Midterm Flashcards
what is the equation for cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume
what is stroke volume?
EDV - ESV
end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
what is EDV
end diastolic volume - the start of systole
what is ESV
end systolic volume - the start of diastole
sympathetic nervous system?
fight or flight
parasympathetic nervous system?
rest and digest
what branches off the superior aortic arch?
brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
what branches off the inferior end of the aortic arch?
left iliac
right iliac
what two veins merge to form the superior vena cava?
right and left brachiocephalic
what two veins merge to form the inferior vena cava?
right and left common iliac
where does the brachiocephalic artery lead?
head, neck, and right upper limb
where does the carotid artery lead?
left side of the head and neck
where does the left subclavian lead?
neck and left upper limb
where does the right and left common iliac lead?
pelvis and right/left lower limb
neurotransmitter for sympathetic ns
epi and nor epi
neutrotransmitter for para symp ns
acetylcholine
receptor for sympathetic
adregenic
receptor for parasymp
chloringenic
agonist
activates receptor
antagonist
can block activity of receptor / stop bind
why are calcium channel blockers useful in treating high blood pressure?
block the flow of calcium to allow for a not so forceful contraction
how to determine stroke volume off a graph
peak point is EDV and bottom point is ESV
what would the pressure trace look like on a wiggers diagram for the aorta
always high
what would the pressure trace look like on a wiggers diagram for the left ventricle
very low to high and then back down
what would the pressure trace look like on a wiggers diagram for the left atrium
always pretty low
what does fick’s equation cover?
diffusion rates (depend on concentration gradient)
what does posiellues equation cover?
blood flow rate (depends on blood pressure differences)
how to tell posiellues and fick’s apart?
posiellues has a pie sign and fix contains p1,p2 and c1,c2
how is arterial pressure monitored?
carotid and aortic baroreceptors
systolic
contraction (top number) ventricular
diastolic
relaxation (bottom number) ventricular
list the structures in order that are used for conducting electrical signals through the heart
sinoatrial node –> AV node –> AV bundle (bundle of hiss) –> bundle of branches –> pirkinje fibers
semilunar valves
pulmonary and aortic
atrioventricular valves
tricuspid and bicuspid
what is the lub
systole
what is the dub
diastole
