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Leisure 2127 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Commodification

A

The process of transformation from something public or non-commercial into something that can be bought and sold; increasing materialism

Within leisure:
most forms of leisure have become increasingly commodified.

Context:
Leisure plays an economic role in stimulating the
economy

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2
Q

Theory related to commodification

A
  • Marx: Capitalism associated with the loss of power and agency for most people
  • Weber: Modernity associated with bureaucratization/ social order
  • Adorno: Critical of modernity and capitalism as inhibiting creativity and human expression, and encouraging passivity and consumption
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3
Q

Leisure Consumption

A

The use/necessity of commercial goods as part of a leisure experience; consumption as a necessary element of the leisure experience

Context:
Leisure plays an economic role in stimulating the
economy (Critcher, 2006)
People becoming passive consumers of material goods/leisure
Leisure has always been linked to consumption and commodification

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4
Q

Conspicuous Consumption

A

Public display of wealth to illustrate social status and prestige

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5
Q

Pecuniary emulation

A

Consumption/acquisition of material items to equal or
surpass others in appearance of wealth

Comparison with an “other” is key
Closely linked to self-identity

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6
Q

Democratized Consumption

A

Availability of inexpensive goods and cheap knockoffs has democratized consumption, so that people with less wealth can purchase items that were once symbols of the upper class

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7
Q

Core and balance model of family leisure

A

Based on the idea that people try to meet two opposing needs through their leisure, seeking “both stability and change, structure and variety, and familiarity and novelty in leisure
- Iso-Ahola,

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8
Q

Core and balance model of family leisure

  • Core
  • Balance
A

Common, everyday, low-cost, relatively accessible, often home based activities that many families do frequently

  • Zabriskie & McCormick
  • promote cohesion, feelings of comfort/closeness & stability, reinforce roles in the family,

Activities that are generally less common, less frequent, more out of the ordinary and usually not home-based thus providing novel experiences

  • Zabriskie & McCormick
  • characterized by new challenges, unfamiliar environments and circumstances, which help families adapt to new situations
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9
Q

Purposive Leisure

A

Leisure that is “planned, facilitated, and executed…in order to achieve particular short- and long-term goals
- Shaw & Dawson

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10
Q

Intensive Mothering

A

Mothers devote much of their energies to children’s needs and well-being

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11
Q

Intensive Fathering

A

Fathers involved in the everyday care of their children and develop strong bonds with them, often through leisure

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12
Q

Entitlement to leisure

A

The right to leisure, either real or perceived

Relates to:
Personal perceptions about one’s own right to leisure (i.e.
parents, new Canadians, students)
Societal perceptions about who has the right to leisure

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13
Q

Parents’ entitlement to leisure

A

Relates to the extent to which parents value their own leisure, and the extent to which others (society) judges parents to taking time/resources for their own leisure

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14
Q

Spillover

A

Qualities, characteristics, attitudes toward work are reflected in leisure choices

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15
Q

Compensation

A

Leisure compensates for psychological needs not fulfilled at work
Roberts:
suggests compensation also occurs in response to unstable economy – people choose comfortable, traditional leisure patterns to cope with instability and change in labour market

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16
Q

Career related

A

Leisure important for career development: golfing,

networking, volunteering

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17
Q

Rojek’s Brazilian Thesis

A

Rise of casual, part-time, contract work leads to:
Modular leisure: to adapt to changing work patterns and
time availability
Social dislocation within leisure, increasing isolation and feelings of worthlessness
Antagonism/aggression toward society/community, rather than attachment
A pessimistic theory!!
Solution:
Shift in perceptions of the importance of work and leisure

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18
Q

Defining Play

A

Generally freely chosen, spontaneous, self-directed and fun. Play allows children and youth of all ages to try new things, test boundaries, learn from their mistakes and, perhaps most importantly, enjoy being active

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19
Q

Play characteristics

A 
Defined by the participant, and characterized by:
intrinsic motivation    
free choice
suspension of reality    
positive affect
process over product
active rather than passive involvement    
rules that govern play
internal locus of control
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20
Q

Early Theory of Play:

Surplus energy theory

A

Play is a means to expend excess energy

Ex:
Children playing tag

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21
Q

Early Theory of Play:

Recreation/ Relaxation theory

A

People play to restore their energy for work

Ex:
Taking a study break to play a video game

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22
Q

Early Theory of Play:

Recapitulation theory

A

Children play to mimic stages of human evolution (to prepare for life in the modern world)

Ex:
Children climbing and hanging from trees

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23
Q

Early Theory of Play:

Preparation/ Practice theory

A

Play is a means to practice skills needed for adult life

Ex:
Children playing “house” or “doctor”

24
Q

Contemporary Theory of Play:

Catharsis theory

A

Play is an acceptable way to expend excess emotional energy

Ex:
Playing pick-up basketball after an argument with a friend

Critique analysis:
An extension of surplus energy theory

25
Q

Cognitive theories of play (Piaget and others)

A

Children assimilate knowledge, create knowledge, and/or build problem-solving abilities during play

Ex:
Children drawing pictures

Critique analysis:
Suggests play closely connected to learning

26
Q

Psychoanalytic theories of play (Freud)

A

Play as a method of mastering disturbing thoughts or experiences

Ex:
Child yelling at her stuff animals after a parent has yelled at her

Critique analysis:
Foundational theory for play therapy

27
Q

Reproduction and Resistance

A

Foucault
When there is oppression or inequities, people will find ways to challenge this oppression

Resistance:
Challenges/weakens dominant beliefs and social constructions

Reproduction:
strengthens/reinforces dominant beliefs and social constructions

28
Q

Leisure as resistance

A

Act or series of actions that enhance freedom of choice and personal control”
- Shaw

Can be:
intentional or unintentional
individual or collective

29
Q

Leisure as resistance:
Collective level
Individual Level

A

Acts of resistance by groups drawing attention to a source of shared oppression

Act of resistance in response to one’s personal situation; can lead to collective-level acts of resistance

30
Q

Strategies for resistance in the context of disability:

Advocacy

A

Public resistance of perceptions of lowered ability and stigma

31
Q

Strategies for resistance in the context of disability:

Redefinition

A

Engaging in leisure as a means of redefining oneself (privately) as “normal”, independent, etc.; private acts of resistance

32
Q

Strategies for resistance in the context of disability:

Passing

A

Engaging in leisure in the same ways as others to “pass” as “normal”; managing what others know about (disability, usually to avoid stigma)

33
Q

Deviant Leisure

A

Leisure that violates cultural, social, or moral norms
May be illegal (but not always)
Often associated with risk, self-indulgence, immorality, or cruelty

34
Q

Leisure as time

A

Free time, time away from work

35
Q

Leisure as activity

A

What you do in your spare ti me

- Fun, creative activity, hobbies, etc.

36
Q

Leisure as state of mind

A

Contemplative (Dumazedier, Pieper)
State of relaxation, enjoyment, fulfillment, satisfaction
Defined by attitude (what is meaningful to the ‘actor’)

37
Q

Purple leisure/recreation

A

Experiences, viewed as a negative or immoral by others

38
Q

Edgework

A

Voluntary participation in high-risk or marginal activities
Related to identity creation, “marginal” communities, resistance to mainstream culture/power
Leisure that explores the “edge” between right/wrong, life/death, etc.

39
Q

Tolerable deviance

A

Deviant behaviours tolerated by society, typically because threat to society is thought to be low

40
Q

Intolerable deviance

A

Deviant behaviours that are criminal or in strong violation of moral norms

41
Q

Theoretical explanations for deviance:

Anomie (Durkheim)

A

During times of uncertainty and change at societal

level, social norms/expectations are relaxed and as a result people participate in deviant activities

42
Q

Theoretical explanations for deviance:

Social bond theory (Hirschi)

A

Weak social bonds with mainstream are associated with deviance

43
Q

Sensation seeking (Zuckerman)

A

Rewards provide motivation for participation in deviant or non-deviant behaviours;
People engaging in deviant behaviours have deviant role models who provide rewards for deviant behaviours

44
Q

Theory of differential reinforcement (Burgess & Akers)

A

Rewards provide motivation for participation in deviant or non-deviant behaviours;
People engaging in deviant behaviours have deviant role models who provide rewards for deviant behaviours

45
Q

Why do people engage in deviant leisure:
Rojek’s typology of forms of deviant leisure:
Invasive leisure

A

A means of retreating from everyday life for people who are alienated or have few relationships with mainstream society

46
Q

Why do people engage in deviant leisure:
Rojek’s typology of forms of deviant leisure:
Mephitic leisure

A

The result of externalizing feelings of aggression, manifested in abusive acts toward others

47
Q

Why do people engage in deviant leisure:
Rojek’s typology of forms of deviant leisure:
Wild leisure

A

Focuses on the ‘adventure’ or ‘risk’ associated with deviance; usually sporadic

48
Q

What influences leisure preferences and participation over the lifespan?
Three key influences

A

Normative age-graded influences

  1. Biological changes as we age;
  2. Predictable life events

Normative history-graded influences;
1. Associated with living in a particular time in history

Non-normative life events
1. Experienced as unexpected life circumstances rather than biological or large-scale cultural effects

49
Q

“Deficiency” model of aging

A

Decline and reduction of activities seen as inevitable
“Ageism constrains behaviours deemed to be appropriate for elderly people” (Wearing)
Presents aging as a “problem” – a time of decline and loss, increased illness and disability, isolation, dependency, loss of social roles, etc.
(Wearing)

50
Q

“Aging well” perspective on aging

A

Highlights losses associated with later life as well as the gains, assets, and abilities of older adults
Not a fixed outcome, but an on- going, open-ended, and dynamic process of meaning making throughout later life
Recognizes that older adults are not a homogeneous population
(Nimrod & Kleiber)

51
Q

Theories of aging:
Classical theories of aging:
Disengagement theory

A

Views withdrawal from society systems as a natural and inevitable part of aging

52
Q

Theories of aging:
Classical theories of aging:
Activity theory

A

Based on idea that people need to sustain involvement in activities, to replace paid work with leisure in order to maintain psychological health and “age successfully”

53
Q

Theories of aging:
Classical theories of aging:
Continuity theory

A

Based on people’s tendency to prefer similar activity through their lives; maintaining stability of activity allows people to adapt more easily to changes associated with aging

54
Q

Selection, Optimization and Compensation Theory

A

Draws attention to processes that people use to reach goals under increasing limitations in resources; describes how adults adapt to losses associated with aging and still maintain quality of life

55
Q

Selection
Optimization
Compensation

A

Prioritization of goals

Committing to prioritized leisure activities

Adapting to limitations by developing new skills

56
Q

Innovation theory

A

Changes associated with later life contribute to new self-concept

57
Q

Innovation theory:
Self-preservation
Self-reinvention:

A

Aspects of the self re-constructed in new ways through leisure(internal continuity)

Leisure as a means of personal
development

Leisure 2127 (2 decks)

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