final Flashcards
Hannibal
who: Carthaginian army general
what: aided Rome in winning the Punic Wars, had an extremely strong army and infamous ‘war elephants’
when: 264 BC
where: Carthage
why: Hannibal was most known for his war strategy at the Battle of Cannae- ‘envelopment’ was one of the only strategies that could defeat the infamous phalanx
Gaius Marius
who: Pleb General
what: Gaius and his army conquer barbarian tribes, becomes known as the “Third Founder of Rome”
when: 91 BCE
where: Rome
why: important because he started the Marian Reforms which significantly expanded the Roman army by allowing anyone to join, which comes to his aid when defeating Sulla’s army on his March on Rome.
Pax Romana
who: Octavian, Romans
what: 200 years of peaceful rule following Octavian’s rise to power (Julian Dynasty)
when: 14 AD
where: Roman Empire
why: Pax Romana is important because it demonstrated Roman hegemony- rule/conformity without force. This shift into a Roman culture by non-Romans lasted for hundreds of years and shaped Rome into what it was for years to come.
Edict of Milan
who: Constantine
what: overturned Diocletian edict and protected Christians by law
when: 313 AD
where: Roman Empire
why: making Christianity a legal religion in Rome lead to the formation of the Council of Nicaea to create rules and regulations for Christianity/Christians that can still be applicable around the world today.
consul
who: Roman official
what: one of the two annually elected magistrates that jointly ruled the republic
when: 509 BC
where: Rome
why: the rule and succession of the consuls stood as a role model for future governments to come, long after consuls were gone
caliph
who: Bakr, Umar, Ustman, Ali
what: the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler
when: 632 AD- after Muhammed’s death
where: Egypt, Palestine, Syria
why: the death of Uthman led to the Sunni Shi’a split- which is still a debated topic in Islam today.
orthodoxy
who: Constantine, Romans
what: accepted doctrine in Ancient Rome
when: mid 300s AD
where: ancient Rome
why: orthodox worship and religious practices continued through centuries, finding its way into several countries around the world with still much influence.
Julius Caesar
who: military commander/Emperor of Rome
what: created the first triumverate. rose to power through many victories and became “dictator for life” when he returned to Rome. Assassinated by Brutus, which enraged Rome due to Caesar’s popularity.
when: 44 BC
where: Rome
why: Caesar greatly inspired his nephew, Octavian, to rise to power in the manner that Julius did. Debate still held today over which of them was the first real emperor of Rome
Marian Reforms
who: Marius, Roman army
what: let anyone join the Roman army
when: 107 BC
where: Rome
why: they are important because the reforms promoted Marius and helped him become a candidate of becoming Roman General
Punic Wars
who: Romans, Carthaginians
what: battles fought over Roman expansion. First Punic War ended when Carthage agreed to give up one of their islands to Rome. Second war ended after Scipio invaded Carthage and burned it leading to Hannibal suing for peace, and the third Punic war ended with Roman victory.
when: 264-241 BCE
where: Carthage
why: the importance of the Punic Wars was it put Rome on a pedestal as the most powerful state in the Mediterranean/Romans learned the art of naval warfare.
M. Aurelius
who: Roman emperor
what: last of the five good emperors
when: 161-180 AD
where: Rome
why: following the death of Marcus, Rome was very financially unstable and weak from the plague and from paying the Roman soldiers that fought with Marcus
patrician
who: ruling class families in ancient Rome
what: along with Plebs, gave to priests to stay out of trouble
when: mid 200s BC
where: ancient Rome
why: Patricians are important because of the effects of their culture producing some of the most well-known Roman rulers that changed Rome forever; such as Julius Caesar.
Constantine
who: Roman Emperor in tetrarchy
what: he wants to reunify the empire to one emperor, hence abolishes the tetrarchy. he declared Christianity “religio licta” which means it was a legal religion in Rome
when: 306 AD
where: Roman empire
why: developed the edict of milan which overturned Diocletian’s edict about christianity in Rome, still applicable today.
Islam
who: Muhammad
what: monotheistic faith revealed through Muhammad as the prophet of Allah
when: 600 AD
where: Saudi Arabia
why: Islam is one of the world’s major religions today- often getting mixed up in the political world, Islam is widely disputed over.
Hellenism
who: Macedonians, Greeks
what: the spread of Greek culture; to be “Greek-like”
when: mid 323 BC-
where: Macedonia, Greece
why: the Hellenistic Period marks the transformation of Greek society from being withdrawn to an open, cosmopolitan culture that dominated the entire eastern Mediterranean and Southwest Asia
xenophobia
who: Romans
what: hatred of non Romans
when: 343 BC
where: Roman Republic
why: Roman xenophobia drove Roman conquest and expansion to make everyone Roman by assimilation
Ali
who: last Caliph
what: married to Fatima; his rule marked the beginning of the Sunni/Shi’a split
when: 656-61
where: Rashidun empire
why: the Sunni/Shi’a split that began during his empire is still debated over in Islam today.
Sarissa
who: Macedonian soldier
what: very long spear in Macedonia phalanx
when: 359 BCE
where: Macedon
why: the sarissa was important because of its contribution to siege warfare, which aided Phillip II of Macedon to conquer Greece
Tiberius Gracchus
who: Roman politician
what: proposed a land reform; distribution of wealth- take some patrician land and $ and sell it cheap to plebs
when: 133 BCE
where: Rome
why: the Gracchan Reforms were eventually found to not be successful in Roman Reformation- he was beat to death by the senate for his ideas.
Octavian
who: J. Caesar’s nephew
what: establishes second triumverate- eventually rose to power and becomes Caesar Augustus
when: 43 BC
where: Rome
why: following Octavian’s rise to power is Pax Romana, the 200 years of Roman Hegemony that dominated his empire and spread for years after Octavian’s death. Influenced what culture is like today.
