Midterm Flashcards
Leisure
- free time/ activity/ state of mind
- experience (enjoyment, satisfaction) or attitude (what is meaningful to the person) rather than time or activity
Theory
- a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.
- set of principles explaining a phenomena
Perceived Freedom
a state of mind in which the person feels that what she or he is doing is done by choice and because one wants to do it
Intrinsic Motivation
doing something because you enjoy it, and want to do it
Extrinsic Motivation
doing something for the rewards
Introjected Regulation
internalization of extrinsic motivators, motivation tied to self-worth
Overjustification Effect
extrinsic rewards tend to overpower sense of self-determination and shift motivation from intrinsic to extrinsic
Learned Helplessness
passive behaviour as a result of lack of control in previous experiences
Autonomy
freedom to make one’s own choices
Competence
experience of mastery, feeling effective
Relatedness
sense of self connection to others and the world; sense of value and contribution
Controlling Environment
an environment where the individual has the feeling of no choice, control, or self-determination due to extrinsic regulation
Autonomy-supportive Environment
an environment in which those involved have opportunities that allow for personal choice and control (aids in intrinsic motivation)
Conditioning of Freedom
focused on how people are limited in their options for leisure, because, for example:
- Facilities/equipment are not available and/or too expensive
- Activity is against the law or counter to local custom
- Activity is not accessible or permissible for certain
groups
- Time constraints
- Need a partner/group to participate
Secularization
movement away from religious influence/ control
Individualization
increasing focus on the individual
Industrialization
movement away from primarily ag. society to one focused on manufacturing/ production
Globalization
decreasing importance of national boundaries
Urbanization
increasing proportion of population living in urban areas
Modernity
- (late 19th century)
- era of increased industrial capitalism
- work and productivity seen as ethical and desirable
- focus on order
- leisure: a means of maintaining order in society
Post-Modernity
- (mid-late 20th century)
- rejection of modernity
- fragmentation, diversity, and disorder in society and culture
- cultivation of varied leisure forms and exploration of risk and marginality in leisure
Flow
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
- sense of effortless action [people] feel in moments that stand out as the best in their lives
- Being “in the zone”
- Key elements: challenge, skill, optimal experience
- Not unique to leisure
Seeking
- search for psychological satisfaction through leisure
- Personal: Self-determination, competence, challenge, learning, exploration and relaxation
- Interpersonal: Social contact and connectedness
Escape
- time away from the everyday environment,
including: - Personal world: problems, difficulties, failures, etc.
- Interpersonal world: family, friends, colleagues, etc.
Leisure Needs
identified by people when asked what needs they seek to satisfy through leisure
Leisure Satisfaction
- The result of meeting leisure needs/ motivations “need-satisfaction” - Evaluation of the quality of the leisure experience “appraisal-satisfaction”
Theory of Planned Behaviour
perceived behavioural control and behavioural intention predict action/ behaviour
Theory of Planned Behaviour:
Attitude toward the behaviour
personal evaluation of the behaviour as favourable or unfavourable
Theory of Planned Behaviour:
Subjective Norm
perceived social pressure to perform (or not perform) the behaviour
Theory of Planned Behaviour:
Perceived behavioural control
perceived ease or ability of performing the behaviour (reflects past experiences as well as perceived obstacles)
Self-efficacy
confidence in the ability to change behaviour
Bandura
Stress-Buffering Hypothesis
- Leisure “buffers” or reduces the impact of stressful events, such that people are less likely to feel the impacts of stress (both physically and psychologically)
- Research suggests that leisure helps people cope with stress associated with unemployment, social role changes, and lifespan changes
- No clear understanding on HOW this happens
– Opportunities for competence and social support
through leisure likely helpful in buffering stress
– Leisure can also be a source of stress
– There is some evidence that strength of leisure as a buffer varies by activity
Coping
- The “attempt to lessen physical and/ or psychological stress or negative feelings associated with problematic circumstances”
- Problem-focused coping
- Emotion-focused coping
Coping:
Leisure-related beliefs
those who see the value of leisure for empowerment/ social support have stronger coping abilities
Coping:
Leisure coping strategies
use of leisure to “escape” or to induce a positive mood
Social Constructionism
- meaning is created through language, interactions with others, and becomes “truth
- a theory of knowledge focused on how societies/cultures develop jointly constructed understandings of the world.
Space
refers to a specific setting, location, etc.
Place
refers to the meaning and attachments that a person or group has for a specific setting
Sense of place
a means of understanding/ describing people’s relationship to a place
Place attachment
affective relationships between people and the environment (natural and built)
Place identity
focuses on the emotional and symbolic meanings recreationists ascribe to the recreation settings
Place dependence
ability of a place to facilitate desired (leisure) experiences
Social World
an internally recognizable constellation of actors, organizations, events, and practices which have coalesced into a perceived sphere of interest and involvement for participants
Constraints
- factors that limit leisure preferences and/or inhibit participation and enjoyment in leisure
- psychological factors within an individual as well as factors in the social and physical environment
Interpersonal Constraints
- internal to the individual
- psychological states and attributes that interact with leisure preferences
Intrapersonal Constraints
result of social interactions with others
Structural Constraints
- external factors
- intervene between leisure preferences and participation
Constraints Negotiation
people may participate in leisure activities despite constraint
Serious Leisure
the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer core activity that people find so substantial, interesting, and fulfilling that, in the typical case, they launch themselves on a (leisure) career centred on acquiring and expressing a combination of its special skills, knowledge and experience
(Stebbins)
Amateurs
people who pursue for their leisure activities that others do in a professional capacity (i.e., art, science, sport, entertainment)
Hobbyists
people who pursue leisure activities that have no professional counterpart (i.e., stamp collecting, fishing, some sports)
Career Volunteers
committed volunteers (i.e., volunteers can also be casual or project-based)
Casual leisure
immediate, intrinsically rewarding, relatively short-lived pleasurable activity requiring little or no special training to enjoy it
Project based leisure
a short-term,moderately complicated,either one-shot or occasional, though infrequent, creative undertaking carried out in free time
Devotee work
serious leisure from which the worker gains a livelihood
Leisure specialization
- Sense of progress (toward a goal; skills acquisition, etc.)
- Greater involvement, skill (particularly related to use of specialized equipment)
Neulinger’s Leisure Paradigm
Defines whether an activity can be understood as leisure based on motivation and perceived freedom
(visiting a sick friend, gym, volunteering)
Self Determination Theory
- Deci and Ryan
- describes a way of understanding the interrelation between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, and how others influence our own motivation
- ability to exercise ‘sense of choice’ within an environment
Flow Theory
theorist
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
Basic motivational dimensions of leisure behaviour
theorist
Iso-Ahola
Stages of change model
theorist
Prochaska
DiClemente
Theory of planned behaviour
theorist
Ajzen
Fishbein
Ecological Systems Model
theorist
Bronfenbrenner
Social Determinants of Health
theorist
Raphael
Hierarchical, negotiation model of leisure constraints
- Jackson, Crawford, Godbey
- participation is dependent not on the absence of constraints but on negotiation through them
- anticipation of one or more insurmountable interpersonal or structural constraints may suppress desire for participation
- success of negotiation process is dependent of strengths of constraints and motivation for preparation
Serious Leisure
theorist
Stebbins
