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Biology IAC > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Monomers

A

individual molecules

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2
Q

Polymers

A

multiple molecules

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3
Q

Organic Compounds

A

carbon based

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4
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

do not contain carbon, water!

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5
Q

Cohesion

A

water sticks to itself

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6
Q

Adhesion

A

water sticks to others

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7
Q

Capillary Action

A

adhesion and cohesion working together

EX. In the straw

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8
Q

High Specific Heat

A

water holds on to the hot and cold temperatures

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9
Q

Surface Tension

A

light layer on top of water because of cohesion

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10
Q

Universal Solvent

A

… because water is polar

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11
Q

Deydration Synthesis

A

the process of joining two molecules (or compounds) together following the removal of water.

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12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

two molecules separating and using water to do so.

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13
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

two atoms share one or more pairs of outter shell electrons.

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14
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

attractions between ions of opposite charge.

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15
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

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16
Q

Disaccharides

A

formed by dehydration synthesis and two monosaccharides.

EX. maltose, lactose, sucrose (C12H22O11)

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17
Q

Monosaccharides

A

individual carbohydrate molecule.

EX. glucose, frucose, galacose (C6H12O6)

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18
Q

Polysaccharides

A

thousands of monosaccharides linked together (carb.)
EX. Cellulose- enclose plant cells, Glycogen- store carbs short term, Chitin, Starch- plants store glucose for long term

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19
Q

Carbohydrate Purpose

A

supply energy and dietary fiber

** structural componet of cells: cell wall (cellulose- chains of glucose in cell wall)

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20
Q

Lipid Purpose

A

store energy, protection of organs, insulation for neurons

** Componet of cellular membranes

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21
Q

Catagories of Lipids

A

Fats, Oils, Waxes, Steroids

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22
Q

Saturated Fats

A

no double bonds so solid

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23
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

double bonds so liquid

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24
Q

Triglicerides

A

lipid monomer, 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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25
Q

Phospholipid

A

1 glyerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group

** hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends**

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26
Q

Amino Acids

A

building blocks of proteins

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27
Q

Polypeptides

A

joined amino acids (proteins)

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28
Q

Protein Purpose

A

MANY: structure, transport, antibodies, enzymes, storage

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29
Q

Nucleic Acid Monomers

A

Nucleotides

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30
Q

Nucleic Acid examples

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

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31
Q

Nucleic Acid Roles

A
  • contain genetic information passed on to new cells or during reproduction
  • instructions to make proteins
  • ATP
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32
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine + Ribose + 3 Phosphates = Adenosine Triphosphate.

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33
Q

DNA Nitrogen Bases

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
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34
Q

RNA Nitrogen Bases

A
  • Adenine
  • Uracil
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
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35
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic

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36
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic

37
Q

Fat Soluble

A

Stored in body and can be toxic.

38
Q

Water Soluble

A

Cannot be stored and excess is flushed out daily.

39
Q

Vitamin C

A

WWW, citrus, boost immune response, antioxidant, repair/ maintain tissues, WOUND HEALING
Deficiency: Scurvy

40
Q

Vitamin A

A

FFF, variety of f & v, eye sight, RNA, strong tissues bones blood and teeth.

41
Q

Vitamin D

A

FFF, sunlight!, healthy bones and teeth, BONE GROWTH

Dificiency: rickets in children.

42
Q

Vitamin E

A

FFF, leafty vegs, nuts, heart health, antioxidant, wound, helps blood clots.

43
Q

Vitamin K

A

FFF, leafy vegs, cereals, HELPS BLOOD CLOTTING (in wounds), strong bones.

44
Q

Competitive Inhabititions

A

enzyme blocked from substrate.

45
Q

Noncompetive Inhabititions

A

nonc changes the shape so enzyme can not fit.

46
Q

Fe/ Iron

A

Oxygention of red blood cells.

47
Q

Zinc

A

organ growth and repair, protein synthesis, collagen formation, wound healing immune system.

48
Q

Active Transport

A

Uses ATP to move up the concentration gradient from and area of low to high concentration.

49
Q

Passive Transport

A

No energy is needed to move down the concentration gradient from an area of high to low concentration.

50
Q

Plant Cells

A

cell wall, plastids, chloroplasts, one large vacuole.

51
Q

Animal Cells

A

Cilla, lysosomes, smaller vacuoles.

52
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

ribosomes, plasmid, flagella, cytoplasm, nucleoid, cell wall/ plasma mem./ capsule.

53
Q

Catalyst

A

cause or accelerate (a reaction).

54
Q

Excretory System

A

exits wastes.

55
Q

Kidneys

A

nephrons, pull out bad/ excess substances to cleanse, nurish, and maintain water in your blood.

56
Q

Coccus

A

round

57
Q

Bacillus

A

bullet shapes

58
Q

Spirillum

A

Spiral shaped

59
Q

diplo-

A

two

60
Q

strepto-

A

multiple in a chain

61
Q

staphylo-

A

multiple clustered

62
Q

tetra-

A

three

63
Q

Botulism

A

highly toxic, little can kill NYC

64
Q

Samonella

A

through dairy, meat, mayonaise

65
Q

E-Coli

A

stickey hairs, through meats and produce

66
Q

Light Microscope

A

passes visable light through a specimen.

67
Q

Electron Microscope

A

uses a beam of electrons

68
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

used to study cell surface details.

69
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

used to study cell internal details.

70
Q

Control

A

serves as a standard of comparison, most basic!!

71
Q

Constant

A

factors that do not change.

72
Q

Independent Group

A

what is being tested

73
Q

Dependent Group

A

effect

74
Q

Binary Fission

A

a parent prokaryote cell divides into two individuals of about equal size.

75
Q

Mitosis

A

The division of a single cell into two genetically identical daughter nuclei.

76
Q

Budding

A

an individual ndeveloped from an out growth of a parent splits off and lives independently.

77
Q

Regeneration

A

the regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism.

78
Q

Nat Veg.

A

without

79
Q

Art Veg.

A

Artificial

80
Q

Peptide Bond

A

a covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acid molecules.

81
Q

Polar vs. nonpolar molecules

A

**

82
Q

What are minerals essential for?

A

Cellular Processes

83
Q

cholesteral

A

Cholesterol and triglycerides are important fats (lipids) in the blood. Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes, brain and nerve cells, and bile, which helps the body absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins.

84
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

The bilayer creates a ‘sandwich’ style arrangement, where the hydrophilic heads of each layer face the watery environment inside and outside of the cell. This means that the hydrophobic tails are confined to the middle, creating a hydrophobic region between the two layers of heads. This allows for the plasma membrane to be stable in this dual watery environment.

85
Q

Calcium

A

builds strong bones and teeth, clotting blood

86
Q

Magnesium

A

skeletal strength, normal nerve and muscle function, supports a healthy immune system

87
Q

Potassium

A

strengthens heart; is associated with a risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, cancer, digestive disorders

88
Q

hypertonic

A

when substances come out of cells

89
Q

hypotonic

A

when substance go into cells

Biology IAC (4 decks)

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