midterm Flashcards
what the negative pressure wave is called?
Rare faction
2 modes of waves are?
Longitudinal and shear wave
the relationship between absorption and penetration is
inverse
if the US is not moved a what wave can occur?
standing or stationary wave
the range of therapeutic US in frequency is from what mhz to what mhz
0.73 –> or (1-3)
intensity is measured in blank cm2
Whats per cm squared
what is cavitation
Expansion and contraction of molecule of air (gas bubble)
what are the settings most likely to decrease swelling
Low intensity
how does US head act non thermally
Acoustic streaming, cavitation and cell membrane effects
what is the purpose of gel in US
Decrease impedence (resistence) (prevent standing wave) (improves penetration)**
what is the frequency for superficial US?
3mhz
what is a likely power for heating
high power
what is an example of non ionizing radiation
Ultra violet A, invisible light, microwaves, radios
Free radicals can cause DNA damage
what is a photon
Particle of light has no mass and no charge but has energy
what is the type of radiation that can “tan” the skin
ultra violet B
what are three types of radiation from the sun**
Uvb visible light infra red microwave light radio wave light xrays gamma waves
which hormone regulates sleep cycle is important for immunity
melatonin
What are 5 mechanisms of heat exchange?
-conduction, convection, conversion, evaporation, radiation
What is the definition of convection heating?
movement of air or water currents around a body to transfer heat
Two examples of deep heating
ultrasound, short wave diathermy
How deep do deep heating modalities penetrate?
3-5cm
. What is vigorous heating temps?
anything over 45 degrees C
what is the Temp of hydroc
71-79 degrees C
How does heat decrease pain and spasm
through gaiting, stimulates sensory nerves
Contraindications for heat and ice
Lack of sensation, open wounds, circulatory disorders (ex: PVD), cold sensitivities
What are the explanation for ice?
gonna feel cold, then gonna burn, then gonna ache, then goes numb
Why heat vs. cold
- heat for chronic issues
- no inflammation
- improve tissue extensibility
Frequency=
depth of penetration***
Higher frequency is superficial lower frequency is deeper***
superficial lower frequency is deeper***
Stationary wave=
when u stop moving the us head
waves of the same frequency add up
Waves can summit and can bounce back and break the crystal in the us and also burn the patient***
What is construction interfereance?
If the two amplitudes have opposite signs, they will subtract to form a combined wave with a lower amplitude
if the wave gits at an angle what happens?
some is reflected and the rest is refracted with minimal absorption
superficial use…
hifgher frequency
the higher the frequency the…
greater the absorption in superficial tissues.
define ERA
effective radiating area: all points of the transducer face that has an intensity of at least 5% of the maximum intensity of the beam
Proliferative (phase 2) takes up to 6 weeks
takes up to 6 weeks
US can bring increased…
plasma and cells for repair to the site of application which is needed for repair
non thermal reasons to use ultra sound
mechanical vibration acoustic streaming, cellular affects*****
ultra sound contraindications
On or near cancer (somewhere else u could just not on the lump) or TB or psoriasis
Abnormal growths
Tissue receiving radiation therapy
Low back or abdomen of a pregnant female (therapeutic type of US)
Epiphyseal plates of children (don’t know full effect)
Eyes and gonads
Area of suspected DVT
Abcesses
Over pacemakers
Ice or compromised sensation prior to heating
the most common muscles to down train are..
frontalis, masseter, and trapezius.
EMG measures…
muscle activity (nerve) going to the muscle.
common up trained muscles..
VMO IS, SS, Tminor Erector spinae Trans abs Pelvic floor
biofeedback deceases tension but not…
pain
higher wavelength =
lower wave length
physical properties of light: reflection
refers to the phenomenon of bouncing back of ray of light from energy source.
physical properties of light: refraction
refers to the phenomenon of bouncing back of ray of light from energy source.
physical properties of light: absorption
ability to take-in light or radiant energy. Absorption is inversely related to penetration. In order for light to have a physiologic effect, it must be absorbed.
ultra violet light and is…
Uva: longer wave length (bumble bees can see this)
Uvb: can cause sunburns (most dangerous)
Laser deffintition:
Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
characteristics of laser: monochromatic
one wavelength=one colour
characteristics of laser: Coherence
all photons travel in the same direction – parallel
characteristics of laser: Beam divergence
refers to parallelism if the beam. The more parallel, the greater the concentration of energy
contraindication for laser
Contraindications: Pregnancy Fontanels of children Cancer Near eyes or genitals (same as ultrasound)
what are symptoms of sesonal affective disorder?
Vitamin D low, carb cravings, depression,
name 3 chemicals that can cause pain:
potassium
serotonin
bradykinnin
describe the 3 stages of pain
acute
chronic
refferred pain
what is the rule with referred pain?
treat the source and referred will go away
3 stages of proliferstive pahse (the process to get collagen being laid down)
- granulation- fibroblasts, and epithelial cells
- wound concentration myofibroblasts (pull together)
- collagen production
basic principles of massage
Physiological: Increase blood and lymph circulation Increase or decrease nervous system outflow Reduce pain Boost immune system
Mechanical: Improve joint mobility Prevent or decrease adhesion formation Reduce or increase muscle tone Increase tissue mobility and flexibility
treatment goals for therapeutic massage
- restore optimal function when possible
- prevent further injury
- maintain or increase tissue/fluid interchage
- maintain or increase joint mobility
- maintian or increase tone and flexibility
massage contraindications
Undiagnosed lump Contagious skin condition Acute infection Recent wound Burn Open lesion Contagious disease Fever Cancer Hyperesthesia Rheumatoid arthritis
physical mechanisms of heat exchange
conduction, convection, radiation, conversion, evaporation
therapeutic heat modalities
parafin
heat/cold
diathermy
ultrasound
treatment goals for heat
- increase rom
- reduce spasm
- improve tissue extensibility
- decrease pain
contraindications for heat applications
acute injury/inflammation
open wounds
compromised circulation (PVD)
anethetic skin
