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COMM 210 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

5 Canons of Rhetoric

A
  1. Invention
    • the creative process
      • developing and refining
        • content and structure
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2
Q

Supporting material

A

answers the questions your audience has during your speech
Why should I trust you
Says who
Why does this matter

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3
Q

Functions of Support

A

helps your audience understand, remember, and accept you argument
adds enjoyment

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4
Q

Using Supporting Materials

A 
Balance two competing interests:
Brevity
detail
short and sweet and to the point
but have enough information to make your connections and keep your audience focused
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5
Q

Types of Supporting Materials

A

Statistics
Examples
Testimonies

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6
Q

examples

A

Versatile and powerful
Most effective when we Construct concrete, understandable, persuasive, and memorable message
Real examples are usually most effective
Help in inductive reasoning

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7
Q

using examples effectively

A 
Relevant
On trend
   -Not atypical
Vivid and specific
Identifiable
personal
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8
Q

types of examples

A 
Brief 1-2 sentences
extended
Anecdote
Parables
Real
hypothetical
*** get definitions for these terms
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9
Q

Statistics

A

we need to use them in ethical manner
Averages, percentages, totals, quantitative information
Need to be carful
Know what you are comparing or reducing

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10
Q

using statistics effectively

A

Visual Aids
Round
Present in a meaningful way
Reputable, authoritative, and unbiased

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11
Q

types of testimony

A 
Expert
-Need to be most up to date
-Avoid extremes
-Present qualification
Lay/peer
prestige
-paid endorsers
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12
Q

what type of example is best when your audience had no experience

A

hypothetical

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13
Q

Types of Team Presentations

A

Panel
symposium
Forum
Group presentation

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14
Q

panel discussion

A

Small group
-Typically differ in experience/perspective
discussion (obviously) in front of an audience
Spontaneous
conversational

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15
Q

symposium

A 
Several individuals speak on related topics
Chair or moderator
Respondent or critic
Don’t go over time
    -unprofessional
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16
Q

forum

A

Audience can ask questions
Follows a panel discussion or symposium
-Call and response
-Q &A session

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17
Q

Group Presentation

A

team of speakers
findings or deliberations
-Introduction, transitions & conclusions
Whole group on stage

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18
Q

listening to several doctors talk about the dangers of drinking soda pop at a health conference

A

symposium

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19
Q

synergy

A

product is greater than the sum of parts

working in groups makes your product better than if each of you presented separately

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20
Q

Working in Groups

A

Two levels
task level
Social level
-Both help with effectiveness and stability

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21
Q

task roles

A

initiator-gets the group started on a topic or starts you down a new road
Opinion seeker- makes sure each person has their ideas equally represents

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22
Q

social roles

A

encourager- makes everyone feel that their work is of value

harmonizers- makes sure everyone is at leas at a 5- there is no big interpersonal conflict

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23
Q

Group Roles

A 
Task leader
Central negative
Tension (stress) reliever
Information provider
Socio-emotional leader
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24
Q

task leader

A

Helps set goals and create agendas
Can analyze problems well
Has certain communication qualities and is articulate
Asks for ideas from others

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25
Q

central negative

A

Plays devil’s advocate
Instigator
Helps obtain best possible answer

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26
Q

tension (stress reliever)

A

Sensitive to timing
Creates comfort
Doesn’t lead the group off task
Pays attention to the tension in the group

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27
Q

information provider

A

Most shared role
Knowledgeable of things that pertain to group
Uses intelligence to fight enemies of the group

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28
Q

socio-emotional leader

A

Well liked
Supports others
Empathizes with others and is a peacemaker
Provides a good balance to the task leader

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29
Q

Now What?

A

FORMING- gathering ideas
STORMING- conflit ok-trying to define the goals and set boundaries and rules
NORMING- enforce rules
PERFORMING- present you information, have achieved your goal
ADJOURNING-say thank you, appreciate and recognize the members

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30
Q

the good vs. bad of group work

A

good: “Two heads are better than one”
pride in work
bad: “Too many cooks in the kitchen”
groupthink

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31
Q

groupthink

A 
-It’s easy to agree with the majority
When everyone agrees, good ideas go to waste
Why it happens:
-it saves time
-It prevents real thought
-It avoids conflict
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32
Q

How to work in a group

A

Determine your roles
Work as as safety net
-Have each member become a content expert
Familiarize yourself with your members intros and conclusions in case of emergency

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33
Q

Visuals are Not Just In The Moment

A

Presentations precede you and exist beyond you

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34
Q

Presentational Aids Fundamentals

A

Your aid is not the main attraction
Your aid cannot function without you
A bad aid is worse than none at all
You should never have to apologize for a presentational aid

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35
Q

Benefits of Visual Aids

A

Increase comprehension
Make your speech more memorable
Create interest
Show the audience where to look

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36
Q

Layout

A

impacts appeal
if it is laid out in an interesting fashion it can hold attention better
impacts understanding

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37
Q

color

A

impacts understanding

different colors effect how people react and cause automatic brain responses

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38
Q

Presentation aids should be

NICE

A

Neat
Interesting
Clear
Effective

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39
Q

Defining Persuasion

A

The process of changing, shaping, or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors.
At times, this can be harder

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40
Q

Three Audience Types

A

Receptive
Neutral
Unreceptive/hostile

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41
Q

Receptive Audience

A

Rapport and common ground
Clear goals
Emotional examples
Call for action

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42
Q

neutral audience

A

Interest and attention
Rapport and common beliefs
Appeal to needs of loved ones
Modest goals

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43
Q

hostile audience

A 
Be subtle 
Rapport and common beliefs
Credibility and sources
Underlying concerns and values
Acknowledge others
modest goals
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44
Q

whit what type of audience should you acknowledge others

A

unreceptive

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45
Q

with what type of audience should you appeal to the needs of loved ones?

A

neutral

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46
Q

problems in persuasion

A

Questioning the speaker
Misinterpreting the message
Tunes you out
Seeks a second opinion

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47
Q

Approaches to Persuasion

A 
Coactive approach
Built on strong reason and evidence 
-bridging
  -connect ourselves with the audience “we”
-support
   -We are all in this together
Combative
-name calling and threats, insults
-Distance
-Threats
Expressivistic approach
-not a good approach
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48
Q

persuasive questions

A

Must have two sides

Thai kitchen is the best Thai restaurant

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49
Q

Three Types of Questions (or Propositions/ Claims)

A

Question of Fact
Question of Value
Question of Policy

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50
Q

Questions of Fact

A 
Truth Claims (claiming something as fact- not something that is proven as fact)
Structure topically
-Primacy
-Recency
who killed JFK
the world will end in 2012
51
Q

Questions of Value

A 
Right or wrong, better, best, worst 
2pt organizational pattern
-Set standard
-Fulfill the standard
diet Mtn. Dew is the best breakfast drink
comprehensive finals are unfair
52
Q

Questions of Policy

A 
arguing the that the audience should
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Problem Solution
Problem Cause Solution
Comparative Advantage
Refutational Approach
you should go to prom
53
Q

Problem Based Patterns

A 
Problem solution
-2 pts.
-Problem and solution
Problem cause solution
-3 pts.
-Problem
-Cause
-solution
54
Q

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

A 
ATTENTION
NEED
SATISFACTION
VISUALIZATION
SELL (CALL TO ACTION)
55
Q

Comparative Advantage

A

Friendly audience
main points= issues/plans
Advantages and disadvantages
Process of elimination structure

56
Q

Refutational Approach

A 
Hostile audience
Mainpoints= issue
I. Issue #1
 why important
Glad that they are concerned
What this side argues
Why your side in most correct
Plenty of support and experts
57
Q

what is a fallacy?

A

Larson (2007)
“Believable arguments or premises that are based on invalid reasoning”
“Keep in mind that a logical fallacy is not necessarily false, but its process of inference is invalid”

58
Q

Post Hoc (fallacy)

A

Post hoc ergo propter hoc
(After this, therefore, because of this)

Because one event follows another,
The first event is assumed to be the cause of the second, this happens without thorough research to actually demonstrate a cause and effect

A occurs before B
Therefore, A is the cause of B

59
Q

Non Sequitur (fallacy)

A

“It does not follow”

Stating a conclusion based on something that does not strictly follow from the claim

60
Q

Ad Hominem (fallacy)

A
  • An attack against an individual instead of against his or her position on the issue (larson, 2007)
  • Devalues the statement without actually addressing situation
61
Q

Straw Man (fallacy)

A

The persuader manufactures and defeats a weak argument that the other side “supposedly makes”

62
Q

Ad Populum (fallacy)

A

Bandwagon fallacies
This is a fallacious argument that appeals to whatever is popular at the time. Also can be group think if on a smaller scale
Person A claims that “everyone is doing it” therefore, it should be done

63
Q

False Dilemma-Bifurcation (fallacy)

A

Either X is true/best or Y is true/best

Choose one of two options, when in reality, there are a variety of possible answers/sides to an argument

64
Q

Hasty Generalization (fallacy)

A

An argument that takes a characteristic from a sample population and attributes it to tan entire population without any further research
(stereotyping)

65
Q

Slippery Slope (fallacy)

A

If W happens, X will automatically follow. Y will follow that and so on
If we don’t stop tuition from rising now, it will be $50,000 in two years, then no students will come here and all professors will leave
not supporting you claims

66
Q

Red Herring (Fallacy)

A

Distraction

  • Topic A is under discussion
  • Topic B is introduced under the guise of being relevant to –topic A (when topic B is actually not relevant to topic A)
  • Topic A is abandoned
67
Q

Appeal to Tradition/Authority (fallacy)

A

Good or right because it is old
Appeal to a popular figure/authority
-Might not be authority on topic

Every strong government has always placed the focus on military funding first.

68
Q

Circular Argument

A

Someone uses what they are trying to prove as part of the proof of that thing
the bible is the word of God because it says it is the word of God

69
Q

drinking alone will cause you to die on the side of the road

A

slippery slope

70
Q

Credibility—Ethos

A

Initial- when you first walk up to give a presentation
Derived- attained during your presentation
Lasting- when your audience reflects on your presentation afterwards
Initial->derived->lasting->[repeat] (circular effects)

71
Q

types of credibility

A

Competence-seems to know what they are doing
Trustworthiness- seems reliable
Dynamism- seems enthusiastic and excited to be there
charisma
-attractiveness (appearance, attitude, hygiene)
-talent (rehearse)

72
Q

Positive motivational appeal

A

Benefit to our life

Outweighs the costs

73
Q

Negative motivational appeal

A

Fear of not responding
Hurt loved one
Real and close at hand
high speaker credibility

74
Q

Emotional Appeals—Pathos

A

Pleasure and pain
Dominance and powerlessness
Arousal and non arousal

75
Q

Pleasure and Pain

A 
(giving pleasure or avoiding pain)
Material items
Achievement
Popularity
Success
76
Q

Dominance and powerlessness

A 
(controlling your life vs. someone else controlling you)
Safety 
Fear
Guilt
intimidation
77
Q

Arousal or non arousal

A

(having it causes arousal not having it means no arousal)
Sex
Love
excitement

78
Q

Pathos Done Well

A 
Concrete
God/devil terms (things all holy or all evil)
nonverbal
visual images
vivid language
Variety of emotions
big myths
79
Q

Principles/Theory

A 
Consistency
Social judgment
Cognitive dissonance
Reasoned action
Planned behavior
Gradual change approach
80
Q

Consistency principle

A

selective exposure
we’re more likely to believe things that line up with our beliefs, attitudes and values
BUT we’re also less likely to believe arguments that challenge them

81
Q

Social Judgement Theory

A

links to consistency; we’re always comparing our beliefs, attitudes, and values to what we hear
those comparisons lie in three latitudes: acceptance, rejection, and non commitment

82
Q

acceptance

A

we think things are more in line than they are; reinforces beliefs

83
Q

rejection

A

we think things are more different than they are

84
Q

non-commitment

A

the greatest attitude and values change happens when we’re in this stage because we’re unbiased and haven’t made up our minds

85
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

refers to the work we have to do to make our beliefs attitudes and values line up again. When our beliefs and actions do not align, here are strategies we use to fix that error:

  • attacking the source
  • focusing on certain parts of the message (selective exposure)
  • seek new information
  • ceasing to listen
  • changing our mind
86
Q

gradual change approach

A

magnitude of change
we’re more likely to change our BAV’s when the change called for is gradual
persuasion is best when change is slow
set reasonable goals

87
Q

Theory of reasoned action

A

all about how attitudes may influence our behavior
there are two factors that influence our decisions: your attitudes and subjective norms (i.e. wha tis considered socially acceptable; this is why bandwagon appeals work). these factors also influence our behavior

88
Q

theory of planned behavior

A

adds in perceived behavioral control; need to make sure the audience understands that why can do something

89
Q

inoculation effect

A

if I have an opinion I’m more reluctant to change

90
Q

claim

A

argument

91
Q

data

A

evidence

92
Q

warrent

A

justification of leaping form data to claim

inductive and deductive reasoning

93
Q

backing

A

additional support to warrent

94
Q

qualifiers

A

indicate strength- “probably” “certainly”

95
Q

rebuttals

A

counter-argument

yoga pants aren’t pants unless you are at the gym…

96
Q

inductive reasoning

A

specific to general
reasoning from a parallel case
similar situation

97
Q

reasoning from authorities

A

experts agree

98
Q

sign reasoning

A

one observable attribute= truth

99
Q

causal reasoning

A

cause/effect

100
Q

deductive reasoning

A

general to specific

101
Q

ethos

A

ethical/credibility

102
Q

pathos

A

emotional

103
Q

logos

A

logical

104
Q

semantics

A

refers to the meaning we attach to language

105
Q

pragmatics

A

the study of the relationship between language and its users

106
Q

syntax

A

refers to the rules that govern the way we combine words into phrases and sentences

107
Q

phonology

A

the description of the speech sounds of a language and the way these sounds change when combined with other sounds

108
Q

denotation

A

dictionary definition

the specific, generally agreed upon definition of a word

109
Q

connotation

A

connotative meaning of a word refers to all the feelings and attitudes associated with or implied by the word
depending upon your experiences, a particular word may evoke positive, negative, or neutral thoughts and feelings you associate with the word

110
Q

bypassing

A

occurs when a receiver attaches a different meaning to a word than the sender intended

111
Q

denotative-denotative bypassing

A

occurs when the sender intends one denotation for a word while the receiver attaches another

112
Q

denotative-connotative bypassing

A

occurs when the sender intends one denotation while the receiver attaches an unintended connotative meaning

113
Q

connotative-denotative bypassing

A

occurs when the sender intends to convey feelings, usually in an indirect or figurative way, while the receiver attaches a literal meaning

114
Q

connotative-connotatieve bypassing

A

occurs when the sender implies one meaning while the receiver infers another

115
Q

your first presentational aid

A

is yourself
-movement and dress of the speaker
can demonstrate tasks or actions
materials, equipment, and physical models

116
Q

handouts

A

all the audience to take a useful record of information for the speaking situation
be careful of when to hand it out

117
Q

triangle of meaning

A

as communicators we must use techniques that increase the chances that our listeners will assign to our symbols the meaning we intend

118
Q

appropriate language

A

suits or fits a particular purpose, listener, and occasion and helps meet the demands of oral communication

119
Q

clear language

A

when listeners attach to a message the same meanings and feeling the speaker intends

120
Q

accurate language

A

by using words that express the exact meaning you intend

121
Q

imagery

A

words and phrases that appeal to our senses create imagery
appeal to our five basic senses
and kinesthetic, systemic, and thermal imageries

122
Q

synecdoche

A

uses part of a concept to stand for the concept

123
Q

metonymy

A

uses a word associated with the concept to stand for the concept

COMM 210 (2 decks)

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