MIDTERM Flashcards
Four type of glands?
Sudoriferous- Sweat gland
Sebaceous - Oil
Ceruminous- Wax
Mammary- milk gland
Epidermis …
is what type of tissue?
And how long it renews?
avasular/vasucular?
Keratin stratified epithelium
renews 25-45 days
avascular
Dermis…
what type?
It has 3 items….?
collagen and elastic fibers
fair follicles, L.arrector pili and sebaceous glands
Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)
- what type?
- includes?
- what storage?
- what extend through this?
- loose CT and fat
- sweat glands, blood, lymphatic vessels, cutaneous nerves
- fat storage
- L. retinacula cuta extend through this layer. Attach deep surface of dermis to the deep fascia.
Deep Fascia
- What kind of CT?
- Forms what 2?
- Extensions from? 3 things
Dense, organized CT
NO fat
Forms retincula
Forms Bursae
Extensions from internal surface: Investing fascia, Intermuscular septa, and subserous fasica.
Burns- what is important?
Number of body percentage affected
Fibrous Joints
- List two and give example
- Syndesmosis, ex: Suture, Interosseous membrane
- Gomphosis- stablizes a tooth
- ** CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
- Give two and example
- Synchondrosis - primary ; ex: epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage)
- Symphysis- Secondary: ex: pubic symphysis or IV disc (fibrocartilage)
- ** SYNOVIAL JOINTS
- Give example to all 6 of the items
- Hinge Joint- Uniaxial; humeral-ulner joint
- Pivot Joint- Uniaxial; Atlanto-axial joint
- Saddle Joint- Biaxial: 1st carpal - metacarpal joint
- Condyloid Joint- Biaxial; Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint
- Plane Joint- Acromio-clavicular joint
- Ball and Socket- Gleno-humeral joint
Skeletal MUSCULAR Classification:
- List 5 of them and give example for each
- Pennate- feather like: flexor pllis longus, rectus femoris, and deltoid
- fusiform, spindle shaped: biceps branchii
- parallel- Ex: sortarius
- convergent- pectoralis major
- circular- orbicularis oris
-
Contractions:
Origin/insertion
Reflexive?
tonic?
Phasic? :
- — Isometric
- — Isotonic : has two items listed.
- proximal end (fixed) , distal end (movable)
- involuntary , diaphragm
- Slight contraction, muscle tone
- Isometic- no change in length
- Isotonic- Change in length, movement
- Concentric : shortening of muscle
- - Eccentric: Lengthening of muslce
What duck Drains lymph from the body’s upper RIGHT quadrant and it ends in ____ venous angle.
Right lymphatic duct, right venous angle
** Thoracic Duct drains lymph from _____?
- Ends in ?
the rest of the body
- Ends in Left Venous Angle.
CNS consist?
PNS consist?
- Brain and Spinal Cord
- 12 pairs CN and 31 pairs of Spinal nerves
Dura Matter?
Arachnoid matter?
pia matter?
CSF is located between?
Outermost, thick
middle
innermost layer, thin
Between Pia and Arachnoid
PNS-
what cells surround axon?
Schwann celss
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Thick, outermost surround a bundle of fasicles, includes fatty tissues, blood vessles, and lymphatics.
CT that encloses fasicle; barrier against foreign substances.
Surrounds neurolemma cells and axons
____ is a collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS. It has motor and sensory
Ganglion
Under Somatic NErvous System
- Give example of somatic sensory:
Touch, pain, temperature and position
Under Autonomic Nervous System
**— What fibers give blood pressure and chemistry via heart and respirator rates ? It is inforamtion about body’s internal environment, pain
- Visceral AFFERENT fibers (sensory)
Visceral EFFERENT fibers innervate?
smooth muscle/ non-skeletal
Sympathetic Division
thoracolumber or craniosacral?
catabolic/anabolic?
Thoracolumbar
Catabolic- fight or flight
AUtonomic nerve conduction
____ neuron has its axon synapse on the cell body of the _____ neuron in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS. Cell bodies of these postsynaptic neurons terminate on the _____ ____.
presynaptic/ preganglionic ; postganglionic neuron ; effector organ.
What root is Afferent fibers to sensory organs?
What spinal root is EFFERENT fibers from anterior horn to effector organs?
Posterior/dorsal root.
Anterior ventral root.
*** General Somatic AFFERENTS- is sensation from body to CNS. Give example:
dermatone/ myotome?
Exteroceptic- pain, temp, touch, pressure and Proprioceptive- from muscles, tendons, and joints.
- dermatome: skin innervated by general sensory afferents
Under Visceral Fibers:
Transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations from hollow organs, glands and blood vessels to the CNS
General Visceral AFFerent
Under Visceral Fibers:
Transmit impulses to involuntary muscles and glandular tissues
General Visceral EFFerent
Sympathetic Visceral Motor Innervation:
Presynaptic- Cell bodies in the what columns? It is gray matter lateral horns between ____ and ____ , ____
IML (T1 and L2, L3 )
Sympathetic Visceral Motor Innervation:
Under Postsynaptic:
Paravertebral ganglia is left and right ____ chains?
____ ganglia surround origins of the main branches of abdominal aorta
Sympathetic chains
prevertebral ganglia
Parasympathetic Visceral MOtor Innervation:
In brainstem gray matter fibers exit within CN ___, ___, ___, ___ . AKA _____ outflow? Also what nerve involve?
In sacral gray matter fibers exit through anterior roots of ____ nerves and ______ _____ nerves. AKA as _____ outflow?
3, 7, 9, 10 = Cranial Parasympathetic outflow; vaugs nerve
spinal nerves S2-S4; and pelvic splanchnic nerves= sacral parasympathetic outflow.
CURVATURES:
*** Kyphoses-
primary/secondary curvature?
concave Anteriorioly/posteriorly?
what two area?
Primary curvatures
Anteriorly
THORACIC and SACRAL KYPHOSES
From erosion of anterior part of 1 or more vertebra is what abnormal curvature?
Excess thoracic Kyphosis aka humpback
***Anterior rotation of the pelvis and associated with weakened trunk muscles is what abnormal curvature?
Excess lumbar LORDOSIS aka Hollow back
Abnormal lateral curvature with vertical rotation is what?
Also causes by aymmetric, hemivertebra, and limbs difference
Scoliosis aka Crooked/curved back
*** Cervical Vertebra
- Which one has no spinous process or body?
- Has small ____ foramen?
- strongest/weakest vertebra? , which one?
- vertebral foramen is smallest/largest?
- what vertebral foramen shape?
C1 transverse strongest C2 largest vertebral foramen triangular
Thoracic Vertebra
- what body shape?
- what vertebral foramen shape?
- smallest/largest vertebral foramen?
heart
circular
smallest
** Which vertebra has triangular vertebral foramen, kidney shaped, mamillary process (only one), and short spinous process, hatchet shaped
LUMbar vertebrae
Sacral hiatus from absence of ____ and ____of S4, S5
Sacral ___ inferior articular processes of S5
laminea and spinous process
sacral cornua.
Central core of IV disc. Reason for decrease in height in older people, and 88% water at birth
Nucleus Pulposus
No IV disc between C1 and C2. Iv disc thickest in ____ and thinnest in superior ___ ?
lumbar, thoracic.
____ Longitudinal ligament from pelvic surface of sacrum to anterior tubercle of atlas and occipital bone anterior to formen magum?
Also limits ___ of vertebral comumn
Anterior
Extension
____ longitudinal ligament attached to posterior IV discs. Prevents ______ and posterior herniation of IV discs. Many pain nerve endings.
Posterior
Hyperflexion
What ACCESSORY ligaments adjoin laminae of adjacent vertebral arches? Prevent abrupt ____ of vertebral column
Ligamenta flavum,
flexion
Under Accessory Ligaments
- weakly adjoin spinous processes?
- strongly adjoin spinous process? that merges with nuchal ligament.
- Nuchal ligament from _____ and posterior border of foramen magnum to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae. site of muslce attachment.
- Connect adjacent transcerse procesess?
- interspinous ligaments
- supraspinous ligaments
- EOP
- intertransverse ligaments
Atlanto- Occipital Joints :
- between ____ and _____
- flexion/extension? of the head .
- show as what movement?
- Movement limited by ____ and ____ atlanto occipital membranes
Atlantoaxial Joints:
Right and Left lateral atlantoaxialjoints: between ___ and ____.
Median atlantoaxial Joints: between ____ and anterior arch and transverse ligament of C1
Rotation of head?
lateral masses of atlas and the occipital condyles
Flexion
Yes movement.
Movement limited by anterior and posterior atlanto occipital membranes
lateral masses of C1 and superior facets of C2
dens
No movement. Cranium and C1 rotate on C2.
LIGAMENTS OF ATLANTOAXIAL JOINTS-
What ligament is between tubercles on the medial aspects of the lateral masses of C1?
What band is from transverse ligament to the occipital bone superiorly and to the body of C2 inferiorly?
- From sides of dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum is what ligaments?
- What membrane is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament through the foramen magnum? Covers the alar and transverse ligaments.
transverse ligament
longitudinal bands
cruciate ligament
- Alar ligaments
- tectorial membrane
*** Spinal cord begins as a continuation of the ____ ends between ____ and ____
meduallary cone between: T____ and L____
Cervical Enlargements: C___ through T____
Lumbosacral Enlargement: L____ through S____. Cauda equina arises from this enlargement and medullary cone.
medulla oblongata, L1 and L2
T12- L3
C4- T1
L1- S3
Structure of Spinal Nerves:
Posterior roots: Afferent fibers from skin, viscera. Cell bodies in ___
Anterior roots: Efferent fibers to skeletal muscle. Cell bodies in ____ horns of ____ matter
spinal ganglia
anterior horns of gray matter
Lumbar Spinal Tap: obtain a sample of CSF needle inserted into ____ space. In midline between the spinous processes of ___ and ___ (little danger )
subarachnoid space
L3, L4
Three Longitudinal Arteries- superior cord
What artery from union of vertebral arteries? (think of Cricle of willis drawing)
What arteries branches of vertebral arteries or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
- anterior spinal artery
- two posterior spinal arteries
Olfactory CN1:
damage?
exit?
anosmia, cant smell
cririform foramen
optic cn2;
damage?
exit?
anopsia, visual deficits, loss of light relfex.
Optic Canal
Occulomotor CN3; function? damage? exit? innvervate?
adducts
lateral strabismus
SOF
S/I/M rectus , IO, Levator palpebrae superioris
Trochlear CN4; function? give 2 damage? Exit? Innervate?
adduct, and intorsion
diplopia, double vision
SOF
SO muscle
Trigmenal CN V
V1-
V2-
V3-
V2; function? exit?
V3; function? innervation
opththalmic
maxillary
mandibular
maxillary- sensation to MIDDLE of face: upper lip, maxillary teeth. Foramen rotundum
v3 mandibular= mastication, exit foramen ovale , sensation to lower lip. and TMJ
Abducens CN 6; function? damage? exit? innvervate?
aBduct eye
medial strabismus
SOF
Lateral rectus
Facial Nerve 7; function? damage? 3 Exit? Innervation?
taste of anterior 2/3 tongue
decrease in saliva/ tear production, and loss of taste 2/3, dropping ipsilateral side of face
internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen
glands of head except parotid glad.
vestibulocochlear 8,
function?
damage? 2
exit?
hearing, balance
vertigo and nystagmus (dancing eyes)
IAM
Glossopharyngeal 9 funtion damage 2 exit innervation
taste to posterior 1/3 of tounge
decrease saliva, trouble articulating
JF
parotid gland
vagus cn 10
funtion? 4
damage? 3
exit?
taste of epiglottic region, pharynx, muscle of larynx, abdominal viscera
trouble with respiratory, dysphagia(difficulty swallowing), palate droop
JF
Spinal Accessory 11
function?
innervate?
neck and shoulder,
trap, and SCM
hypoglossal 12
function
damage
exit
innervate
tounge movement
deviation of tongue upon protrusion
hypoglossal canal
innervate all intrinsic tongue except palatoglossus muscle/ Extrinsic- position of tounge
