Midterm Flashcards
Palpitation: Clinical Application
- PT Assessment: defining area of treatment, confirming location/verify structures, provocation of symptoms, assessment of mobility
- PT Treatment: mobilization, soft tissue relaxation, pain relief
- palpitation can detect if patient is activating muscles he may not supposed to be-steady hand used as reminder to not use those which can relax patient and provide pain relief
Planes of Movement
- frontal/coronal: splits body into front and back (adduction and abduction-pertain only to appendages)
- sagittal: splits body in right and left (flexion and extension)
- transverse: splits body in top and bottom (superior and inferior)
Medial Rotation
- occur at shoulder and hip joints
- limb turns in toward midline
Lateral Rotation
- occur at shoulder and hip joints
- limb swings away from midline
Circumduction
- possible only at shoulder and hip joints
- combo of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction together creating a cone shaped movement
Lateral Flextion
- occurs only at axial skeleton
- ex: neck or vertebral column bends laterally to the side
Protraction and Retraction
- pertain to scapula, clavicle, head, and jaw
- protraction occurs when one of these structures moves anteriorly
- retraction is movement posteriorly
Axial Skeleton
- skeletons center
- cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum and hyoid
Apendicular Skeleton
-arms, legs, pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle), and pelvic girdle (hips)
Ellipsoid Joint
- oval shaped end o fone bone articulating with elliptical basin of another bone
- permits flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
Saddle Joint
- modified ellipsoid joint composed of convex and concave articulating surfaces
- ex trapezium and first metacarpal
Pivot Joint
- designed to allow one bone to rotate around the surface of another bone
- ex: first and second cervical vertebrae allow rotation of head
Gliding Joint
- between two flat surfaces
- ex: between carpal bones
4 Major Systems PTs Screen
- integumentary
- musculoskeletal
- cardiopulmonary
- nervous
Tendons
- connect muscles to bones
- becomes taut or slack depending on if muscle belly is contracted
Ligament
- connects bone to bone at joints for stability
- dense, taut feel and remain taut throughout all states of contraction
Fascia
- continuous sheet of fibrous membrane located beneath the skin and around muscles and organs
- two types: superficial and deep
- superficial: thickness varies; spatial layer filled with other tissue
- deep: more complex design; surrounding muscle bellies and separating them into functional groups
Borders and Content of Cubital Fossa
- lateral border: medial border of brachioradialis
- medial border: lateral border of pronator teres
- contents: median nerve, brachial artery that divides into radial and ulnar arteries, deep branch of radial nerve, biceps brachii tendon
Attachments of Flexor Retinaculum
-pisiform, tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium, and hook of hamate
Which has greater mobility ulnar or radial deviation? Why?
- ulnar
- the radius creates a bony block on the dorsal side
Which carpal is most often fractured? Dislocated?
- scaphoid
- lunate
What are the 3 true synovial joints of the shoulder?
- glenohumeral
- sternoclavicular
- acromioclavicular
What is the pseudo joint of the shoulder?
- scapulothoracic
- does not have the usual joint components like a synovial membrane, or ligaments connecting to bones
Shoulder movement needed to: reach opposite shoulder
-flexion and medial rotation
Shoulder movement needed to: elevate shoulder overhead to reach a high shelf
-flexion
Shoulder movement needed to: reach behind head
-abduction and external rotation
Shoulder movement needed to: reach small of back
-adduction, extension, and internal rotation
Which muscles of the shoulder/arm have actions that are antagonistic to itself?
- deltoid: posterior fibers extend, anterior fibers flex
- trapezius: upper fibers elevate scapula and lower fibers depress
- pectoralis major: upper fibers flex, lower fibers extend
Muscles Involved with Scapular Elevation
-trapezius (upper), rhomboids, levator scapula
Muscles Involved with Scapular Depression
-trapezius (lower), serratus anterior, pectoralis minor
Muscles Involved with Scapular Adduction
-rhomboids, trapezius (middle)
Muscles Involved with Scapular Abduction
-pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
Muscles Involved with Scapular Upward Rotation
-trapezius (upper and lower), serratus anterior
Muscles Involved with Scapular Downward Rotation
-rhomboids, levator scapula, pectoralis minor
Muscles that Connect Humerus to Scapula
-pectoralis minor, triceps brachii, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, coracobrachialis, teres minor, teres major, deltoid, subscapularis
Muscles that Connect Axial Spine to Humerus
-pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
Which muscles form walls of axillary wall?
- posterior: subscapularis, latissimus dorsi
- medial: serratus anterior and rib cage
- anterior: pectoralis major and minor
- lateral: biceps brachii, coracobrachialis
Name the muscles that make up the thenar and hypothenar eminences
- thenar: abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis and adductor pollicis (web space)
- hypothenar: abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis and opponens digiti minimi
What is the general origin of wrist flexor group?
-medial side of humerus
What is the general origin of wrist extensor group?
-lateral side of humerus
What’s the floor of the anatomical snuff box? Its borders?
- scaphoid
- extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus
What’s the most powerful supinator?
-biceps brachii
Ulnar Nerve
-palpated between medial epicondyle and olecranon process
