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Summer 2016 OT > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Four type of glands?

A

Sudoriferous- Sweat gland

Sebaceous - Oil

Ceruminous- Wax

Mammary- milk gland

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2
Q

Epidermis …
is what type of tissue?
And how long it renews?
avasular/vasucular?

A

Keratin stratified epithelium
renews 25-45 days
avascular

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3
Q

Dermis…
what type?
It has 3 items….?

A

collagen and elastic fibers

fair follicles, L.arrector pili and sebaceous glands

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4
Q

Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)

  • what type?
  • includes?
  • what storage?
  • what extend through this?
A
  • loose CT and fat
  • sweat glands, blood, lymphatic vessels, cutaneous nerves
  • fat storage
  • L. retinacula cuta extend through this layer. Attach deep surface of dermis to the deep fascia.
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5
Q

Deep Fascia

  • What kind of CT?
  • Forms what 2?
  • Extensions from? 3 things
A

Dense, organized CT

NO fat

Forms retincula

Forms Bursae

Extensions from internal surface: Investing fascia, Intermuscular septa, and subserous fasica.

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6
Q

Burns- what is important?

A

Number of body percentage affected

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7
Q

Fibrous Joints

- List two and give example

A
  • Syndesmosis, ex: Suture, Interosseous membrane

- Gomphosis- stablizes a tooth

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8
Q
  • ** CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

- Give two and example

A
  • Synchondrosis - primary ; ex: epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage)
  • Symphysis- Secondary: ex: pubic symphysis or IV disc (fibrocartilage)
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9
Q
  • ** SYNOVIAL JOINTS

- Give example to all 6 of the items

A
  • Hinge Joint- Uniaxial; humeral-ulner joint
  • Pivot Joint- Uniaxial; Atlanto-axial joint
  • Saddle Joint- Biaxial: 1st carpal - metacarpal joint
  • Condyloid Joint- Biaxial; Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint
  • Plane Joint- Acromio-clavicular joint
  • Ball and Socket- Gleno-humeral joint
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10
Q

Skeletal MUSCULAR Classification:

- List 5 of them and give example for each

A
  • Pennate- feather like: flexor pllis longus, rectus femoris, and deltoid
  • fusiform, spindle shaped: biceps branchii
  • parallel- Ex: sortarius
  • convergent- pectoralis major
  • circular- orbicularis oris

-

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11
Q

Contractions:

Origin/insertion

Reflexive?

tonic?

Phasic? :

  • — Isometric
  • — Isotonic : has two items listed.
A
  • proximal end (fixed) , distal end (movable)
  • involuntary , diaphragm
  • Slight contraction, muscle tone
  • Isometic- no change in length
  • Isotonic- Change in length, movement
    - Concentric : shortening of muscle
    - - Eccentric: Lengthening of muslce
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12
Q

What duck Drains lymph from the body’s upper RIGHT quadrant and it ends in ____ venous angle.

A

Right lymphatic duct, right venous angle

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13
Q

** Thoracic Duct drains lymph from _____?

  • Ends in ?
A

the rest of the body

- Ends in Left Venous Angle.

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14
Q

CNS consist?

PNS consist?

A
  • Brain and Spinal Cord

- 12 pairs CN and 31 pairs of Spinal nerves

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15
Q

Dura Matter?
Arachnoid matter?
pia matter?

CSF is located between?

A

Outermost, thick

middle

innermost layer, thin

Between Pia and Arachnoid

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16
Q

PNS-

what cells surround axon?

A

Schwann celss

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17
Q

Epineurium

Perineurium

Endoneurium

A

Thick, outermost surround a bundle of fasicles, includes fatty tissues, blood vessles, and lymphatics.

CT that encloses fasicle; barrier against foreign substances.

Surrounds neurolemma cells and axons

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18
Q

____ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS. It has motor and sensory

A

Ganglion

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19
Q

Under Somatic NErvous System

  • Give example of somatic sensory:
A

Touch, pain, temperature and position

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20
Q

Under Autonomic Nervous System

**— What fibers give blood pressure and chemistry via heart and respirator rates ? It is inforamtion about body’s internal environment, pain

A
  • Visceral AFFERENT fibers (sensory)
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21
Q

Visceral EFFERENT fibers innervate?

A

smooth muscle/ non-skeletal

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22
Q

Sympathetic Division

thoracolumber or craniosacral?

catabolic/anabolic?

A

Thoracolumbar

Catabolic- fight or flight

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23
Q

AUtonomic nerve conduction

____ neuron has its axon synapse on the cell body of the _____ neuron in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS. Cell bodies of these postsynaptic neurons terminate on the _____ ____.

A

presynaptic/ preganglionic ; postganglionic neuron ; effector organ.

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24
Q

What root is Afferent fibers to sensory organs?

What spinal root is EFFERENT fibers from anterior horn to effector organs?

A

Posterior/dorsal root.

Anterior ventral root.

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25
Q

*** General Somatic AFFERENTS- is sensation from body to CNS. Give example:

dermatone/ myotome?

A

Exteroceptic- pain, temp, touch, pressure and Proprioceptive- from muscles, tendons, and joints.

  • dermatome: skin innervated by general sensory afferents
26
Q

Under Visceral Fibers:

Transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations from hollow organs, glands and blood vessels to the CNS

A

General Visceral AFFerent

27
Q

Under Visceral Fibers:

Transmit impulses to involuntary muscles and glandular tissues

A

General Visceral EFFerent

28
Q

Sympathetic Visceral Motor Innervation:

Presynaptic- Cell bodies in the what columns? It is gray matter lateral horns between ____ and ____ , ____

A

IML (T1 and L2, L3 )

29
Q

Sympathetic Visceral Motor Innervation:

Under Postsynaptic:

Paravertebral ganglia is left and right ____ chains?

____ ganglia surround origins of the main branches of abdominal aorta

A

Sympathetic chains

prevertebral ganglia

30
Q

Parasympathetic Visceral MOtor Innervation:

In brainstem gray matter fibers exit within CN ___, ___, ___, ___ . AKA _____ outflow? Also what nerve involve?

In sacral gray matter fibers exit through anterior roots of ____ nerves and ______ _____ nerves. AKA as _____ outflow?

A

3, 7, 9, 10 = Cranial Parasympathetic outflow; vaugs nerve

spinal nerves S2-S4; and pelvic splanchnic nerves= sacral parasympathetic outflow.

31
Q

CURVATURES:

*** Kyphoses-
primary/secondary curvature?
concave Anteriorioly/posteriorly?
what two area?

A

Primary curvatures
Anteriorly
THORACIC and SACRAL KYPHOSES

32
Q

From erosion of anterior part of 1 or more vertebra is what abnormal curvature?

A

Excess thoracic Kyphosis aka humpback

33
Q

***Anterior rotation of the pelvis and associated with weakened trunk muscles is what abnormal curvature?

A

Excess lumbar LORDOSIS aka Hollow back

34
Q

Abnormal lateral curvature with vertical rotation is what?

Also causes by aymmetric, hemivertebra, and limbs difference

A

Scoliosis aka Crooked/curved back

35
Q

*** Cervical Vertebra

  • Which one has no spinous process or body?
  • Has small ____ foramen?
  • strongest/weakest vertebra? , which one?
  • vertebral foramen is smallest/largest?
  • what vertebral foramen shape?
A 
C1
transverse
strongest C2
largest vertebral foramen
triangular
36
Q

Thoracic Vertebra

  • what body shape?
  • what vertebral foramen shape?
  • smallest/largest vertebral foramen?
A

heart
circular
smallest

37
Q

** Which vertebra has triangular vertebral foramen, kidney shaped, mamillary process (only one), and short spinous process, hatchet shaped

A

LUMbar vertebrae

38
Q

Sacral hiatus from absence of ____ and ____of S4, S5

Sacral ___ inferior articular processes of S5

A

laminea and spinous process

sacral cornua.

39
Q

Central core of IV disc. Reason for decrease in height in older people, and 88% water at birth

A

Nucleus Pulposus

40
Q

No IV disc between C1 and C2. Iv disc thickest in ____ and thinnest in superior ___ ?

A

lumbar, thoracic.

41
Q

____ Longitudinal ligament from pelvic surface of sacrum to anterior tubercle of atlas and occipital bone anterior to formen magum?

Also limits ___ of vertebral comumn

A

Anterior

Extension

42
Q

____ longitudinal ligament attached to posterior IV discs. Prevents ______ and posterior herniation of IV discs. Many pain nerve endings.

A

Posterior

Hyperflexion

43
Q

What ACCESSORY ligaments adjoin laminae of adjacent vertebral arches? Prevent abrupt ____ of vertebral column

A

Ligamenta flavum,

flexion

44
Q

Under Accessory Ligaments

  • weakly adjoin spinous processes?
  • strongly adjoin spinous process? that merges with nuchal ligament.
  • Nuchal ligament from _____ and posterior border of foramen magnum to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae. site of muslce attachment.
  • Connect adjacent transcerse procesess?
A
  • interspinous ligaments
  • supraspinous ligaments
  • EOP
  • intertransverse ligaments
45
Q

Atlanto- Occipital Joints :

  • between ____ and _____
  • flexion/extension? of the head .
  • show as what movement?
  • Movement limited by ____ and ____ atlanto occipital membranes

Atlantoaxial Joints:
Right and Left lateral atlantoaxialjoints: between ___ and ____.

Median atlantoaxial Joints: between ____ and anterior arch and transverse ligament of C1

Rotation of head?

A

lateral masses of atlas and the occipital condyles
Flexion
Yes movement.
Movement limited by anterior and posterior atlanto occipital membranes

lateral masses of C1 and superior facets of C2

dens

No movement. Cranium and C1 rotate on C2.

46
Q

LIGAMENTS OF ATLANTOAXIAL JOINTS-

What ligament is between tubercles on the medial aspects of the lateral masses of C1?

What band is from transverse ligament to the occipital bone superiorly and to the body of C2 inferiorly?

  • From sides of dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum is what ligaments?
  • What membrane is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament through the foramen magnum? Covers the alar and transverse ligaments.
A

transverse ligament

longitudinal bands

cruciate ligament

  • Alar ligaments
  • tectorial membrane
47
Q

*** Spinal cord begins as a continuation of the ____ ends between ____ and ____

meduallary cone between: T____ and L____

Cervical Enlargements: C___ through T____

Lumbosacral Enlargement: L____ through S____. Cauda equina arises from this enlargement and medullary cone.

A

medulla oblongata, L1 and L2

T12- L3

C4- T1

L1- S3

48
Q

Structure of Spinal Nerves:

Posterior roots: Afferent fibers from skin, viscera. Cell bodies in ___

Anterior roots: Efferent fibers to skeletal muscle. Cell bodies in ____ horns of ____ matter

A

spinal ganglia

anterior horns of gray matter

49
Q

Lumbar Spinal Tap: obtain a sample of CSF needle inserted into ____ space. In midline between the spinous processes of ___ and ___ (little danger )

A

subarachnoid space

L3, L4

50
Q

Three Longitudinal Arteries- superior cord

What artery from union of vertebral arteries? (think of Cricle of willis drawing)

What arteries branches of vertebral arteries or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

A
  • anterior spinal artery

- two posterior spinal arteries

51
Q

Olfactory CN1:
damage?
exit?

A

anosmia, cant smell

cririform foramen

52
Q

optic cn2;
damage?
exit?

A

anopsia, visual deficits, loss of light relfex.

Optic Canal

53
Q 
Occulomotor CN3; 
function?
damage?
exit?
innvervate?
A

adducts
lateral strabismus
SOF
S/I/M rectus , IO, Levator palpebrae superioris

54
Q 
Trochlear CN4;
function? give 2
damage?
Exit?
Innervate?
A

adduct, and intorsion
diplopia, double vision
SOF
SO muscle

55
Q

Trigmenal CN V
V1-
V2-
V3-

V2; function? exit?
V3; function? innervation

A

opththalmic
maxillary
mandibular

maxillary- sensation to MIDDLE of face: upper lip, maxillary teeth. Foramen rotundum

v3 mandibular= mastication, exit foramen ovale , sensation to lower lip. and TMJ

56
Q 
Abducens CN 6;
function?
damage?
exit?
innvervate?
A

aBduct eye
medial strabismus
SOF
Lateral rectus

57
Q 
Facial Nerve 7; 
function?
damage? 3
Exit?
Innervation?
A

taste of anterior 2/3 tongue

decrease in saliva/ tear production, and loss of taste 2/3, dropping ipsilateral side of face

internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen

glands of head except parotid glad.

58
Q

vestibulocochlear 8,
function?
damage? 2
exit?

A

hearing, balance

vertigo and nystagmus (dancing eyes)
IAM

59
Q 
Glossopharyngeal 9
funtion
damage 2
exit
innervation
A

taste to posterior 1/3 of tounge

decrease saliva, trouble articulating

JF

parotid gland

60
Q

vagus cn 10

funtion? 4
damage? 3
exit?

A

taste of epiglottic region, pharynx, muscle of larynx, abdominal viscera

trouble with respiratory, dysphagia(difficulty swallowing), palate droop

JF

61
Q

Spinal Accessory 11

function?
innervate?

A

neck and shoulder,

trap, and SCM

62
Q

hypoglossal 12

function

damage

exit

innervate

A

tounge movement

deviation of tongue upon protrusion

hypoglossal canal

innervate all intrinsic tongue except palatoglossus muscle/ Extrinsic- position of tounge

Summer 2016 OT (5 decks)

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