final test Flashcards
motivation
actions that do three things; arousal, directs, and causes behavior to last until motive is met.
Reward
any stimulus that reduces probability of specific behavior
Explain: B= I x (D+E)
B= behavior = I= Incentive-outside body D= drive - how much you want it E= Expectancy - chance of getting
- if any of these go to zero, than behavior goes to zero
what is delta AV
Blood sugar in the body
conditional response for hunger
stomach hurts
unconditioned hunger response
low blood sugar level
conditioned response for thirst
dry mouth
unconditioned response for thirst
high sodium level in the blood
Optimal level of drives
we are comfortable
is learned
perfect amount of …. wealth, power, study time, etc
most effective functioning
Example of an acquired drive
money
pursuit of a higher education
Maslow’s 6 Hierarchy of needs
Self - transcendence needs self - actualization needs esteem needs belongingness + love needs safety needs Physiological needs
physiological needs
needs to satisfy hunger and thirst
safety needs
need to feel safe
belongingness + love needs
needs to be loved and be accepted.
Esteem needs
need for recognition and respect from others.
self - actualization needs
need to live to our fullest + unique potential
self transcendence needs
need to find meaning and identity beyond the self
procrastination does what
allows you to stay at a lower level than optimal for longer time
can one really study motivation without any need or concern about emotion?
no, because we are motivated by our emotions, and once we get what we want our emotions are affected.
what are the 10 basic emotions identified by Izard
joy interest surprise sadness anger disgust contempt fear shame guilt
Identify Freud’s defense mechanisms?
Regression-retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage
Reaction formation-switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
Projection- disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing to others
Rationalization-
displacement-
Denial- refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
What is a defense mechanism?
the ego’s defense system to reduce anxiety
What three things are Carl Roger’s understanding of a healthy personality?
Genuineness, acceptance and empathy
What is LCU
Life changing units.
They are related to stressful events
when you calculate all it will show you the amount of stress in your life.
Name events that would generate high LCU’s?
Death of Spouse Divorce Jail Term Personal injury or illness Marriage Fired at Work Retirement
A women’s nonverbal sensitivity helps to explain what?
their greater emotional literacy.
What did Ehman and Friesen learn from their study?
-anyone from any culture can Identity emotions
based on facial expression-its inborn
-expression of emotion is instinctive
Cultures have different sets of values for what?
about displaying emotion-not in how but in row
trait vs. state
emotional state- where you are right now
trait-personality
Psychology
study of behavior and affect (emotion) and cognition (thought) as demonstrates in behavior.
Personality
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
How is personality formed?
Nature vs. Nurture
Genetics vs. Environment (external factors)
Nativists
Nature- Physical characteristics determined my genetics, believe-human species are product of evolution.
Empiricists
personality is formed because of learning.
Nativist vs. Empiricists view (In Practice)
Hardly anyone excepts either position completely
Name Freud’s Three interacting Systems
Id-devil on shoulder (fun guy)
Ego-middle (mediator)
Superego- angel on shoulder (rule follower)
Id
operates on pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification
Ego
Mediates among the demands of the Id, Superego and reality. Operates on reality principle satisfying Id’s desires in realistic ways.
Superego
the conscience- represents internalized ideals and standards for judgment.
Alfred Adler- Neo Freudian
Everything we do is to make us feel better
-inferiority complex
Karen Horney
Tyranny of should
-I should have….
Young
Collective unconscious- pool of universal knowledge
Maslow
Self actualization- seem to have everything together
a veener- duck on the water
Rogers
Unconditional positive regard
-client centered therapy
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
wildly researched and used personality test. Developed to identify emotional disorders.
What does OCEAN stand for?
Big Five Personality Traits
O-Openness- Being curious, original and creative.
C-Conscientiousness- Being organized, dependable and achievement oriented.
E-Extroversion- Being outgoing, talkative and sociable.
A-Agreeableness- Being tolerant, sensitive and trusting.
N-Neuroticism- Being anxious, temperamental and moody.
MMPI (facts)
- fallen out of use
- asked true and false questions
- 10 scales
- built-in lie factor- to test truth
DISC Personalities
D-Dominance- telling others what to do, strong willed
I- Influence- people people, seek others suggestions
S-Steadiness- helpful, like working behind the scenes.
C-Conscientiousness- sticklers for quality, like planning ahead.
Personal Control
Extent to which one perceives control over their environment.
External Locus of Control
Perception that chance or outside forces beyond your control determine your fate.
Internal Locus of Control
The perception that you control your own fate.
Two types of Rotter’s Locus of Control?
Internal Locus of Control- I control
External Locus of Control-out of my control
Rorschach
Inkblot Test-
- 12 pictures
- do in order
- say the first thing you see
Julian Rotter- 1966
Are you the Master of your Fate?
Locus of Control
Personality Disorders
Antisocial Borderline Avoidant Dependent Narcissistic Histrionic Obsessive Compulsive Paranoid Schizoid
disorder
When it disrupts everyday living.
stressor
any stimulus that produces a required change in preferred behavior
Stress
both stimulus/response and process interacting with one another
What can exhaustion lead to?
Psychopathology
- nervous break down
- depression
- anxiety
Distress
bad stress, we don’t like
Eustress
good stress
Internal Factors
non specific- differs between individuals
Physiological Responses
produce cognitive responses vigilance
What can accelerate exhaustion?
feeling of lack of control
Study of Learned Helplessness
Seligman
three groups of dogs (first two yoked together)
one- shocked- could escape (learned avoidance)
two- shocked- no escape (learned to be helpless)
three- no shock
Learned Helplessness
component of most depression
view that nothing they do is effective
Three Views of Learned Helplessness
Time stable-feel always been depressed always will be
Global- everything I do is worthless
Internal
I am worthless and ineffective
Identification
Children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos
Instinct
complex behavior that is patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Incentive
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher - level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
Free association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind
trait
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act
collective unconscious
Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state (the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level).
Self - Esteem
One’s feelings of high or low self - worth
Psychopathology is present when
when a behavior pattern or emotional state causes an individual clinically significant distress, dysfunction or impairment in social, occupational or areas of functioning
Psychopathology
is the study of mental illness, mental distress and abnormal, maladaptive behavior
(something that impairs your everyday function)
Psychological conditions now vs. then
Psychological conditions now classified as mental disorders were initially attributed to possessions of evil spirits, demons and the devil.
who founded scientific discipline of psychopathology
Karl Jaspers (1913)
the four D’s of Defining Psychological Disorders
Deviance - thoughts, behaviors, emotions not common in society
Distress - negative feelings, deeply troubled by illness
Dysfunction - inability to perform normal daily functions
Danger - dangerous or violent behavior
David Rosenhand study
- said its difficult to tell sane from insane in mental hospitals
organic Disorders
Dementia Fetal alcohol syndrome Gunshot wound to the head Drug abuse Substance related disorders (sex addiction)
Psychotic Disorder
Schizo Phrenia
- Hallucinations
- Dellusions
- Thought disorders
mood disorder
Bipolar
Depression
Neurotic Disorders
Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dis-associative disorders sexual Disorder Eating Disorder Personality Disorders
Treatments
Malevolent Spirits infesting the brain
- trephining - hole in the brain
overcharged blood vessels
- blood letting - open blood vessels
Psychopathology
- Psychoanalysis
- Cognitive behavior therapy
- Psychosurgery
- Electroconvulsive Therapy
- Trans-cranial magnetic stimulation
What percentage of people have a DSM diagnosable disorder
one in four (25%)
5 steps in helping behavior
- notice situation (sensation)
- perceive - is this a helping situation
- Me? can I help? should I help? - do I care? have time?
- develop plan - ability
- Do it
What is diffusion of responsibility
saying someone else will do it
Social Embarrassment
don’t want to embarrass the person
or have I misinterpreted the situation
don’t want to be embarrassed
Social Psychology
how behavior changes in the presence of others
mere presence of one or more people will change behavior
Conformity
Go along with the crowd, whether for good or evil.
Obedience
is highest when the person giving orders close at hand is perceived to be a legitimate authority figure.
Conditions strengthen Conformity
One is made to feel incompetent or insecure
group at least three people
admires the groups status + attractiveness
Individualism vs. Collectivism
caregiving communication consciousness education group identity language opinion others tash orientation transgression
Standford Prison study
24 men were selected to imitate a real prison, 12 were prisoners, the other 12 were guard; but it was cut short because the guards were abusive.
