midterm Flashcards
Helix
in the beginning, communicators share but a small portion of themselves in their relationships. through a slow process of give and take, their relationships develop as , little by little, they commit more of themselves
-this helps us to remember that the communication process is ever changing, circular, expanding, an building upon the past
SMCR model
helps us to focus on the elements that must be operating effectively for communication to occur.
helps us to identify the location of potential barriers to effective communication.
elements of the communication process
source message channel receiver feedback noise context environment
source
transmits a message through a channel to a receiver
encodes-or creates- the message by putting ideas into words and actions
message
includes verbal elements (content) and nonverbal elements (delivery) what speakers say and the way they say it
channel
the means by which the message gets from the sender to the receiver
receiver
brings to the communication situation all of his or her communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social system, and culture
the receiver decodes, or translates, the source’s message
feedback
any verbal or nonverbal response a source, such as a question from the audience, a puzzled look, or nod of agreement
noise
anything that interferes with the process of communication
internal noise
physiological or psychological
ex. stopped up ears, distracted thoughts about lunch
external noise
any other sounds that are being made in the environment that hinders the communication process
context/environment
the situation in which the communication occurs
includes the physical context, social context, munger of people involved, relationship of participants, surrounding events, culture, rituals, and noise
fundamental principles of the communication process
communication is circular
communication is based on our perception
communication is irreversible
all communication must build on previous interaction
levels of communication
intrapersonal communication (with yourself) interpersonal communication (between two people) group communication (with three or more) public communication (one person speaking face-to-face to a large group) mass-mediated communication (over some form of technology because audience is too large and cannot be grouped together in one place)
communication apprehension
A broad-based fear or anxiety
associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons
a personality trait that leads them to avoid all situations involving oral communication
the stress of communicating far outweighs the benefits
visualization and realization techniques
to help communication apprehension
the student tenses their muscles then relaxes them
by visualizing various speaking situations, then checking for tension and conscious relaxing, the student can better control CA
cognitive restructuring
to help communication apprehension
individuals attempt to change their thinking, usually through therapy
skill development
by learning specific skills related to public speaking, the process of delivering a speech becomes easier
movement
to help communication apprehension
moving muscles are less able to shake
practice
to help communication apprehension
by planning we can have some effective visualizations, feeling more prepared can help calm you
developing confidence
to help communication apprehension
sometimes we need encouragement to boost our self-esteem, sometimes our confidence reserves get too low for our effect performance
sharing the stage
to help communication apprehension
sometimes you can reduce your CA by sharing the stage with someone else
trait-like CA
Overall shy people
Context- based CA
A certain type of speaking sets you off
Audience-based CA
Certain people make you less comfortable
situational CA
Certain situations set you off
models of communication
helix and SMCR model
firing order
what is going on, how you feel when you think of giving speeches. write a narrative of how you feel to help determine this
Different Reactions to CA
BASICS
behavior, affect, sensation, imagery, cognition, stress
Behavior
(I don’t have the skill sets)
affect
(fearful emotional feelings)
sensation
(nervous physiological feelings)
imagery
(negative mental pictures)
cognition
(negative thoughts-not pictures)
stress
(interpersonal support- feel no one supports them/cares what they say. Someone is not physically up for it)
physiological responses
Focused Treatments for CA
Cognitive restructuring
-coping statements- start saying positive things about how it will go
Systematic desensitization
-slow exposure to what you are afraid of
Visualization
-mental rehearsal script of how well it will go
Physical exercise and stress reduction
-Go to gym, yoga class
Interpersonal support
-Find that one person who will smile the whole time
Skills training
-Build your skills to build your confidence
Deep abdominal breathing
-Focus on your breathing
Tips for Dealing with CA
Anxiety can be useful Don’t procrastinate your preparation Know your audience Select an appropriate topic Focus on the message-not the fear Self perception creates anxiety You will feel more nervous than you will look Look for positive listener support Seek speaking opportunities
Pragmatics of public speaking
One can not not communicate
Content and relational message
Wasssmer’s Making Contact (how to look like you are listening)
SOFTEN (nonverbal to show we are attentive) Smile Open body position Forward lean Touch Eye contact Nod
your friend is worried about the introduction to her speech. what is the source of her CA?
behavior
systematic desensitization
slowly exposing yourself to the fear
types of informative speeches
concept
event
objects
procedures
concept informative speeches
topical order
event informative speeches
chronological
spatial (layout based)
topical order
- primacy (start with most important)
- recency (end with most important)
objects informative speeches
chronological
causal order (cause and effect based)
topical order
procedure informative speeches
chronological order
causal order
callenge in our speeches (key aspects to keep in mind)
focus
- timing
- pace
- relevance
constructing the body of our speech
Parallel words and mnemonic devices Internal previews and summaries Good argument = ACES the speech Argue Cite Evidence State again
Four Principles of Informative Speaking
Simplicity
Interest
Clarity
Credibility
simplicity
Complex speeches are not the most interesting speeches -Groups -Relationships -Paired-down lists Number of main points -2 to 5 main points
interest
benefits to knowing about your topic
Motivate (how it may shape their future)
Excitement
Involvement
clarity
Audience analysis -Words -Technical terms -Definitions -References -Supporting material -Comparison and contrasts Visual aids
credibility
Competence- Errors in speech choices Trustworthiness- credibility over time Extreme language or illustrations Dynamism- voice and body Respond to feedback
why should you make sure your speech relates to the audience
interest
what type of audience analysis can lead to problematic conclusion
demographics
what do you remember in a speech
We remember what is at the start
-primacy
We remember what is at the ed
-recency
Objectives of the Introduction
Interest Need (how this will connect in their lives) Topic Reliability Overview (of your points)
for the introduction
Be succinct (20% or less of your speaking time)
Adapt to the event
Respect expectations
Avoid weaknesses
What is the importance of the intro and the conclusion?
It is what the audience remembers from you speech
It is the pick-up line for you audience and creates interest
Objectives of the Conclusion
Direction
Overview
Need
Excitement
what style of delivery do we us in class
exeporaneous
being mindful of you dress when planning or you speech is part of what element of delivery
situational
listening vs. hearing
when you listen, you are processing what you heard
when you listen, you remember what you heard
Intrapersonal process
happened inside of ourselves. some people equate these processes with thinking
but it also includes the way we think and the ways we communicate with ourselves.
affects the way we receive messages from others and affects the way we send medals to others
frame of reference
they way you view the world
creativity
involves visualizing something in an innovative, new, or unique but useful way
imagined communication
self-talk
individuals talk to someone else or to themselves as if they were another person (takes place in their mind)
risk-taking behaviors
our willingness to take risks is largely dependent on your interpretation of past experiences
cognitive patterns
each person structures and interprets messages in his or her own unique ways. the process of measuring your thinking patterns is called cognitive mapping
selective listening
when you select out or choose to pay attention to some things while ignoring others
listening for pleasure
you are not worried about solving the problems of the world or even the problems of your own life
listening as therapy
the form you use when a friend has a problem and needs to talk
listening for comprehension
the kind of listening you do in class while you listen seriously to a professor’s lecture
listening for evaluation
important to your functioning effectively and responsibly
you evaluate the truth or falsity of the message
improving our listening
note-taking
preview-review (learn about the topic in advance and review what you heard after)
concentrate
interaction
psychological audience analysis
considering the impact of beliefs, attitudes, and values on the behavior of listeners (BAV system)
BAV system
beliefs- that which an individual considers to be fact, or statement, about reality
attitude- a person’s emotional reaction to an idea, object, person, or behavior
values- our general rules for living
demographic analysis
provides statistics about the composition of the audience in terms of a variety official categories
analysis of the situation and occasion
needs to take into account the size of the audience, the characteristics of the physical environment, and the nature of the speaking occasion
ways to conduct audience analysis
observation, interviews, surveys
observations
many of your audiences will be familiar to you
you will come to know not only the beliefs, attitudes, and values of many individuals but also their habits
interviews
when in doubt about an audience or speaking situation, ask questions
surveys
you may be able to gather information form your audience using a questionnaire
friendly audience
one that is positively disposed toward the speaker’s purpose
hostile audience
one that is opposed to the speaker’s purpose
neutral audience
one that is undecided about the speaker’s purpose
apathetic audience
one that has no knowledge of or interest in the speaker’s purpose
audience centered speaker
look at their goals in terms of the goals of the audience, try to understand the experiences of the listeners, respect diversity among individuals
self centered speakers
lack respect for diversity, act as though everyone has had the same experiences, focus only on issues that are important to them
didactic method
teaching or an instructive approach, if you state your idea, develop it with forms of support and then restate
inductive method
presents the support first then draws a conclusion from it
transitions
verbal or nonverbal words, phrases, or full sentences internal summaries and previews signposts interjections special devices (use of a theme, key phrase, and memory aid)
methods of delivery
extemporaneous speaking (carefully prepared but delivers in a spontaneous, conversational manner- most effective)
impromptu
speaking from a manuscript (appropriate when you must be careful about what you say)
speaking from memory (common when the speaker plans to deliver it multiple times such as in a political campaign)
vocal elements of delivery
volume, articulation, pronunciation, rate, pitch, quality
volume
needs to be loud enough to be heard by everyone, but don’t yell
articulation
enunciation, refers to the manner in which an individual uses the lips, tongue, jaw, and soft palate to produce vowel and consonant sounds a language
pronunciation
correct pronunciation means presenting the appropriate sounds of a word in the accepted order
rate
number or words a speaker utters in a minute
moste speakers deliver 120 to 175 words per minute
pitch
how high or low you speak during your message
quality
the unique musical characteristics of a speaker’s voice caused by a variety of elements including one’s manner of breathing, level or mention in the throat, use of the soft palate to close and open the nasal passage
bodily elements of delivery
posture, movement, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact
environmental and situational elements of delivery
personal appearance (be appropriate for occasion), time (know your time frame and don’t go under, over), amplification (know when you will need to use a microphone)
why do we practice for our speeches
feel more familiar with the topic, visualize the audience and speaking situation which should help reduce nerves, test your plans for use of visual aids, find out how long your speech wail take you to deliver
why do we outline
helps you organize your ideas to achieve your desired results, helps you reign the phrasing of your key ideas to promote clarity and retention, helps you identify where you need to help the listener by providing transitions, held your prepare useful speaking notes.
the elements of an outline
contains one side or one piece of support
word outline
contains the key topics contained in a speech
can be helpful in planning an overall organization pattern for the speech
not good for a preparation outline because it often gives the inexperienced speaker a false sense of security
may serve as speaking notes
phrase outline
uses sentence fragments for an outline weaknesses similar to word outline
sentence outline
provides a sound planning tool for extemporaneous, manuscripted, or memorized speaking
complete content outline
is the manuscript of a speech written in outline form
help the speaker quickly identify relationships during the planning an d speaking phases
seldom used in a asdic public speaking course unless it contains an assignment for manuscript or memorized speaking
speaking notes
use a combination of words, phrases, and sentences that help you remember your content
should contain important statistics, names, and other facts
reminders about your delivery are helpful
number your note cards and make sure you can read them well
highlight delivery cues
content of the preparation outline
purpose statement, central idea, body of speech, intro, conclusion, transition, reference list or bibliography, title, special considerations
steps for preparing an effective outline
insert picture
intro timing
no more than 20% of your speech or less than 5%
conclusion timing
no more than 5 to 10 %
building interest into your speech
involve the listeners mentally by showing the way the topic affects them
you can involve the listeners physically by having them do something with the speaker
you should involve the listeners indirectly by explaining and demonstrating your interest in the topic
strengthening credibility
establish their knowledge of the subject early in the message, effective speakers do nothing to bring into question their honesty and trustworthiness
showing goodwill toward the audience can increase your reliability
effective use and purpose of visual aids
identify the material that you can best clarify or emphasize with visual aids. However, avoid overusing visual aids- if you emphasize everything, the result is nothing starts out as more important
