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Intro Psychology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

behavior genetics

A

genetic and environmental influences on behavior

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2
Q

environment

A

nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to people and things around us

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

a structure made of DNA genes.

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4
Q

DNA

A

a molecule containing genetic information

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5
Q

Genes

A

a segment of DNA that makes proteins

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6
Q

Identical twins

A

are twins who are born from the same egg and looks identical to each other.

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7
Q

fraternal twins

A

twins who are born the same day but has different DNA

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8
Q

culture

A

traditions and belief, share by a group of people that is passed on to generation

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9
Q

norm

A

a rule for accepted and expected behavior

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10
Q

personal space

A

a comfort zone we like to have around our bodies

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11
Q

individualism

A

works better alone

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12
Q

collectivism

A

works better in a group

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13
Q

learning

A

a permanent change in one’s behavior due to experience

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14
Q

observational learning

A

learn by watching others

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15
Q

modeling

A

imitating a specific behavior

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16
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that imitate the actions of what you see

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17
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, helpful behavior

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18
Q

memory

A

learning over time by storing information

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19
Q

encoding

A

processing information into memory system

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20
Q

retrieval

A

getting information out of memory storage

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21
Q

sensory memory

A

very brief recording of sensory information in the memory storage system

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22
Q

short - term memory

A

memory that’s being hold for a short time

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23
Q

long - term memory

A

permanent information that is stored in the memory system

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24
Q

working memory

A

memory that focuses on incoming auditory and visual information

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25
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information

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26
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention

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27
Q

rehearsal

A

conscious repetition of information

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28
Q

spacing effect

A

tendency for distributed study

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29
Q

serial position effect

A

able to remember the first and last thing in a list

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30
Q

imagery

A

mental pictures

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31
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids

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32
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar units

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33
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary memory of visual stimuli

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34
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary memory of audio stimuli

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35
Q

long - term potentiation

A

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulations

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36
Q

flashbulb memory

A

memory of an emotional significant moment

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37
Q

implicit memory

A

retention independent of conscious recollection

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38
Q

explicit memory

A

memory of facts and experiences

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39
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural center that is located in the limbic system

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40
Q

recall

A

a measure of memory where a person retrieve earlier information

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41
Q

recognition

A

memory where a person only identifies items previously learned

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42
Q

relearning

A

memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning

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43
Q

priming

A

the activation of particular associations in memory

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44
Q

deja vu

A

the sense of experiencing something before

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45
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

able to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s mood

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46
Q

proactive interference

A

disruptive effect of prior learning new information

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47
Q

retroactive interference

A

disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

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48
Q

repression

A

defense mechanism that banishes consciousness anxiety - arousing thoughts

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49
Q

misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory

50
Q

source anmesia

A

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced

51
Q

maturation

A

orderly sequence of growth process

52
Q

cognition

A

mental activities associated with thinking

53
Q

schema

A

concepts or mental modes, in which we build our learning

54
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

55
Q

accommodation

A

adapting our understanding to incorporate new information

56
Q

object permanence

A

awareness that things continue to exist

57
Q

conservation

A

volume or mass remains the same even when the form changes

58
Q

egocentric

A

all about me

59
Q

theory of mind

A

people’s ideas about their own or others’ mental state

60
Q

autism

A

a disorder that appears in childhood and has difficulties with social interactions

61
Q

stranger anxiety

A

fear of strangers that infants begin to display by 8 months of age.

62
Q

attachment

A

an emotional tie with another person

63
Q

critical period

A

a period after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli, produces proper development

64
Q

imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period in life

65
Q

parts of physical development

A

brain development - maturation
motor development
maturation and infant memory

66
Q

what happens between ages 3-6

A

most rapid growth occurs

67
Q

Piagets stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
preoperational (2-6yrs)
concrete operational (7-12yrs)
formal operational (12yrs- adult)

68
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

explores through direct sensory and motor contact

69
Q

preoperational stage

A

uses symbols to represent objects.
do not reason logically
has ability to pretend

70
Q

concrete operational stage

A

think logically about concrete object.
can add+subtract
understands conversations

71
Q

formal operational stage

A

can reason abstractly

thinking hypothetical terms

72
Q

secure and insecure attachments

A

Secure: will play and explore as long as mom is near by

insecure: less likely to explore surrounding, and clings to mother

73
Q

deprivation of attachment

A

grew up abused - withdrawn, frightened, and afraid to speak

74
Q

basic trust

A

according to Erick Erikson, a sense that the world is trust worthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences from caregivers

75
Q

parenting styles

A

authoritarian - strict

permissive - make few demands - doesn’t follow through - kids rule

authoritative - set rules - concern for kids - balanced

76
Q

adolescence

A

the transition period form childhood to adulthood

77
Q

psychologist though? then and now?

A

then: use to believe what happened in your childhood effected our adult life

Now: recognize that development is life long

78
Q

puberty

A

the period of sexual maturation where a person is able to reproduce

79
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

80
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

non-reproductive sexual characteristics (breast, hips, male voice, body hair)

81
Q

menarche

A

the first menstrual period

82
Q

consequences of early or later maturation

A

boys- early maturation can be good (strong, more athletic, and more popular.

Girls- early maturation can be stressful (may suffer from teasing or sexual harassment)

83
Q

brain growth in adolescents

A

myelin- fatty tissue around neurons, enable better communication with other brain regions (better judgment, impulse control, ability to plan for long term)

84
Q

cognitive development in adolescents

A

develop reasoning power- ideas unique to them

develop morality- begin to debate human nature (good and evil, truth, justice)

85
Q

erikson’s view

A
  • each stage of life has its own task, a crisis that needs resolution
  • resolution or inability to resolve these conflicts effects our personalities and identities
  • basis needs versus what society provides
86
Q

erikson’s stages of social development

A 
trust vs mistrust- infant
autonomy vs shame + doubt- toddler 1-3
initiative vs guilt - pre-school 3-6
industry vs inferiority - grade-school 6-12
identity vs role confusion - teen 13-20
intimacy vs isolation - young adult
generativity vs stagnation - middle-age adults
integrity vs despair - older adult 60+
87
Q

trust vs. mistrust (0-12 months)

A

trust comes from the consistent meeting of needs.

a sense of trust helps the acceptance of limits and boundaries

88
Q

autonomy vs shame + doubt (1-3)

A

learn independence - to exercise their will to things themselves

89
Q

initiative vs guilt (3-6)

A

feels good when they initiate task and carry out plans or they feel guilty about trying to be independent

90
Q

industry vs inferiority (6-13)

A

children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to task or they feel inferior

91
Q

Identity vs role confusion (teens)

A

work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and mixing them to form a single identity. or they become confused about who they are

92
Q

Intimacy vs isolation (young adults)

A

try to gain capacity for intimate love or feel socially isolated

93
Q

Generativity vs stagnation (mid adults)

A

discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work; or may feel a lack of purpose

94
Q

integrity vs despair (60+)

A

reflecting on his or her life, and older adult may feel a satisfaction or failure

95
Q

identity

A

our sense of self

96
Q

social identity

A

looking for a group of people to be accepted by

97
Q

intimacy

A

the ability to form close, loving relationships

98
Q

emerging adulthood

A

bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

99
Q

stages of adulthood

A

early adulthood - 20-30
middle adulthood - 31-65
late adulthood - 66+

100
Q

physical development in adults

A

muscular strength- reaction time, sensory keenness, cardiac output- all crest in mid 20’s

women peak earlier
women decline in fertility; menopause - sex drive into 70-80s

sensory changes - middle age to late - health- immune system weakens overtime

101
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

102
Q

fluid intelligence

A

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

103
Q

social development of adults

A

major life events: new jobs, marriage, childbirth, death of loved ones.

two basic aspects of lives that dominate adulthood: love and work

Goal is to balance love and work

104
Q

menopause

A

the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

105
Q

challenges for elderly

A

financial issues - income shrinks, work often taken away
Physical abilities- body deteriorates, memory fades
lonely- family members and friends die or moves away
loss of freedom- cant drive, goes to nursing home

106
Q

Howard gardner’s view

A

some parts of the brain are bound to be stronger than other parts.

107
Q

social clock

A

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement

108
Q

gardner’s multiple intelligences

A

logical mathematical - solving problems
musical- discerning sounds (learns by music)
naturalist- loves to be outside
intrapersonal- intune with self
existential- tackle questions why we live
spatial- visualize world in 3d
linguistic- likes lectures
bodily kinesthetic- learns with hands on activity
interpersonal- like working in groups

109
Q

2 influential figures in research of morality

A

Jean Piaget

Lawrence kohlberg

110
Q

what are morals

A

those attitudes and beliefs that help people determine the difference between right and wrong

111
Q

how are your morals determined?

A

by the rules that are set forth by the culture you were raised by

112
Q

Kohlberg’s view

A

believes morals are uniquely human and come in identifiable stages

113
Q

what is a stage

A

a clear distinction between changes that develop gradually overtime

114
Q

criteria of stages

A

uniquely different
occurring the same step by step sequence
pre-potent - understand all stages below current stage

115
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A

obedience/Punishment- no difference between right and avoiding punishment

self-interest- interest shift to rewards rather than punishment

conformity and personal accord- secure approval and maintain relationships

authority and social order- orientation toward fixed rules

social contract- mutual benefit

universal principles- morality is based on principles that transcend mutual benefit

116
Q

james fowler’s stage of faith

A 
intuitive- protective (pre-school)
mythic and literal (School age)
synthetic- conventional (teens)
individualiative - reflective (young adult)
conjunctive faith (mid-life)
universalizing faith
117
Q

intuitive - projective

A

fantasy and reality mix together

118
Q

mythic and literal

A

accepts stories told by faith community

understands the bible stories literally

119
Q

synthetic convential

A

accept an all encompassing belief system

listen to and believe pastor/church- blindly follow

120
Q

individuative - reflective

A

outside the box

often seen as backsliders as they leave faith

121
Q

conjunctive faith

A

life is a mystery

return to sacred stories and symbols without being stuck in a theological box - really think about them

122
Q

universalizing faith

A

live their lives in full service without fear or doubts.

many never reach this stage

Intro Psychology (3 decks)

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