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Evolution, Ecology, and Biodiversity > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Before 3 billions years, what was earth like?

A

Terrestrial surface was lifeless

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2
Q

What is the closest relative to land plants?

A

Charophytes

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3
Q

What 4 traits do land plants share with Charophytes

A
  1. Rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
  2. Peroxisome enzymes
  3. Structure of flagellated sperm
  4. Formation of a phragmoplast during cell division
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4
Q

What traits allowed chrophyceans to move to land?

A

Sporopellenin (which prevents zygotes from drying out) allowing for adaptation to shallow water

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5
Q

What 4 traits for most plants share?

A

1 Alternation of generations

  1. Walled spores produced in sporangia
  2. Multicellular gametangia
  3. Apical meristems
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6
Q

Why are land plants called? (In terms of zygotes and other shit)

A

Embryophytes

because zygotes are retained in female plant tissue

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7
Q

Why do gametangia and walled spores provide for plants?

A

Walled spores: Protection for seeds from dry air

Gametangia: Archegonia and antheridia are special organs used for gamete production

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8
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

A waxy covering of the epidermis

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9
Q

What is Mycorrhizae?

A

Symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients

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10
Q

How are plants grouped and what do you call the groups

A

Based on the presence of vascular tissue

Vascular plants
Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)

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11
Q

What are the names of clades taken up by seedless vascular plants?

A

Lycophytes

Pterophytes

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12
Q

What is a seed and what are the names of clades that make up the seed plants?

A

An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coating

Gymnosperms (naked seed)

Angiosperm (flowering plants)

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13
Q

What three phyla make up the bryophytes clade?

A

Hepatophyta (Liverworts)

Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

Bryophyta (Mosses)

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14
Q

Why are liverworts called worts?

A

Cause of their shape

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15
Q

Where are bryophytes gametophytes produced?

A

Flagellated sperm in antheridia

Ova produced in archegonia

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16
Q

Where are sporophytes produced in bryophyte?

A

Grow out of archgonia

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17
Q

When did vascular plants begin to diversify?

A

Carboniferous period

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18
Q

What are living vascular plants characterized by?

A

Life cycles with dominant sporophytes

Vascular tissue called a xylem and phloem

Well developed roots and leaves

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19
Q

Which is larger? Sporophytes or gametophytes?

In Brytophytes?
In Vascular?

A

Bry = Gametophytes

Vascular = Sporophytes

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20
Q

What is the xylem and phloem? What are they made of?

A

Xylem: Conducts water and minerals up the plant

Phloem: Distributes those things through the cells

Both are made of lignin

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21
Q

In leaves, what are microphylls and megaphylls?

A

Micro = Leaves with a single stem

Mega = Leaves with a highly branched vascular system

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22
Q

What are sporophylls, sori, and strobili?

A

Sporo = Leaves with sporangia

sori = clusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls

Strobili = cone-like structures formed from sporophylls

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23
Q

Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous, what does that mean?

A

Produces one type of spore that develops into bisexual gametophyte

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24
Q

Seed plants though are megasporous, what does that mean?

A

Megaspores produce female gametophytes and microspores produce male gametophytes

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25
Q

Besides seeds, what do all seed plants possess?

A

Reduced gametophytes
heterospory
Ovules
Pollen

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26
Q

What does ovule consist of?

A

Megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integuments

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27
Q

Which spore produces pollen and what is it protected by?

A

Microspores

Sporopollenin

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28
Q

What are the benefits of seeds?

A

Contained sporophyte embryos, food supplys and packeaged in a protective coat

Can remain dormant for years

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29
Q

What 4 phyla make up gymnosperms?

A

Cycadophyta

Gingkophyta

Gnetophyta

Coniferophyta

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30
Q

What are some key features of gymnosperms life cycle?

A

Dominance of sporophyte generations

Development of seeds fro fertilized ovules

Pollen transfers sperm to ovules

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31
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Flowering plants

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32
Q

Flowers contain specialized shoot with 4 modified leaves, what are they?

A

Sepals: Enclose flower

Petals: Brightly colored and attract pollinators

Stamens: Produce pollen on terminal anthers

Carpels: Produce Ovules

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33
Q

How are flowering plants fertilized?

A

Pollen tubes discharges 2 sperm into female gametophyte. First sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other fuses the two nuclei in the center to initiate production of a food storing endosperm

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34
Q

How are fungi heterotrophs?

A

They suggest exoenzymes and and absorb the smaller compounds.

They do not ingest their food.

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35
Q

What are fungi cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

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36
Q

How are fungi cells divided? Is this the same for coenocytic fungi?

A

Fungi have hyphae dividied by speta allowing for transportaiton through numerous cells

Co = lack septa

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37
Q

What organs allow fungi to penetrate plant cells?

A

Haustoria

Along with Mycorrhizae allow for inorganic nutrients to be fixed in plants, and organic molecules for the fungi

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38
Q

What are the 2 forms of mycorrhizae?

A

Ectomycorrhizal fungi = forms sheath of hyphae over a root and grow into extracellular spaces of the root

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi = extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes fromed by invagination of the root cell membrane

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39
Q

How can fungi reproduce?

A

Asexually or sexually

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40
Q

What are the two stages of sexual reproduction in fungi?

A 
cell fusion (plasmogamy)
Nuclear fusion (karyogamy)

with intervenining stage between the two in which their are two haploid cells from the the two parents (heterokaryotic stage)

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41
Q

What causes sexual reproduction in fungi?

A

Release of pheromones to communicate their mating type

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42
Q

What does DNA evidence say about who fungi is most related to?

A

Nucleariids

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43
Q

Who is among the earliest colonizers of land?

A

Fungi

44
Q

What are the main phyla for fungi?

A

Chytrids

Zygomycetes

Glomeromycetes

Ascomycetes

Basidiomycetes

45
Q

What makes Chytrids unique among other fungi groups?

A

They have flagellated spores call zoospores

They are believed that chytrids diverged early in fungal evolution

46
Q

Why are zygomycetes named as such?

A

They are named for their sexually produced zygosporangia

47
Q

Glomeromycetes all form a distinct endomycorrhizae, what is it?

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

48
Q

Ascomycetes have a stupid name, which is based on a an actual structure. What are they called?

A

Sac fungi

Asci

49
Q

How are animals held together and what makes them unique?

A

Collagen

Nervous and muscle tissue

50
Q

When did the cambrian explosion occur?

A

The Paleozoic era

51
Q

When did modern mammal orders and insects begin to show?

A

Cenozoic Era

52
Q

What does cephalization mean?

A

Sensory structures and brain at the end

53
Q

What are the names of the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

54
Q

What are the names of the two development modes found in animals?

A

Protostome

Deuterostoes

55
Q

How does cleavage differ in protostome/deuterostome development?

A

Proto = Spiral and determinate

Deute = Radial and indeterminate

56
Q

In development, what does the blastopore develop into?

A

Proto = Mouth

Deute = Anus

57
Q

What common feature do all ecdysozoans share?

A

They shed their exoskeletons to grow

called ecdysis

58
Q

What phyla do sponges make up?

A

Porifera

59
Q

What generates water current in sponges and what cells play a role in digestion?

A

Choanocytes

Amoebocytes

60
Q

Clade bilateria possess two features, what are they?

A

Bilateral symmetry

Triploblastic development

61
Q

Phylum Mollusca all share a similar body plan, what are the 3 main parts?

A

A muscular goot
A visceral mass
A mantle

62
Q

What are the 4 major classes of molluscs?

A

Polyplacophora

Gastropoda

Bivalvia

Cephalopoda

63
Q

What is the most distinct characterisitic of gastropods?

A

Torsion of the body plan

64
Q

What two gorups is phylum annelida split into?

A

Polychaeta (polchaetes)

Oligochaeta (Earthworms and that shit)

65
Q

What kind of circulatory system do arthopods have? And what is hemolymph?

A

Open

A fluid circulated into spaces surrounding the tissues and organs

66
Q

What are the 4 classes of arthropoda?

A

Chelicerates (spiders, scorpions and shit)

Myriapods (centipedes and millipeds)

Hexapods (insects and shit)

Crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, and shit)

67
Q

What are the 4 characters of chordates?

A

Notochord

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Pharyngeal slits or clefts

Muscular, post-anal tail

68
Q

What is a notochord used for?

A

skeletal support (usually only in embryonic development )

69
Q

What does the nerve cord develop from?

A

Plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord

70
Q

What is unique to craniates?

A

A neural crest

two clusters of hox genes

71
Q

What was the first vertebrates with a mineralized skeletal elements?

A

Conodonts

72
Q

What animals (also what class) represent the oldest living lineage of vertebrate?

A

Lampreys

Class Petromyzontida

Oldest because of cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord

73
Q

What is a jawed vertebrate called?

A

Gnathostomes

74
Q

What is the earliest gnathostomes? (They were armoured

A

Placoderms

75
Q

What class do sharks, rays and their relatives belong to?

A

Chondrichthyes

Possess a cartilaginous skeleton as well as normal skeleton

76
Q

What ways can shark eggs develop?

A

Oviparous = hatch outside the mother’s body

Ovoviviparous = embryo develops within uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk

Viviporous = developed inside by a bunch of the mothers shit

77
Q

What is the name of the clade that a vast majority of vertebrates belong to?

A

Osteichthyes

78
Q

What are the specific adaptations for tetrapods?

A

Four limbs and feet with digits

Ears developed for detecting airbourne sounds

79
Q

What are the three orders of amphibia?

A

Urodela = salamanders

Anura = frogs and toads

Apoda = legless worms

80
Q

Why are amniotes called amniotes?

A

A clade that possesses an amniotic egg; which contains a specialized membrane that protect the embryo

81
Q

What are the surviving lineage of lepidosaurs?

A

Tuatara and squamates

82
Q

What are the major adaptations of “Birds”

A

Wings with keratin feathers

Lack of urinary bladder

Females with one ovary

small gonads

loss of teeth

83
Q

What is the most diverse group of living birds?

A

Order Passeriformes

84
Q

What are the derived characteristics of mammals?

A

Mammary glands that produce milk

Differentiated teeth

Larger brain than other vertebrate

85
Q

What is the name of the small group of egg laying mammals?

A

Monotremes

86
Q

What characteristics separate hominids from other hominins?

A

Upright posture/bipedal locomotion

larger brains

Language capapbilities

Symbiotic thought

Manufacture/use of complex tools

Shortened jaw

87
Q

What is the study of ecology?

A

The study of interactions between organisms and the environment

These interactions determine distribution of organisms and their abundance

88
Q

What is a biosphere? Global-scale ecology?

A

The global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems

Examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

89
Q

Define ecosystem?

A

Consists of all organisms of all species living in an area + all the abiotic factors in the area

90
Q

Define community

A

All organisms of all species living in an area

91
Q

Define population

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

92
Q

What 4 major abiotic components make up climate?

A

Temperature

Precipitation

Sunlight

Wind

93
Q

Define macroclimate and microclimate

A

Macro = patterns on the global, regional, and local level

Micro = very fine patterns (like under a log climate)

94
Q

What do mountains have a significant effect on?

A

The amount of sunlight reaching an area

Local temperature

Rainfall

95
Q

How can climate be illustrated?

A

With a climograph

96
Q

Define density and dispersion

A

density = number of individuals per unit area of volume

Dispersion = pattern of spacing among individuals

97
Q

How can population size be determined?

A

N = sn/x

s = tagged sample
n = second sample captured
x = how many of them are marked
98
Q

What are the three patterns of population distribution?

A

Clumped

Uniform

Random

99
Q

Survivorship can be divided into 3 types, what are they?

A

Type 1 = low death rates from young to medium, then increase as you age

type 2 = death rate is constant throughout life

Type 3 = high death rates for young, then decreases as you age

100
Q

What should the shape of population growth chart look like?

A

J-shaped

101
Q

What can population size be limited by?

A

Accumulation of wastes

Shelter from predators

Food

Nesting sites

102
Q

What traits affect the schedule of reproduction?

A

Age at which reproduction begins

How often they reproduce

How many offspring can be made each cycle

103
Q

What is the name given to species that bang once and die? How about numerous times?

A

Semelparity for one bang and done

iteroparity for repeated banging

104
Q

What are the different kind of niche’s and what do they do?

A

Ecological niche = total use of biotic and abiotic resources

realized niche = what they actually use

105
Q

What are some basic forms of cryptic coloration?

A

Cryptic colouration

Aposematic Coloration

Batesian mimicry

Mullerain mimicry

106
Q

What is species richness and relative abundance?

A

Species = total number of different species in a community

relative = proportion of each species represents of the total individuals in the community

107
Q

What are keystone species?

A

Exert strong control over a community by their ecological roles, or niches

Think beavers and star fish

Evolution, Ecology, and Biodiversity (2 decks)

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