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PTA 3 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A 
Persistent cough 
Extreme mucus production 
Shortness of breath, especially with exercise 
Wheezing 
Chest tightness
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2
Q

define stable angina

A

goes away with rest and medication

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3
Q

define unstable angina

A

pain @ rest or activity (serious warning sign for heart attack)

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4
Q

HR max=

A

220-age

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5
Q

what is the Mediastinum

A

Space between the lungs which contains the heart, the aorta, and vena cava

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6
Q

5th cranial nerve responsible for regulating…

A

Heart rate
Force of each contraction
Cardiac output

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7
Q

what is the sinuatrial node?

A

group of cells positioned on the wall of the right atrium

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8
Q

what are the 4 most common vital signs?

A

HR, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and temperature

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9
Q

factors affecting heart rate

A 
Age
Gender
Environmental Temperature
Infection
Physical Activity
Emotional Status
Medications
Cardiopulmonary Disease
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10
Q

reference heart rate range

A

60 bpm (less is bradycardia) and 100 bpm (greater is tachycardia)

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11
Q

pulse points

A 
carotid
femoral
popliteal
radial
brachial
Dorsalis pedis 
Tibialis posterior
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12
Q

normal blood pressure ranges

A

Systolic between 90 and 135mmHg

Diastolic between 50 and 90mmHg

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13
Q

what are direuretics

A

“water pills” because they work in the kidney and flush excess water and sodium from the body

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14
Q

what are beta blockers used for?

A

reduce nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels. This makes the heart beat slower and with less force. Blood pressure drops and the heart works less hard.

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15
Q

oxygen saturation should never be below….

A

95%

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16
Q

some cardiac evaluation tools

A

History
Heart rate, pulse and blood pressure
Auscultation
Laboratory tests i.e. Chest Xrays EKG, cholesterol, echocardiogram
Cardiac Stress Testing: Maximal, Sub Maximal
Fitness Testing

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17
Q

what is coronary artery disease?

A

Occlusion of a major coronary artery leads to an inadequate oxygenation of an area of myocardium and cell death (MI)

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18
Q

valve disease: incompetence

A

as a result of poorly functioning valves

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19
Q

valve disease: stenosis

A

narrowing caused by the valve’s inability to open fully

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20
Q

valve disease can either effect….

A

Mitral or Aortic valves

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21
Q

The most common signs of congestive heart failure are…

A

swollen legs or ankles or difficulty breathing.

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22
Q

when is the cardiac stress test tested…

A

during excercise or load

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23
Q

which types of patients are tested with the cardiac stress test?

A

patients with known coronary artery disease

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24
Q

what is heart rate reserve?

A

difference between a person’s resting heart rate and maximum heart rate

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25
Q

what is the calculation of heart rate reserve? HRR

A

HRR = HRmax − HRrest

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26
Q

what are some ways of Grading Exercise Intensity

A 
Borg Perceived Exertion Scale
Talk Test
Training Heart Rate Zone
 Metabolic Equivalent 
Self-monitoring of signs and symptoms
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27
Q

what is the borg perceived exertion scale?

A

Perceived exertion is how hard you feel like your body is working

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28
Q

borg percieved excertion scale numbers

A 
6 No exertion at all
7 Extremely light (7.5)8
9 Very light
10
11 Light
12
13 Somewhat hard
14
15 Hard (heavy)
16
17 Very hard
18
19 Extremely hard
20 Maximal exertion
29
Q

THR: simple method

A

THR = HRmax × %Intensity

30
Q

THR: karvonen method

A

THR = ((HRmax – HRrest) × %Intensity) + HRrest

31
Q

metabolic equivalent

A

the energy (oxygen) used by the body as you sit quietly, perhaps while talking on the phone or reading a book.

32
Q

how many lobes in the right lung and their names…

A

3 lobes. the upper or superior, middle, and lower or inferior

33
Q

how many lobes in the left lung and their names…

A

Two lobes in left lung: upper and lower

and also the lingula

34
Q

define spirometry

A

a versatile test of pulmonary physiology

35
Q

what is the Pulmonary function test assessing?

A

the mechanical properties of the respiratory system by measuring expiratory volumes and flow rates

36
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

= the volume of air inspired and expired during each respiratory cycle when at rest

37
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

= the max amount of air that can be inspired above tidal volume

38
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

= the max amount of air that can be expired after normal tidal volume

39
Q

what is residual volume?

A

= that air that remains after max expiration which does not participate in gas exchange

40
Q

what is total lung capacity?

A

= the sum of (all) residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

41
Q

what is restrictive lung disease and example?

A

unable to take in a full, deep breath

pneumonia, fractured rib, lung fibrosis

42
Q

what is obstructive lung disease and examples?

A

difficulty getting all the air out.

Asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

43
Q

which is the largest group of pulmonary disease?

A

obstructive lung disease

44
Q

which lung disease has the highest reason why we do chest physio?

A

COPD

45
Q

in which order do we treat chest physio for most often? the top 3

A

COPD, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis

46
Q

what is a symptom of bronchitis?

A

increased mucus production

47
Q

what is viral pneumonia?

A

walking still

48
Q

what is bacterial pneumonia?

A

in bed for 2 or more weeks

49
Q

symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A 
Persistent cough 
Extreme mucus production 
Shortness of breath, especially with exercise 
Wheezing 
Chest tightness
50
Q

typical characteristics of COPD: chronic bronchitis

A

chronic productive cough
hypoventilation
cyanosis
edema

51
Q

typical characteristics of COPD: emphysema

A

chronic dyspnea (breathlessness)
hyperinflation with barrel chest
cyanosis and edema are rare

52
Q

what causes Clubbing of the Fingers

A

Results from chronic hypoxia to the nail beds

53
Q

what is cyanosis?

A

Cyanosis refers to the bluish coloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin surface.

54
Q

what is the treatment to COPD?

A 
Slow down the damage to the lung 
Relieve symptoms, such as shortness of breath and cough 
Build up overall body fitness 
Decrease flare-ups 
Improving quality of life
55
Q

what are the 4 stages of change?

A

Stages of change- 1. precontemplative (not thinking of quiting) 2. contemplative know they should quit but haven’t yet 3. action set a date gonna quit,gtell everyone u know 4. maintenenance how do u continue to not go back

56
Q

signs and symptoms of pneumonia

A

cough with sputum production, fever, and sharp chest pain on inspiration (breathing in)

57
Q

symptoms of asthma

A

shortness of breath, tightness in the chest, coughing or wheezing.

58
Q

what are Bronchodilators used for?

A

help open the bronchial tubes of the lungs decreasing resistance and allowing more air to flow

59
Q

how many segments are there in the lungs

A

19

60
Q

contrindications for assisted cough

A

increased potential for aspiration e.g. unconscious patient with unprotected airway
acute abdominal pathology, abdominal aortic aneurysm, hiatus hernia, or pregnancy
bleeding
untreated pneumothorax
osteoporosis
flail chest

61
Q

contraindications for postural drainage

A

Hemorrhage
Untreated acute conditions
Cardiovascular instability
Recent neurosurgery

62
Q

what do we check for in the sputum?

A

consistency, color and volume as reflects changes in the patients condition.

63
Q

colour of sputum and what it means

A

White or clear : normal sputum
Yellow : infection
Green : chronic infection, usually bacterial
Red/ reddish-brown : blood

64
Q

goals of breating excercises

A 
Full expansion of all areas of the lungs
Maintain mobility of the thorax
Clear secretions from the lungs
Promote relaxation
Retrain muscles of respiration
Improve ventilation 
Improve gas exchange and oxygenation
Decrease the work of breathing
65
Q

what are healthy saturation levels?

A

Healthy individuals usually exhibit oxygen saturation values between 97% and 99%

66
Q

Indications for Mechanical Ventilation

A 
Acute lung injury
Signs of respiratory distress 
COPD
Neurological diseases such as Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Spinal Cord injury, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Hypoxemia
Congestive Heart Failure
67
Q

Determinants of Level of Care

A 
Age
Physical problems 
Functional limitations
Medical needs
Cognitive abilities
Mental health
Person’s and family’s wishes
68
Q

hypomobility vs. hypermobility

A

hypo less flexibility in a koint and would work on rom

hyper work on strengthening a joint

PTA 3 (2 decks)

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