Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolution, Ecology, and Biodiversity > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.6 Billion years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When did the scientific evolution take place?

A

The renaissance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who was the first person to propose change in animals over time?

A

Anaximander

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did Plato believe in?

A

Essentialism

All animals contain a similar amount of essences that remains constant in number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Aristotle believe in?

A

Scala naturae
affinities between similar life forms

objects are classified by type and similarities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is population thinking?

A

This ways of thinking allows the inidividual in a population to be unique, which places emphasis on the individual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Carolus Linnaeus create and what the hell was wrong with him?

A

Hierarchical groupings of species

Strict essentialist and thought species can never change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who calculated the world was created on Oct. 23rd 4004BC

A

Archbishop James Usher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is gradualism and uniformitarianism?

A

Grad = slow processes that cause massive change over time ie erosion

Uni = occurs at the same rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who first suggested the idea of biological evolution?

A

Georges Buffon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who thought of extinction?

A

Georges Cuvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck seems pretty cool tell me about his shit.

A

Proposed first mechanism of evolution by comparing fossils to living organisms

inheritance of acquired characteristics. This means that populations adapt to the environment which leads to new species,

Got fucked by Cuvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who piloted the Beagle for Darwin?

A

Capn Robert Fitzroy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who urged Darwin to publish his essay on the origins of species

A

Lyell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What were Darwins Two ideas?

A

Evolution explains life’s unity and diversity

Natural selection is a case of adaptive evolution- a mach between organisms and their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who defined the species concept and what did he/she do to Darwin’s logic?

A

Ernst Mayr

He turned them into inferences

  1. Survival depends, in part, on inherited traits
  2. The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does natural selection do?

A

It doesnt create populations, it just EDITS them but this is dependent on the time and place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the difference between homology and analogy?

A 
Hom = similarity due to a common ancestor
Ana = similarity without a common ancestor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some examples of homologous ideas?

A

The arms of humans, cats, whales, and bats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some examples of analogous structures and what are some issues?

A

Body plan of ocean predators

confusing but doesnt relfect common ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What not used structure is critical to an argument?

A

Vestigial structures are important to Buffon’s arguements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is biogeography?

A

Species that share a recent common ancestor are often geographically close together, species that are different are further apart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some successes of fossil records?

A

The fossil record is consistent with other evidence about major branches in the “tree of life” and provides evidence of species extinctions the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some misconceptions with evolution?

A

Organisms evolve during their lifetime (they don’t, populations do)

Natural selection acts on individuals, and evolution on populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is microevolution and what are some mechanisms that cause allele frequency change?

A

Micro = is a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

mechanisms = natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What causes adaptive evolution?

A

Natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is phenotypic variation?

A

occurs between individuals in a populations of all species, think of the map butterfly

28
Q

How do you measure average heterozygosity and nucleotide variability?

A

Aver = % of loci that are heterozygous

Necl = average diffence in nucleotide sample between 2 individuals

29
Q

What is a point mutation and is it dangerous?

A

A change in a single base pair, and it is usually harmless

30
Q

What is an important source of phenotypic variation?

A

Sexual recombination

31
Q

What is the hardy weinburg eqation?

A

pE2 + 2pq + qE2 = 1

32
Q

What are the 5 conditions that must be held for Hardy-Weinberg to occur?

A
  1. no mutations
  2. random mating
  3. no natural selection
  4. Extremely large population size
  5. No gene flow
33
Q

What is an example of a hardy weinberg scenario?

A

PKU

34
Q

What effect does sample size have on result frequencies?

A

Too small and the frequencies arise too much

35
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

The population is reduced drastically and does not represent the total of the genetic makeup of the original population

36
Q

What are the effects of genetic drift?

A

It’s siginificant in small populations

causes alleles to change at random

Can lead to a loss of genetic varitation within populations

Can cause harmful alleles to become fixed

37
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Favours individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

38
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Favours individuals at either extremes of the phenotypic range

39
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Favours those in the middle of the phenotypic range

40
Q

What is sexual selection and what can it results in?

A

Natural selection for mating success (think peacocks and sneakers/guards in dung beetles)

Can result in massive sexual dimorphism and can cause differences in sexes secondary sexual characteristics

41
Q

Whats the difference between inter- and intra-sexual selection?

A

Inter = one sex chooses the other so they can bang

Intra = competition between individuals for banging

42
Q

What is species latin for?

A

kind or appearance

43
Q

What is the conceptual bridge between microevolution and macroevolution?

A

Speciation

44
Q

Whats the Biological Species Concept (BSC)?

A

A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature to produce fertile offspring

45
Q

What leads to the BSC using PREzygotic barriers

A

Habitat Isolation, temporal isolation, behavioural isolation,

a mating attempt can occur now
Unless they cant bone which is a mechanical isolation

46
Q

What leads to the BSC using POSTzygotic bariers?

A

Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown, and then a viable child can bloom

47
Q

What are some limitations of the BSC?

A

asexual reproduction, fossil species, geographically separate populations

48
Q

What are some other definitions of species?

A

Morphological species: Defined by their physical appearance

Ecological species concept: can do a bunch of shit that i dont want to type out

phylogenetic species concept: A set of organisms with a unique genetic history

49
Q

What are some modes of speciation and what do they mean?

A

Allopatric = results from geographic isolation

Sympatric = Results from overlapping areas

50
Q

Describe the process of allopatric speciation.

A

There is a barrier between two populations allowing them to evolve independantly of each other. Smaller populations are more likely to undergo rapid change

51
Q

What is autopolyploidy and give an example?

A

Chromosomal duplication turns into a diploid plant into a tetraploid plant, can’t bang parents species

Goatsbeard

52
Q

What are some possible outcomes for hybrid zones over time?

A

Strengthening of reproductive barriers

weakening of reproductive barriers
continued formation of hybrid individuals

53
Q

What is the most credible hypothesis for the origin of life?

A

4 things based on the physical properties and chemistry of the early earth:

  1. abiotic synthesis of organic molecules
  2. Polymerization into macromolecules
  3. Packaging into protocells
  4. origin of self-replicating molecules
54
Q

What are some reasons some species are biased to creating bias?

A

Existing for a long time

were abundant and widespread

had hard parts

lived in shallow aquatic environments

55
Q

How can you determine the age of a fossil?

A

Carbon14 to carbon 12 ratio
or
carbon 14 to nitrogen 14 ratio

56
Q

What is systematics?

A

An analytical approach to understanding diversity and relationships of organisms, both extant and extinct

57
Q

What is the name of system for naming animals and shit?

A

Binomial system

genus species

58
Q

What is the scheme for hierachical classification?

A 
Domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
59
Q

With phylogeny trees, what are branch points, sister taxa, rooted trees, and polytomy?

A

Branch = a divergence between two species

sister = groups that share an immeidate common ancestor

rooted = a branch that represents the last common ancestor of all taxa on tree

Polytomy = a branch in which more than 2 groups appear

60
Q

What is homoplasy?

A

Structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently , also called non-homologous traits

61
Q

In order for a clade to be valid, what does it need to be?

A

monophyletic

62
Q

What is paraphyletic in terms of clades?

A

Ancestral species and some but not all descendants

63
Q

What is polyphyletic grouping in clades

A

consists of various species but no common ancestor

64
Q

What is a capsule and a frimbriae/pili?

A

Cap = a cell wall made of polysaccharides or proteins

pil = help attach to substrate that are in

65
Q

Whats the difference between transformation, transduction, and conjugation?

A

transformation = taking in foreign DNA from environment and works it in

Transduction = moves genes from bacteria to bacteriophages

Conjugation = genetic transfer between cells using a f factor produced sex pili

66
Q

Which proteobacteria is pathogenic and which fixes atmospheric nitrogen?

A

Gamma for bad

alpha for nitrogen fixing in sky place

67
Q

Whats the difference between a endotoxin and an exotoxin?

A

Exo = secreted by cell

End = components of membrane of G- bacteia

Evolution, Ecology, and Biodiversity (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions