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Modalities > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

NMES- low rate vs. high rate

A

Low rate – twitch – used over motor pts, low rate, high width, endogenous opiates, good for chronic pain, tx time – 30-45 min
High rate – sensory analgesia – multiple electrode placements, high rate, low width, gating, more comfortable for long applications, best for acute pain

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2
Q

NMES- what is modulated vs. burst used for?

A

to prevent accomadation

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3
Q

with nmes then do we use it? with or without muscles contracting?

A

with

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4
Q

NMES- what is ramp modulation?

A

the rise time

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5
Q

NMES- definition of frequency

A

low=twitch, high=tetany

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6
Q

the purpose of nodes of ranvier

A

The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another, but ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier. As a result, the action potential signal jumps along the axon, from node to node, rather than propagating smoothly, as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath.

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7
Q

calcium is stored where?

A

in non- muscle cells.

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8
Q

difference between muscle and trigger points

A

motor points: area of muscle

trigger: area of muscle that is more sensitive and more excitable/ and tender

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9
Q

stages of tissue healing

A
  1. Acute (inflammatory) 3 days 2. repair and regeneration (proliferative stage) collagen being laid down 3. remodeling (adding forces to the collagen)
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10
Q

what is Galvanotaxis

A

A process by which negative ions are attracted to a positive pole and positive ions to a negative pole (helps with healing)

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11
Q

Final exam written:

A

has a table and have to tell indications (what it does) contraindications (why you wouldn’t use it) and also how it works and some conditions you would use it for***

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12
Q

uses of IFC

A

1- Relief and management of acute and chronic pain.
2- Muscle stimulation
3- Increased blood flow
4- Reduction of edema
5- Stimulating of soft tissues healing and repair.

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13
Q

laser has?

A

photons (particles of light) which stim tissue healing by effecting tissue healing

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14
Q

laser definition

A

Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation

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15
Q

laser indications

A

Tissue healing

Acute and chronic pain

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16
Q

laser contrindications

A

Pregnancy
Fontanels of children
Cancer
Near eyes or genitals

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17
Q

wave length and particle

A

wave length carries the energy, has ability to be measured with frequency and amplitude (bigger wave = more energy)

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18
Q

traction- angle of pull for cervical spine

A

flat= upper cervical, the more we flex= more lower cervical

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19
Q

hydrotherapy- specific water heat temperature

A

Ms-colder water

Oa- warmer water

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20
Q

hydrotherapy- deep water excdercise

A

Patient’s feet cannot touch the bottom
Open chain exs
Depth at least 5’6”
Patient must use buoyancy assist devices
Water should be tepid, since treatment times approach 45 min
Great medium for pregnancy
Water immersion – lowers resting heart rate. This is good for pregnant women with back pain as land based exercise has been shown to raise the heart rate of the fetus.

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21
Q

hydrotherapy- Mid-level to shallow-level exercise

A

T12 –chin = mid
Knee – T-12
Permits the body to move over fixed distal extremity
Some WB
May allow faster rehab for pts with total jt replacements
Can progress from mid to shallow
Significant training effects noted – esp VO2 max

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22
Q

hydrotherapy-Bad Ragaz techs

A

a buoyant ring to assist the patient floating in the water.
The ring may be placed around the trunk or around the extremities or it may support the head and neck
PNF patterns often added
ROM, Stretching and strengthening can also be done (isometric and isotonic)
Patient can be supine, prone or sidelying

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23
Q

what CAN taping do?

A

Support areas subject to excessive stress
Support joints with a history of an injury
Secure dressings in place
Minimize chance of further damage
Provide some compression to control swelling
Enable athlete to return to activity which assists in regaining strength and flexibility

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24
Q

what taping CANNOT do?

A

Because tape is applied to skin (moves), total control is not possible
Cannot be used in isolation for injury management

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25
Q

common taping mistakes

A

Windows – opening in the tape
Shadows – area of less overlap of tape
Wrinkles
Tape too tight or too loose

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26
Q

comomon acid formed

A

salt, HCl, citric

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27
Q

electrical stim monophsic or asymetrical

A

monophasic (good current for necrotic tissue)

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28
Q

disorders for why traction could be used

A

Disc protrusions
Lateral stenosis (pinched nerves)
DDD
And subluxations

29
Q

traction- intermittent vs. static hold

A

Intermittent (the rest period)
Static hold is better for chronic holds

facet issues benefit from long intermittent

30
Q

lumbar traction-angles of pull

A

45-60 deg of flexion will cause laxity at the L5-S1 level
60-75 deg – laxity at L4-5
And 75-90 deg at the L3-4 (traction boulster)

31
Q

contraindications for traction

A 
Spinal infections – meningitis
RA
Osteoporosis
Spinal CA (cancer)
Spinal cord pressure
Recent fracture
Harrington rods? (very rare)
32
Q

define TENS

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stim – pain management through skin electrodes

33
Q

define IFC

A

Interferential Current – 4 electrodes. Used for pain. 2 currents – interfering. (most liked by patients)

34
Q

define NMES

A

neuromuscular electrical stim – stimulating innervated mm to restore function. Includes strengthening and muscle re-ed

35
Q

define EMS

A

electrical muscle stimulation – done to maintain muscle viability

36
Q

define Direct Current (DC)

A

Electrons flowing continuously in 1 direction

37
Q

define Alternating current (AC)

A

Periodic reversal of electron flow

38
Q

define current (I)

A

How fast electrons flow

39
Q

OHM is the measure of what

A

resistance

40
Q

define impedence

A

opposition of electrical circuits to flow of AC. Ohm is used for impedance and resistance. (like fat and skin)

41
Q

most tens and nmes are what type of wave?

A

biphasic

42
Q

why is biphasic better than monophasic?

A

prevents ion build-up and abnormal pH

43
Q

contraindications for estim

A 
Pregnancy – over the uterus.
Pacemaker – not over pacemaker
Cancer- not over cancer site.
On or near DVT
Over the carotid sinus-side of the neck
44
Q

estim motor resposne occurs at

A

5mA**

45
Q

3 categories of peripheral nerves

A

: A (biggest, afferent and efferent and myelinated); B (same as A but smaller); C – unmyelinated and small – these are pain (visceral) and cutaneous sensation. (don’t move quickly) some sensations don’t want to relay quickly

46
Q

what is tetany?

A

Tetany is a summation of twitches

47
Q

what happens when u increase amplitude?

A

u are recruiting more muscle motors

48
Q

motor point for

A

twitch

49
Q

What is the formula for ohn’s law

A

Voltage=currentxR (V=IxR

50
Q

The description of how fast electrons move is called

A

current

51
Q

The current resistance are ( ) related. High skin resistance therefore required more voltage to produce necessary current

A

inverse relationship

52
Q

The( )the pulse width, the more likely you are to stimulate( )nerves
Longer, motor nerves OR

A

shorter, sensory

53
Q

The type of wave most common for tens and nmes is

A

Asymmetrical biphasic

54
Q

accomidation can be prevented by

A

Turn up amps or turn onto modulated or burst

55
Q

By turning up intesnsity one moves from

A

Sub sensory to sensory to motor to pain

56
Q

What is the rmp (resting membrane potential)

A

-70 to -90 mV

57
Q

Normally these muscles fibers are recruited first

A 
types 1 
(exception is estim because large motor units are recruited first)
58
Q

Sources of ELF are from

A

household applicance at 60 Hz

59
Q

frequencies for tissues

A

Nerve‐2 Hz
Bone‐75 Hz
Ligament‐10 Hz
Capillaries and skin‐15 Hz

60
Q

US laser and PEMF can effect cell membranes which can..?

A

affect healing

61
Q

contraindications for PMEF

A

Pacemakers
Pregnancy
Epilepsy

62
Q

PEMF therapeutic frequency

A

extremely low (frequency range)

63
Q

traction- how much weight do u use

A

half body weight for lumbar traction

64
Q

US-indications: why use it?

A

Tissue healing, for heating up deep layers of tissue

65
Q

mechanisms: 2 answers

A
  1. acoustic streaming: movement of gas bubble across cell membranes, 2. Friction: vibrating of cells
    intensity, frequency, duty cycle (10, 15% of continuous
66
Q

bigger wave=

A

more energy

67
Q

parameters of IFC

A 
Do not cross electrodes over the thorax
Same CI and precautions as TNS and NMES
Caution that electrodes do not dry out!!
MUST wet sponges!!!!
Some IFC use vacuum suction and some require sponges to be held in place with velcro straps
68
Q

Causes of Itching or Prickling sensations

A

Patient moved and electrodes not making good contact
Gel or water dried out
Electrode worn out

69
Q

which current is best for tissue healing?

A

can have both monophasic or asymmetrical biphasic as answer

Modalities (2 decks)

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