midterm Flashcards
hominid
- who: a primate of a family (Hominidae) that includes humans and their fossil ancestors
- what- normally on all fours, but hunted upright. 1st species to move geographically because of food, space, and climate
- when- 7,000,000 BCE
- where- Africa
- why- hominids matter because through their evolution did homosapiens (us) come about.
polytheism
• who- Mesopotamians
• what- Mesopotamians worshipped hundreds of gods, each with his/her own name and sphere of activity
-when- 3500 BC
- where-Mesopotamia
-why- Mesopotamians worshipped so many gods to keep mesopotamia from being punished. if anything went wrong in mesopotomia (natural disaster, etc) they thought it was because one of their gods was upset with them.
homosapien
- who- humans; evolved from homoerectus
- what- according to Single Origin Theory, homosapiens ate, outbred, or killed off homoerectus
- when- 100,000 BC
- where- Africa
- why- homosapiens matter because they are the only surviving species of the genus “Homo”
deimos
- who- Mycenaeans
- what- smallest political unit in Greece- the family
- where- Greece
- when- 1600-1100
- why- through the deimos and Mycanean Greece does Greek mythology start, which is still taught and important in understanding Greek history today.
Dorian
- who- 1 of the 2 ethnic groups is Greece
- what- writing was against the law; it showed a lack of faith in your storytelling. oral history tradition.
- when- 1200 BCE
- where- west Greece
- why- Dorian rule of the Minoans and Mycenaeans lead that part of Greece into the dark ages. Dorian rule mixed with Ionian culture created what we now know as “Green architecture”
tyrants
- who- Persians/Aristagoras
- what- someone who rules by force/Persians install tyrants to rule Ionia in their stead
- where- Ionia
- when- 499-493 BC
- why- after Cyrus the Great became king, he and the Persians imposed tyrants that were loyal to the persians; which the ionians did not like. this hostility eventually lead to the Ionian Revolution.
ziggurats
- who- Sargon/Akkadian
- what- temples that Sargon paid for to be built all over Akkadian empire. built in the style that the people wanted to appease them according to religion of ppl in that area
- when- 2350 BCE
- where- Akkadian empire
- why- ziggurats are important to mesopotamians because they believed that gods would appear on earth at the highest point of the land, so they would build their ziggurats as close to the heavens as possible in hopes of being close to the gods.
phonetics
- who- phonecians
- what- language based in the ear
- when- 1000 BC
- where- modern day Lebanon
- why- phonetics is important because it allows us to learn and teach language, which is a major part of communication. the development of phonetics revolutionized communication forever.
bireme
- who- phonecians
- what- two oar-d, Galley with and upper deck, top deck also has oars
- when- 700 BC
- where- modern day Lebanon
- why- biremes are important because they doubled the motion force of the ship. biremes were very effective in naval wars and efficient in transportation for the phonecians.
hegemony
- who- Spartans
- what- cultural dominance without anyone physically dominating you
- when- 404 BCE
- where- Sparta or Athens?
- why- hegemony taking place in athens is important because it caused Thebes to rise up in rebellion against Sparta, leading to Sparta eventually losing its dominance. through hegemony did Thebes take its city back.
Melian Dialogue
- who- Athenians
- what- defined foreign policy thinking in Europe– “right & wrong is only a question between equals of power”
- when- 416 BC
- where- Europe
- why- Melian Dialogue is important because it is still impacts politics around the world today. Politicians and people in power recognize the main points of the dialogue and and use it to deal with national and international relations.
demogogue
who- athenians
what- person who yells loudly and points fingers. blames everyone else for what happened to athens
where- athens
when 404 bc
cosmopolitan
who- athenians
where athens
when 399 bce
why- socrates tried for treason for making fun of sophists
athenian plague
who- athenians
what- epidemic that broke out in athens during the second year of the Peloponnesian war when athenian victory was still within reach
when- 430 bc
where- athens
mauseleum
who- greeks
what- tomb of king mausolus
when- 377 bc
where- turkey
“wooden wall”
who- athenians
what- the oracle at delphi tells athenians that a “wooden wall” will protect their city
when-480 bc
where- athens
why-themistocles thinks that the wooden walls mean ships-
scalemail
who
ostracism
who
Delian league
who- athenians
what- alliance of greek city states to liberate greek cities from persian rule
when- 478 bce
where- athens
philosophy
who
xenophobia
who- athenians and spartans
what- hatred of foreigners/strangers
when- 430 bc
where- athens, sparta
zoroastrian
who- persians
what- pre islamic religion of persia. monotheistic.
when 600 BCE
where- iran/persia
arete
who- ancient Greeks
what- to reach your highest human potential/to be the best you can be
when- 700 BCE
where- Greece
why- the concept of arete is important in greek culture and education. Iliad and the Odyssey were fundamentals of greek education; arete ideas being what drove the characters in these epics. schoolchildren would understand their culture and history based on arete ideas.
socrates
who- athenian philosopher
what- tried for treason for making fun of Sophists
when- 399 bce
where- athens
lex talions
who- Hammurabi/babylonians
what- law in hammurabis code “an eye for an eye”
when- 1774 bce
where- babylon
why- lex talionis is important because it sets the stage for Mosaic Law a few hundred years later, which is still a fundamental of major religions today
helots
who
phalanx
who- hoplites
what- people on the front lines have short spears. ppl in line behind them have slightly longer spears. so on and so forth
when- 605 BC
where- Greece
why- the phalanx is important because it shows the other soldiers who is committed and disciplined enough to stay in formation and protect one another instead of just being “bloodthirsty” and wanting to kill those you are fighting.
plato
who- greek philosopher
what- student of socrates, many of socrates teachings were present in platos writings
when- 423 bc
where- athens
Ramses
who- pharoh of egypt
when- 1304 bc
where- egypt
what- established one of the first major peace traeaty with the hittites
why- helped establish a peaceful northern border throughout the rest of his rule.built many temples and famous structures in egypt
discuss Sargon’s success and failures
Sargons Empire, the Akkadian empire was successful in Sargon allowing the multiple ethnicities to worship their own Gods. Sargon built temples around his empire, each according to the primary religion of that area to keep the peace among the people. The fall of Sargons Empire was contributed to moreso the dryness of the land instead of Sargon himself, but his empire did remain for another decade after his death.
what was the importance of the Hammurabi code
Hammurabi basically represented himself as the biological descendant of God. His code was written on a 30 foot pillar in every city (with almost 300 laws on it and hammurabi sculpted on top) to show its importance, and to show the intensity of the power that King Hammurabi exersized in Babylon.
what made Sparta so powerful
spartan society was a very powerful civilization. they only had what they believed were absolute necessities and they (males) became soldiers (agogie) and were until they died. physical strength and capabilities of a spartan exceeded those of regular greeks
what was the importance of the Hoplite shield
the hoplite shield protected the soldier to the left of who was carrying it. each soldier with their shield created a wall defending the person beside them, almost like a chain that was very difficult to break through
discuss the role of the women in Sparta
women in Sparta took strength training seriously, similar to the man. a girl would train to be a soldier alongside her brother until she got married, which would have been when she began menstruating. a spartan mother can read, write, and throw throw a javelin.
discuss the end of the Minoan society
after the deathly destruction of a volcanic explosion and a tsunami, the Minoan civilization came to an end.
what was the importance of the Helot Rebellion
the helot rebellion sparked the first peloponnesian war. in 465 bce when the athenian army was turned away, Cymon proposes to mend the relationship between sparta and athens by sending his arm to help sparta, they get to spartans and then spartan army turns them away and makes them go back. athens then decalres war on sparta.
what were the effects of the athenian plague
it changed athens forever. religious changes such as ransacking- ransacks all temples except temples to athena. political changes such as demagogues- person who yells loudly and points fingers. blames everyone for what happened to athens. foreign policy change- aggressive expansion. decisive victory- wanted 1 big victory that would single handly end war
what was the problem with Socrates and Plato
there was no direct evidence that socrates existed, plato only spoke of him. socrates was tried for treason for making fun of sophists.
compare/contrast Athens and Sparta
athens- reading, writing, art, cosmopolitan, govt democracy, women werent represented, education science lit, naval military power
sparta- opposite govt elected oligarchy, women honored as mothers and head if house, education fighting agoge wrestling, military power infantry
