Midterm Flashcards
symptoms of chronic bronchitis
Persistent cough Extreme mucus production Shortness of breath, especially with exercise Wheezing Chest tightness
define stable angina
goes away with rest and medication
define unstable angina
pain @ rest or activity (serious warning sign for heart attack)
HR max=
220-age
what is the Mediastinum
Space between the lungs which contains the heart, the aorta, and vena cava
5th cranial nerve responsible for regulating…
Heart rate
Force of each contraction
Cardiac output
what is the sinuatrial node?
group of cells positioned on the wall of the right atrium
what are the 4 most common vital signs?
HR, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and temperature
factors affecting heart rate
Age Gender Environmental Temperature Infection Physical Activity Emotional Status Medications Cardiopulmonary Disease
reference heart rate range
60 bpm (less is bradycardia) and 100 bpm (greater is tachycardia)
pulse points
carotid femoral popliteal radial brachial Dorsalis pedis Tibialis posterior
normal blood pressure ranges
Systolic between 90 and 135mmHg
Diastolic between 50 and 90mmHg
what are direuretics
“water pills” because they work in the kidney and flush excess water and sodium from the body
what are beta blockers used for?
reduce nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels. This makes the heart beat slower and with less force. Blood pressure drops and the heart works less hard.
oxygen saturation should never be below….
95%
some cardiac evaluation tools
History
Heart rate, pulse and blood pressure
Auscultation
Laboratory tests i.e. Chest Xrays EKG, cholesterol, echocardiogram
Cardiac Stress Testing: Maximal, Sub Maximal
Fitness Testing
what is coronary artery disease?
Occlusion of a major coronary artery leads to an inadequate oxygenation of an area of myocardium and cell death (MI)
valve disease: incompetence
as a result of poorly functioning valves
valve disease: stenosis
narrowing caused by the valve’s inability to open fully
valve disease can either effect….
Mitral or Aortic valves
The most common signs of congestive heart failure are…
swollen legs or ankles or difficulty breathing.
when is the cardiac stress test tested…
during excercise or load
which types of patients are tested with the cardiac stress test?
patients with known coronary artery disease
what is heart rate reserve?
difference between a person’s resting heart rate and maximum heart rate
what is the calculation of heart rate reserve? HRR
HRR = HRmax − HRrest
what are some ways of Grading Exercise Intensity
Borg Perceived Exertion Scale Talk Test Training Heart Rate Zone Metabolic Equivalent Self-monitoring of signs and symptoms
what is the borg perceived exertion scale?
Perceived exertion is how hard you feel like your body is working
borg percieved excertion scale numbers
6 No exertion at all 7 Extremely light (7.5)8 9 Very light 10 11 Light 12 13 Somewhat hard 14 15 Hard (heavy) 16 17 Very hard 18 19 Extremely hard 20 Maximal exertion
THR: simple method
THR = HRmax × %Intensity
THR: karvonen method
THR = ((HRmax – HRrest) × %Intensity) + HRrest
metabolic equivalent
the energy (oxygen) used by the body as you sit quietly, perhaps while talking on the phone or reading a book.
how many lobes in the right lung and their names…
3 lobes. the upper or superior, middle, and lower or inferior
how many lobes in the left lung and their names…
Two lobes in left lung: upper and lower
and also the lingula
define spirometry
a versatile test of pulmonary physiology
what is the Pulmonary function test assessing?
the mechanical properties of the respiratory system by measuring expiratory volumes and flow rates
what is tidal volume?
= the volume of air inspired and expired during each respiratory cycle when at rest
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
= the max amount of air that can be inspired above tidal volume
what is expiratory reserve volume?
= the max amount of air that can be expired after normal tidal volume
what is residual volume?
= that air that remains after max expiration which does not participate in gas exchange
what is total lung capacity?
= the sum of (all) residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
what is restrictive lung disease and example?
unable to take in a full, deep breath
pneumonia, fractured rib, lung fibrosis
what is obstructive lung disease and examples?
difficulty getting all the air out.
Asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
which is the largest group of pulmonary disease?
obstructive lung disease
which lung disease has the highest reason why we do chest physio?
COPD
in which order do we treat chest physio for most often? the top 3
COPD, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis
what is a symptom of bronchitis?
increased mucus production
what is viral pneumonia?
walking still
what is bacterial pneumonia?
in bed for 2 or more weeks
symptoms of chronic bronchitis
Persistent cough Extreme mucus production Shortness of breath, especially with exercise Wheezing Chest tightness
typical characteristics of COPD: chronic bronchitis
chronic productive cough
hypoventilation
cyanosis
edema
typical characteristics of COPD: emphysema
chronic dyspnea (breathlessness)
hyperinflation with barrel chest
cyanosis and edema are rare
what causes Clubbing of the Fingers
Results from chronic hypoxia to the nail beds
what is cyanosis?
Cyanosis refers to the bluish coloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin surface.
what is the treatment to COPD?
Slow down the damage to the lung Relieve symptoms, such as shortness of breath and cough Build up overall body fitness Decrease flare-ups Improving quality of life
what are the 4 stages of change?
Stages of change- 1. precontemplative (not thinking of quiting) 2. contemplative know they should quit but haven’t yet 3. action set a date gonna quit,gtell everyone u know 4. maintenenance how do u continue to not go back
signs and symptoms of pneumonia
cough with sputum production, fever, and sharp chest pain on inspiration (breathing in)
symptoms of asthma
shortness of breath, tightness in the chest, coughing or wheezing.
what are Bronchodilators used for?
help open the bronchial tubes of the lungs decreasing resistance and allowing more air to flow
how many segments are there in the lungs
19
contrindications for assisted cough
increased potential for aspiration e.g. unconscious patient with unprotected airway
acute abdominal pathology, abdominal aortic aneurysm, hiatus hernia, or pregnancy
bleeding
untreated pneumothorax
osteoporosis
flail chest
contraindications for postural drainage
Hemorrhage
Untreated acute conditions
Cardiovascular instability
Recent neurosurgery
what do we check for in the sputum?
consistency, color and volume as reflects changes in the patients condition.
colour of sputum and what it means
White or clear : normal sputum
Yellow : infection
Green : chronic infection, usually bacterial
Red/ reddish-brown : blood
goals of breating excercises
Full expansion of all areas of the lungs Maintain mobility of the thorax Clear secretions from the lungs Promote relaxation Retrain muscles of respiration Improve ventilation Improve gas exchange and oxygenation Decrease the work of breathing
what are healthy saturation levels?
Healthy individuals usually exhibit oxygen saturation values between 97% and 99%
Indications for Mechanical Ventilation
Acute lung injury Signs of respiratory distress COPD Neurological diseases such as Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Spinal Cord injury, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Hypoxemia Congestive Heart Failure
Determinants of Level of Care
Age Physical problems Functional limitations Medical needs Cognitive abilities Mental health Person’s and family’s wishes
hypomobility vs. hypermobility
hypo less flexibility in a koint and would work on rom
hyper work on strengthening a joint
