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Chemistry > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is chemistry/ definition/ where did it come from?

A
  • Came from alchemy, and the quest for the elixir of life

- the study of matter and the changes it undergoes

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2
Q

scientific method

A

techniques used to investigate and acquire new knowledge

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3
Q

what does chem effect?

A

effects the everyday aspects of our life

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4
Q

matter

A

anything with mass or volume

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5
Q

intensive property/ what can they do

A

don’t change if the quantity of the substance changes. they can be used to identify that substance

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6
Q

extensive property/ what can they do

A

Ex: mass or volume, do change depending on the amount of matter. can’t be used to determine a substance, alone

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7
Q

density

A

the mass of a substance per unit of volume

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8
Q

what can be ways to find the density of an object

A

-calculating density, D= mass/ volume

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9
Q

chromatography

A

a way to separate chemical mixtures

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10
Q

the act of purifying a substance by heating or cooling

A

distillation

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11
Q

filtration

A

a porous device used to remove impurities from a liquid or gas

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12
Q

fractional distillation

A

separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point, by means of distillation, typically using a fraction column

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13
Q

chemical change

A

changes a substance into a different substance

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14
Q

what are signs of chemical change

A

solid formation (precipitation), Gas Bubbles (effervescence) (fizz in soda), color change, temperature change

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15
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

mass cannot be gained or lost in a chemical reaction. matter cannot be created or destroyed

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16
Q

copper cycle

A
  • proves the law of conservation of mass to be correct

- atoms are rearranged and accounted for

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17
Q

physical change

A

any change not involving the change into a new substance

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18
Q

chemical change

A

any change that results in the formation of new chemical substances

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19
Q

hypothesis

A

an explanation that is proposed for a phenomenon

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20
Q

propertys

A

boiling/ melting point, density, flammability

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21
Q

Democritus

A

-proposed that all matter was composed of tiny particles that couldn’t be divided any further

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22
Q

Dalton

A
  • atoms could explain why elements come together in specific ratio’s, when they form compounds
  • solid sphere model
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23
Q

Thompson

A
  • Plum Pudding Model
  • zapped atoms w/ electricity and observed that neg. charged particles were removed
  • reasoned that atoms contained neg charged particles called electrons
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24
Q

Rutherford

A
  • Nuclear model
    • identified nucleus, said that protons were inside
    • gold foil experiment
  • Proton model
    • nucleus must be made of protons
    • electrons orbit nucleus full of protons
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25
Q

chadwick

A
  • Discovered neutrons (W/ rutherford

- nuclear model showing both protons and neutrons in nucleus

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26
Q

Bohr

A
  • Solar System Model

- energy levels that are different distances from the nucleus

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27
Q

Heisenberg and Schrodinger

A
  • Electron Cloud model
  • said that the location of an electron could not be stated at any given time
  • is only possible to talk of the probability of it falling in a certain place (Denser around the center)
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28
Q

mass number =

A

protons + neutrons

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29
Q

avg atomic mass is the

A
  • avg weight of many atoms

- not a whole number

30
Q

an isotope is

A
  • an atom of the same element
  • different number of neutrons
  • different mass number
  • has the same: atomic number, protons, electrons, and name
31
Q

radioactive isotopes have___ nuclei and undergo ______

A

unstable, and radioactive decay

32
Q

fission

A

nucleus splits into 2 smaller ones

  • is a source of energy
  • an un controlled chain reaction can cause a nuclear explosion
33
Q

fusion

A

2 nuclei fuse together to create 1 nucleus

  • often involves helium nuclei
  • occurs in outer space
  • source of the suns energy
34
Q

radioactive decay

A

elements become new elements when the number of protons in the nucleus change

35
Q

Beta particles

A

electrons, a neutron turns into an electron and a proton

36
Q

gamma radiation

A

electromagnetic radiation, no change in nuclear particles

37
Q

atomic theory

A

theory that all matter is made up of tiny invisible particles

38
Q

radioactive decay

A

process of ejecting or emitting pieces from the nucleus of an atom

39
Q

alpha particle

A

consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, it is the same as a nucleus of helium, bc of the 2 protons

40
Q

Alpha Decay

A

Involves the ejection of an alpha particle from the nucleus of an atom

41
Q

Beta Decay

A

Involves the ejection of an electron from the nucleus of an atom

42
Q

Beta Particle

A

Electron that is ejected from the nucleus of an atom. neutron is split in 1/2, giving one electron and 1 proton. the proton stay behind in the nucleus while the electron is ejected

43
Q

gamma rays

A

radiation that is similar to light micro waves and x rays, are bigger and higher in energy. (VERY DANGEROUS)

44
Q

nucleosynthesis

A

the cosmic formation of atoms more complex than the hydrogen atom.

45
Q

parent isotope

A

the starting isotope in radioactive decay

46
Q

daughter isotope

A

resulting isotope in radioactive decay

47
Q

similarities between isotope and element

A

Atomic number, protons, electrons, element name

48
Q

Differences between isotope and element

A

Neutrons atomic mass of each isotope

49
Q

atomic number is found ____ on an element symbol

A

Subscript

50
Q

mass of number is found ____ of an element symbol

A

superscript

51
Q

yellow orange flame

A

sodium

52
Q

green blue flame

A

Copper

53
Q

Lilac flame

A

Potassium

54
Q

Red flame

A

Strontium, Lithium

55
Q

electron shells

A
  • increase in energy as you move up away from nucleus
  • period number tells you amount of shells
  • 1st shell contains 2 electrons
  • 2nd shell contains 8 electrons
  • valence electrons are electrons in outer most shell
  • core electrons are the electron in the inner shell(s)
  • noble gases have 8 valence electrons, very stable
56
Q

if an atom is charged it____

A

gains or loses electrons

57
Q

to form an ion, atoms must ____

A

loose or gain electrons

58
Q

for an atom to become stable, it must have ____

A

a full valence shell of electrons

59
Q

what is a cation

A
  • positive ion
  • is a metal
  • group 1A,2A,3A
60
Q

what is an anion

A
  • negative ions
  • is a nonmetal
  • Group 7A, 6A, 5A
61
Q

valence electron

A

an electron that is located in the valence shell (outermost shell)

62
Q

core electron

A

electrons that are not located in the valence shell, don’t participate in bonding

63
Q

ion

A

an atom that has a net charge of positive or negative

64
Q

ionic compound

A

a chemical compound, when a compound is held together, and has a neutral overall charge

65
Q

changes in matter are accompanied by

A

changes in energy

66
Q

heat is transferred because of

A

changes in energy

67
Q

energy tends to ___

A

disperse

68
Q

what is the difference between temp. and heat

A

heat is the total energy of an object, temperature is a measure of the energy an object has

69
Q

substances with a low specific heat can ____

A

be heated and cooled easier, using a smaller amount of energy

70
Q

what happens to heat during a phase change

A

heat enters or leaves the object, depending on which way heat is being transferred (Melting or solidifying)

Chemistry (10 decks)

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