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Intro Psychology > final test > Flashcards

final test Flashcards

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1
Q

motivation

A

actions that do three things; arousal, directs, and causes behavior to last until motive is met.

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2
Q

Reward

A

any stimulus that reduces probability of specific behavior

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3
Q

Explain: B= I x (D+E)

A 
B= behavior
= 
I= Incentive-outside body
D= drive - how much you want it
E= Expectancy - chance of getting
  • if any of these go to zero, than behavior goes to zero
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4
Q

what is delta AV

A

Blood sugar in the body

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5
Q

conditional response for hunger

A

stomach hurts

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6
Q

unconditioned hunger response

A

low blood sugar level

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7
Q

conditioned response for thirst

A

dry mouth

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8
Q

unconditioned response for thirst

A

high sodium level in the blood

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9
Q

Optimal level of drives

A

we are comfortable

is learned

perfect amount of …. wealth, power, study time, etc

most effective functioning

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10
Q

Example of an acquired drive

A

money

pursuit of a higher education

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11
Q

Maslow’s 6 Hierarchy of needs

A 
Self - transcendence needs
self - actualization needs
esteem needs
belongingness + love needs
safety needs
Physiological needs
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12
Q

physiological needs

A

needs to satisfy hunger and thirst

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13
Q

safety needs

A

need to feel safe

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14
Q

belongingness + love needs

A

needs to be loved and be accepted.

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15
Q

Esteem needs

A

need for recognition and respect from others.

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16
Q

self - actualization needs

A

need to live to our fullest + unique potential

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17
Q

self transcendence needs

A

need to find meaning and identity beyond the self

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18
Q

procrastination does what

A

allows you to stay at a lower level than optimal for longer time

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19
Q

can one really study motivation without any need or concern about emotion?

A

no, because we are motivated by our emotions, and once we get what we want our emotions are affected.

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20
Q

what are the 10 basic emotions identified by Izard

A 
joy
interest
surprise
sadness
anger
disgust
contempt
fear
shame
guilt
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21
Q

Identify Freud’s defense mechanisms?

A

Regression-retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage
Reaction formation-switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
Projection- disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing to others
Rationalization-
displacement-
Denial- refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

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22
Q

What is a defense mechanism?

A

the ego’s defense system to reduce anxiety

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23
Q

What three things are Carl Roger’s understanding of a healthy personality?

A

Genuineness, acceptance and empathy

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24
Q

What is LCU

A

Life changing units.
They are related to stressful events
when you calculate all it will show you the amount of stress in your life.

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25
Q

Name events that would generate high LCU’s?

A 
Death of Spouse
Divorce
Jail Term
Personal injury or illness
Marriage
Fired at Work
Retirement
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26
Q

A women’s nonverbal sensitivity helps to explain what?

A

their greater emotional literacy.

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27
Q

What did Ehman and Friesen learn from their study?

A

-anyone from any culture can Identity emotions
based on facial expression-its inborn
-expression of emotion is instinctive

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28
Q

Cultures have different sets of values for what?

A

about displaying emotion-not in how but in row

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29
Q

trait vs. state

A

emotional state- where you are right now

trait-personality

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30
Q

Psychology

A

study of behavior and affect (emotion) and cognition (thought) as demonstrates in behavior.

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31
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

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32
Q

How is personality formed?

A

Nature vs. Nurture

Genetics vs. Environment (external factors)

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33
Q

Nativists

A

Nature- Physical characteristics determined my genetics, believe-human species are product of evolution.

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34
Q

Empiricists

A

personality is formed because of learning.

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35
Q

Nativist vs. Empiricists view (In Practice)

A

Hardly anyone excepts either position completely

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36
Q

Name Freud’s Three interacting Systems

A

Id-devil on shoulder (fun guy)
Ego-middle (mediator)
Superego- angel on shoulder (rule follower)

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37
Q

Id

A

operates on pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification

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38
Q

Ego

A

Mediates among the demands of the Id, Superego and reality. Operates on reality principle satisfying Id’s desires in realistic ways.

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39
Q

Superego

A

the conscience- represents internalized ideals and standards for judgment.

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40
Q

Alfred Adler- Neo Freudian

A

Everything we do is to make us feel better

-inferiority complex

41
Q

Karen Horney

A

Tyranny of should

-I should have….

42
Q

Young

A

Collective unconscious- pool of universal knowledge

43
Q

Maslow

A

Self actualization- seem to have everything together

a veener- duck on the water

44
Q

Rogers

A

Unconditional positive regard

-client centered therapy

45
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

wildly researched and used personality test. Developed to identify emotional disorders.

46
Q

What does OCEAN stand for?

A

Big Five Personality Traits
O-Openness- Being curious, original and creative.
C-Conscientiousness- Being organized, dependable and achievement oriented.
E-Extroversion- Being outgoing, talkative and sociable.
A-Agreeableness- Being tolerant, sensitive and trusting.
N-Neuroticism- Being anxious, temperamental and moody.

47
Q

MMPI (facts)

A
  • fallen out of use
  • asked true and false questions
  • 10 scales
  • built-in lie factor- to test truth
48
Q

DISC Personalities

A

D-Dominance- telling others what to do, strong willed
I- Influence- people people, seek others suggestions
S-Steadiness- helpful, like working behind the scenes.
C-Conscientiousness- sticklers for quality, like planning ahead.

49
Q

Personal Control

A

Extent to which one perceives control over their environment.

50
Q

External Locus of Control

A

Perception that chance or outside forces beyond your control determine your fate.

51
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

The perception that you control your own fate.

52
Q

Two types of Rotter’s Locus of Control?

A

Internal Locus of Control- I control

External Locus of Control-out of my control

53
Q

Rorschach

A

Inkblot Test-

  • 12 pictures
  • do in order
  • say the first thing you see
54
Q

Julian Rotter- 1966

A

Are you the Master of your Fate?

Locus of Control

55
Q

Personality Disorders

A 
Antisocial
Borderline
Avoidant
Dependent
Narcissistic
Histrionic
Obsessive Compulsive
Paranoid
Schizoid
56
Q

disorder

A

When it disrupts everyday living.

57
Q

stressor

A

any stimulus that produces a required change in preferred behavior

58
Q

Stress

A

both stimulus/response and process interacting with one another

59
Q

What can exhaustion lead to?

A

Psychopathology

  • nervous break down
  • depression
  • anxiety
60
Q

Distress

A

bad stress, we don’t like

61
Q

Eustress

A

good stress

62
Q

Internal Factors

A

non specific- differs between individuals

63
Q

Physiological Responses

A

produce cognitive responses vigilance

64
Q

What can accelerate exhaustion?

A

feeling of lack of control

65
Q

Study of Learned Helplessness

A

Seligman
three groups of dogs (first two yoked together)
one- shocked- could escape (learned avoidance)
two- shocked- no escape (learned to be helpless)
three- no shock

66
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

component of most depression

view that nothing they do is effective

67
Q

Three Views of Learned Helplessness

A

Time stable-feel always been depressed always will be

Global- everything I do is worthless

68
Q

Internal

A

I am worthless and ineffective

69
Q

Identification

A

Children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos

70
Q

Instinct

A

complex behavior that is patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

71
Q

Incentive

A

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

72
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher - level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

73
Q

Free association

A

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

74
Q

trait

A

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act

75
Q

collective unconscious

A

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

76
Q

Homeostasis

A

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state (the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level).

77
Q

Self - Esteem

A

One’s feelings of high or low self - worth

78
Q

Psychopathology is present when

A

when a behavior pattern or emotional state causes an individual clinically significant distress, dysfunction or impairment in social, occupational or areas of functioning

79
Q

Psychopathology

A

is the study of mental illness, mental distress and abnormal, maladaptive behavior
(something that impairs your everyday function)

80
Q

Psychological conditions now vs. then

A

Psychological conditions now classified as mental disorders were initially attributed to possessions of evil spirits, demons and the devil.

81
Q

who founded scientific discipline of psychopathology

A

Karl Jaspers (1913)

82
Q

the four D’s of Defining Psychological Disorders

A

Deviance - thoughts, behaviors, emotions not common in society
Distress - negative feelings, deeply troubled by illness
Dysfunction - inability to perform normal daily functions
Danger - dangerous or violent behavior

83
Q

David Rosenhand study

A
  • said its difficult to tell sane from insane in mental hospitals
84
Q

organic Disorders

A 
Dementia
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Gunshot wound to the head
Drug abuse
Substance related disorders (sex addiction)
85
Q

Psychotic Disorder

A

Schizo Phrenia

  • Hallucinations
  • Dellusions
  • Thought disorders
86
Q

mood disorder

A

Bipolar

Depression

87
Q

Neurotic Disorders

A 
Anxiety Disorders
Somatoform Disorders
Dis-associative disorders
sexual Disorder
Eating Disorder
Personality Disorders
88
Q

Treatments

A

Malevolent Spirits infesting the brain
- trephining - hole in the brain

overcharged blood vessels
- blood letting - open blood vessels

Psychopathology

  • Psychoanalysis
  • Cognitive behavior therapy
  • Psychosurgery
  • Electroconvulsive Therapy
  • Trans-cranial magnetic stimulation
89
Q

What percentage of people have a DSM diagnosable disorder

A

one in four (25%)

90
Q

5 steps in helping behavior

A
  1. notice situation (sensation)
  2. perceive - is this a helping situation
  3. Me? can I help? should I help? - do I care? have time?
  4. develop plan - ability
  5. Do it
91
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility

A

saying someone else will do it

92
Q

Social Embarrassment

A

don’t want to embarrass the person

or have I misinterpreted the situation

don’t want to be embarrassed

93
Q

Social Psychology

A

how behavior changes in the presence of others

mere presence of one or more people will change behavior

94
Q

Conformity

A

Go along with the crowd, whether for good or evil.

95
Q

Obedience

A

is highest when the person giving orders close at hand is perceived to be a legitimate authority figure.

96
Q

Conditions strengthen Conformity

A

One is made to feel incompetent or insecure

group at least three people

admires the groups status + attractiveness

97
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism

A 
caregiving 
communication
consciousness
education
group identity
language
opinion
others
tash orientation
transgression
98
Q

Standford Prison study

A

24 men were selected to imitate a real prison, 12 were prisoners, the other 12 were guard; but it was cut short because the guards were abusive.

Intro Psychology (3 decks)

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