various aspects of your life
- frequent humiliation
- wanting to know your location
- becoming jealous or angry
- threatening to harm you
- trying to coerce you
Cohabitation
Two people living together as a couple, without official ties such as marriage
Cohabitation determining factors
- shelter
- personal and sexual behaviour
- services
- societal
- children
Polyamory
Acceptance of having intimate relationships with more than one person at a time with both knowledge and consent of everyone involved
Open relationship
Partners agree to sexual involvement with others outside of their primary relationship
Serial monogamy
Committed monogamous relationship is entered into until the relationship ends and another monogamous relationship begins
Social monogamy
the perception of being monogamous by others
Emotional monogamy
Sets boundaries around emotional connections and affairs with others outside the primary relationship
Physical monogamy
Exclusive physical sexual experience with one’s partner
Celibacy
Means absolutely no sexual engagement (masturbation or with a partner)
Crucial ingredients for commitment according to Sternberg
- shared values
- willingness to change in response to each other
- willingness to tolerate flaws
- match in religious beliefs
- ability to communicate effectively
2 common predictors of relationship unhappiness:
- high level of arousal during a discussion
- defensive behaviours such as making excuses and denying responsibility for disagreement
Tips for staying safe on campus:
- learn about safety on campus
- drink responsibly
- be aware of who is serving you drinks
- be especially vigilant about date rape drugs
- take advantage of campus safe walk
- lock up valuables
- don’t give keys to anyone or let anyone in your living space
- take all fire alarms seriously
- ask for help when you need it
What is sexual harassment?
All forms of unwanted sexual attention
Factors that play a role in date rape
- personality and early sexual experiences
- situational variables (what happens during the date)
- acceptance of sexual coercion
- drinking
- date-rape drugs
- gender differences in interpreting sexual cues
Sexual victimization on campus…
can undermine a student’s well being and academic performance
- diminished ambition and self confidence
- reduced ability to concentrate
- sleeplessness/depression
- physical aches and other ailments
Nonverbal communication
Transmission of meaning from one person to another through means or symbols other than words
General principles of nonverbal communication
- conveys emotions
- it is multi channeled
- it is ambiguous
- may contradict verbal messages
- it is culture bound
Elements of nonverbal communication
- personal space
- facial expression
- eye contact
- body language
- touch
- influenced by gender and cultural norms
Intimate distance
begins with skin contact
- 18 inches
Personal distance
18 in. to 4 ft.
Social distance
4 to 12 ft.
Public distance
+ 12 ft.
Messages clothing can convey
- economic status
- educational level
- social status
- moral standards
- interests
- belief system
What is at risk if we don’t learn to talk about sex?
- consent
- satisfaction
- safety
Autobiographical listening
means we listen from the perspective of our own experience
- we evaluate, probe, advise, interpret
Empathic listening
active listening with the intention and commitment of truly understanding the other before seeking to be understood
What are drugs?
Any chemical substance that has mind altering properties or in other ways interacts with and modifies the structure and function of the body
Drug misuse
taking drug for purpose other than medically intended
Drug abuse
excessive use that is inconsistent with medical practice
Physical dependence
Occurs when person develops tolerance to the effects of a drug and needs larger and larger doses to achieve intoxication or another desired effect
Psychological dependence
Emotional or mental attachment to the use of a drug and feel a strong craving for a drug because it produces a pleasurable feeling or relieves stress and anxiety
Intoxication
refers to maladaptive behavioural, psychological, and physiologic changes that occur as a result of substance use
Withdrawal
Development of symptoms that cause significant psychological and physical distress when individual reduces or stops drug use
Polyabuse
Use of multiple drugs
Concurrent disorders
A situation where a person has both a mental health and a substance abuse problem
Routes of drug administration
- oral ingestion
- inhalation
- injection
- intravenous
- intramuscular
- subcutaneous
- inunction
Fastest route of administration?
- intravenous injection
Dose
Amount of drug an individual takes and this determines effects
Toxicity
Dosage level at which drug becomes poisonous to the body
What impacts an individuals response to a drug?
Internal and external environmental factors
What is the most widely used psychotropic drug in the world?
Caffeine
Coffee contains how much caffeine?
Approximately 100-150 mg per cup
Health Canda recommends no more than ____ mg of caffeine a day
400
What does caffeine do?
- acts as a stimulant to relieve drowsiness
- helps in performance of repetitive work
- boost for athletic events
Problems with caffeine
- dependence
- anxiety
- insomnia
- rapid breathing
- upset stomach and bowels
- dizziness
What is the most common drug among young adults in Ontario?
Alcohol
What is the most commonly used illegal drug among young adults?
Marijuana
Characteristics of marijuana smokers?
- single, white, partiers
- less frequent studiers
- less motivated
What factors impact whether or not students will used drugs?
- perception of risk
- alcohol use
- environment
- availability
- mental health
- peer pressure
Classes of drugs:
- stimulants
- depressants
- hallucinogens
- opioids
- cannabis
- inhalants
What impacts the effect of drugs?
- chemical composition
- dosage
- site of action
- toxicity
- tolerance
- setting
- individual factors
Stimulant
temporarily relieves drowsiness, helps in performance of repetitive tasks, improves capacity for work
- amphetamines
- MDMA
- Meth
- cocaine
Depressant
drug that depresses nervous system
- alcohol
- tranquilizers
- rohypnol
- GHB
Hallucinogen
Causes hallucinations
- PCP
- LSD
Opiods
Has sleep inducing and pain relieving properties
- heroin
- morphine
- oxycodone
- percocet
Cannabis
drugs derived from cannabis plant containing THC - major psychoactive ingredient
- marijuana
- hash
Inhalant
Produces vapours having psychoactive effects when inhaled
- solvents/aerosols
- nitrates
- nitrous oxide
Lindzie O’Reilly 2 strategies to think about:
- Have something to eat every 2 to 4 hrs and slowly taper off towards the end of the day
- Pair foods together (carbohydrates and protein)
Serving size
Amount described on package that is used to give information about nutrients
Portion size
Amount that YOU decide to eat
Plate model
- half should be fruit/veg
- quarter whole grains and fibre rich carbohydrates
- quarter protein rich
Caffeine has a half life of?
4 hours
For optimal energy, metabolism and nutrient intake:
- eat often
- make it balanced
- aim for variety
- include caffeine and high sugar foods as part of a balanced meal or snack
BMR
basal metabolic rate
- how much energy your body needs just to sustain function if you lie in bed all day
What does BMR depend on?
- genetics
- level of activity
- age
- gender
- muscle mass
Yo-yo of dieting
Low calorie diet causes body to burn muscle and protect fat > rapid weight loss of water and muscle > metabolism drops >body needs less energy > gain weight
Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight
ONLY MAKE SUSTAINABLE CHANGES
- aim to eat mindfully
Time saving strategies
- keep healthy choices on hand
- pack food the night before
- pack food for the day
- make food in large batches
- cut up fruits and veg
- keep extra snacks in bag for emergency
HAES movement
- peace no war
- care not punishment
- respect where the body is at
Body image
mental picture we have of ourselves
Self esteem
your opinion of yourself, how you value and respect yourself as a person
Self care
Actions and attitudes that contribute to the maintenance of wellbeing
Intuitive eaters have…
- lowered body dissatisfaction
- higher self esteem
- better coping skills
- higher optimism
- lower BMI
What is spirituality?
Ultimately feeling more complete and fulfilled as a human being
- connection with everything in creation
- unification
- shared consciousness
- movement toward authentic living and self
- search for divine through life experience
- growth process that leads to realization of ultimate purpose
- Develop deep appreciation expanse of life
- Built on idea of higher intelligence
Common elements of all definitions of spirituality
- hope
- meaning
- purpose
- connectedness
- honesty
- compassion
- forgiveness
- rituals
- recognition of what is held to be sacred
- transcendent beliefs
- experiences that may include sense of higher power
How do I start being spiritual?
- what does spirituality mean to you?
- what personal experiences make you feel happy and well?
- what kind of person do you want to be?
Spiritual dimensions:
- interconnectedness
- mindfulness
- transcendence
- meaning/purpose/potential
Interconnectedness
A state of being connected reciprocally
- to others
- to self
Mindfulness
Bringing attention to a moment by moment experience
Meaning
Significant quality or implication of a hidden or special significance
Purpose
An object or end to be attained
Potential
Expresses a possibility
Transcendence
Being in harmony with what we do not understand
- moments are different than others and leave us changed
Evidence suggests a relationship between spirituality and better _____
health outcomes
__% of young people 15 to 24 attend a religious services at least once a week
16
Studies show students with higher levels of spirituality…
- are more physically active
- participate more in variety of campus activities
There has been a move to integrate mind, body, and spirit wellness into campus life…how?
- student services
- counselling
- integration of spirituality curriculum
How is religion different from spirituality?
Religion is more organized
- specific system of beliefs
- involves rituals and code of ethics
Environmental wellbeing
refers to our interaction with the environment - both how we effect the environment and the effect it has on us
Environmental well being is the newest dimension of wellness
came about with the realization that it is hard for humans to be well in an unwell environment and we live in a closed system
What is an ecosystem?
- organisms sharing a physical and chemical environment
- interrelationship between land, air, water, wildlife, human beings and activities
What are greenhouse gases?
Make up earth’s atmosphere
- carbon dioxide
- methane
- nitrous oxide
- ozone
- water vapour
Greenhouse effect
A natural phenomenon where CO2, an important gas in the insulation layer covering the planet, acts like a greenhouse and allows a small amount of solar radiation through the Earth’s atmosphere, trapping it so heat generates warmth for the earth
Carbon dioxide is important for insulation…what does this mean?
It lets some radiation from the sun into our atmosphere and keeps it there and reflects the rest back into space
What releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?
Burning coal, oil, and lumber
What effect has increased CO2 had on our weather patterns?
Raised temp of the whole planet!
Climate change
Any long-term significant change in the average weather that a given region experiences
- variations within Earth’s atmosphere
Climate forcings
Physical factors introduced by human activities that force a net increase or decrease of heat in the climate system as a whole
Global warming
A sustained increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere that causes changes in the global climate
Arctic could have ice-free summer by the year?
2040
Climate change is causing weather patterns to become much more?
unstable
- extreme events more common
Effects of climate change?
- rising food costs
- flooding
- water shortages
- wildfires
- increased transportation costs
- deaths
- migrating salmon stocks in BC
4 R’s
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Recover
Reduce
Buy products packaged in recycled material or have little or no packaging
Reuse
If possible repair items instead of purchasing new ones or use jars, tins, containers
Recycle
Collecting, reprocessing, marketing and using materials once considered trash
Recover
Salvage parts and find a use for them
4 laws of ecology
- everything is connected to everything else
- everything must go somewhere
- nature knows best
- there is no such thing as a free lunch
How does the environment impact our health?
- pollution
- clean air
- quality of drinking water
- chemical risks
- invisible hazards
- food security
Change on a country wide level
- energy efficient buildings
- climate resistant buildings
- energy efficient vehicles
- renewable energy
How is UoG environmentally conscious?
- 12000 lb. of scrap aluminum used to buy bicycles for physical resources staff and campus police
- 45% locally sourced, in season produce
- all honey made on campus
- recycled napkins, compostable dinnerware
- furniture and clothing swaps
What can you do limit negative effects?
- carpool
- buy local
- recycle batteries
- eat less meat
- bring your own reusable bags shopping
- avoid buying bottled water
- minimize exposure to toxins
- maximize time outdoors
Nature deficit disorder
Less time outdoors = increased behavioural problems
Reasons kids are spending less time outdoors?
- parental fears
- harder to access natural areas
- increased screen time
How many gallons of water does it take to make a to-go latte?
53 gallons
How many gallons of water does it take to make one pair of jeans?
1800 gallons
How many litres of water does it take to make a pint of beer?
3L
Rapid detox was developed for the treatment of which classification of drugs?
a. Opiates
b. Depressants
c. Stimulants
d. Hallucinogens
a. Opiates
Which of the following is classified as a micronutrient?
a. Fats
b. Sugars
c. Fibre
d. minerals
d. Minerals
Which of the following drugs affects the central nervous system very similarly to amphetamine?
a. Marijuana
b. Heroin
c. Cocaine
d. Alcohol
c. Cocaine
