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Toxicology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

The ability of a substance to cauce harmful effects is referred to as:

  • toxicity
  • hazard
  • side effect
  • therapeutic effect
A

toxicity

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2
Q

The individual credited with recognizing the concept of Dose-Response relations is

  • Hippocrates
  • Galen
  • Paracelsus
  • Orfila
A

Paracelsus

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3
Q

Which of the following is a major target organ for the toxic effects of ingested chemicals?

  • Brain
  • Kidney
  • Bone marrow
  • Liver
A

Liver

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4
Q

The amount of a substance that shows up in the blood stream is known as the:

  • exposure does
  • toxic does
  • therapeutic does
  • absorbed dose
A

absorbed dose

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5
Q

Which of the following is/are correct regarding fractioning a total dose?

  • intensity of toxic effects will decrease
  • intensity of the therapeutic effect will increase
  • intensity of the side effects will increase
  • A and B are correct
  • All are correct
A

intensity of the toxic dose will decrease

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6
Q

When extrapolating animal data to apply to humans, the most common Safety Factor used is:

  • 1
  • 10
  • 100
  • 1000
A

10

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7
Q

The minimal dose at which a toxic effect first appears is known as the:

  • toxic dose
  • absorbed dose
  • effective dose
  • lethal dose
A

toxic dose

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8
Q

The quantity of a substance administered to an individual over a period of time is known as:

  • exposure dose
  • absorbed dose
  • therapeutic dose
  • total dose
A

total dose

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding knowledge of the Dose-Response relationship for a chemical?

  • the threshold doses for each the chemical’s effects can be determined
  • the rate of buildup of the effects with increasing doses can be determined
  • the degree of metabolism and storage of the chemical in the body can be determined
  • the therapeutic index can be determined
A

the degree of metabolism and storage of the chemical in the body can be determined

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10
Q

The margin of safety for a therapeutic chemical is determined by which of the following ratios?

  • LD50/ED50
  • LD1/ED99
  • ED99/LD1
  • ED50/LD50
A

LD1/ED99

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11
Q

Therapeutic agents that are considered to be relatively safe and therefore have no need for monitoring have Therapeutic Indices:
10

A

> 10

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12
Q

The route of exposure that has the greatest potential for toxic effects upon accidental overdose is:

  • inhalation/respiration
  • intravenous injection
  • intramuscular injection
  • ingestion/GI
A

intravenous injection

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13
Q

Which of the following factors is the MOST important determinant of the intensity of toxic effects?

  • target site concentration of the chemical
  • gender of the individual exposed to the chemical
  • age of the individual exposed to the chemical
  • body weight of the individual exposed to the chemical
A

target site concentration of the chemical

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14
Q

The unintentional route of exposure to chemical that produces the fastest effects is which of the following?

  • GI exposure
  • Dermal exposure
  • Inhilation exposure
A

Inhilation exposure

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15
Q

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the role of the liver in chemical toxicity?

  • Hepatic bio transformation generally reduces toxicity
  • liver enzymes never cause an increase in toxicity
  • the detoxication process generally results in forming hydrophilic metabolites
  • The liver is a major target organ for toxicity for ingested chemicals
A

liver enzymes never cause an increase in toxicity

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16
Q

Lipophilic chemicals (ie DDT) are preferentially distributed from blood into which of the following storage tissues?

  • adipose
  • brain
  • bone
  • liver
A

adipose

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17
Q

Which of the following categories includes chemicals that will not cause toxic effects at any dose level?

  • prescription meds
  • non-prescription meds
  • vitamins
  • health supplements
  • non of the above are correct
A

None of the above are correct

ANY substance can be toxic depending on the dose

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18
Q

Which of the following routes of exposure will cause the greatest magnitude of a toxic effect?

  • intravenous injection
  • intramuscular injection
  • dermal exposure
  • ingestion
A

intravenous injection

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19
Q

The undesired effects that are produced when the dose of a medication is within the recommended dose range are referred to as:

  • lethal effects
  • toxic effects
  • side effects
  • therapeutic effects
A

side effects

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20
Q

Majority of medications, particularly those marketed the over-the-counter (OTC) have a therapeutic index of
>10
5-10
1-5

A

> 10

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21
Q

In general, the ability of any chemical to produce systemic (non local) toxic effects is primarily dependent on which of the following factors?

  • amount of detoxification enzymes in the liver
  • thickness of the stratum corneum
  • concentration of free chemical in plasma
  • volume of urine output over 24 hours
A

concentration of free chemical in plasma

22
Q

Which of the following will most likely cause the intensity of a toxic effect to decrease?

  • reducing the thickness of skin by having
  • decreased distribution to adipose tissue
  • reducing water intake
  • increasing liver enzyme activity by smoking
A

increasing liver enzyme activity by smoking

23
Q

When a toxic effect manifests following several years of exposure to a chemical the effect is known as:

  • acute toxicity
  • subacute toxicity
  • subchronic toxicity
  • chronic toxicity
A

chronic toxicity

24
Q

The major difference between acute and chronic toxicity is:

  • acute toxicity occurs after a single dose whereas chronic toxicity occurs after multiple doses
  • the target organs for toxicity are different
  • acute toxicity appears soon after exposure whereas chronic toxicity occurs many months or years later
  • acute toxic effects are unpredictable whereas chronic toxic effects are predictable.
A

acute toxicity appears soon after exposure whereas chronic toxicity occurs many months or years later

25
Q 
Toxic effects are most likely to be produced in the age group between:
20-40
40-50
50-70
70-75
A

70-75

26
Q

What are the important factors that influence the degree of toxicity of a substance?

  • innate chemical activity and dosage of the chemical
  • rates of absorption
  • exposure route, biological factors, and presence of other chemicals
  • All of the above influence the degree of toxicity of chemicals
A

All of the above influence the degree of toxicity of chemicals

27
Q

The use of antibiotics to manage infections with minimal damage to human tissues is based upon:

  • differences in absorption if the antibiotic between bacteria and humans
  • faster excretion of the antibiotic by humans
  • greater bio activation
  • selective toxicity of the antibiotic to bacteria
A

selective toxicity of the antibiotic to bacteria

28
Q

Which of the following are the 2 general types of toxic effects?

  • carcinogenic and teratogenic effects
  • systemic and specific target organ effects
  • hepatic and nephrotoxic effects
  • central and peripheral nervous system effects
A

systemic and specific organ effects

29
Q

Antagonism refers to an interaction in which:

  • a chemical produces less toxicity in the simultaneous presence of another chemical
  • toxicity produced by the combined presence of 2 chemicals is equal to the sum of their individual toxicities
  • there is an increase in the toxicity due to the presence of the second chemical
  • None of the above correctly describe antagonism
A

a chemical produced less toxicity in the simultaneous presence of another chemical

30
Q

A chemical that causes a change in the DNA of a cell is a

  • teratogen
  • carcinogen
  • mutagen
  • androgen
A

mutagen

31
Q

A dose of 4mg of an insecticide causes 20% toxicity whereas the same dose of another insecticide produces 30 % toxicity. If 8mg of a formulation containing equal concentrations of the 2 insecticides causes 50% toxicity, the interaction is known as:

  • additivity
  • antagonism
  • synergism
  • potentiation
A

Additivity

32
Q

The use of 100% oxygen to manage carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of _____ antagonism.

  • physiological
  • chemical
  • dispositional
  • receptor
A

receptor

33
Q

The usual dosage unit that incorporates the amount of material administered or absorbed in accordance with the size of the individual over a period of time is:

  • ppm/hr
  • mg/kg/day
  • kg/100 lbs/week
  • mg
A

mg/kg/day

34
Q

The ED60 represents:

  • the effect level of resulting from a threshold dose of 50mg
  • the point at which 50% of the liver is destroyed
  • the estimated dose that produces that desired effect at a 50% rate
  • the median lethal dose
A

The estimated dose that produces that desired effect at a 50% rate

35
Q

T/F

Every chemical can produce more than 1 biologic effect

A

True

36
Q

T/F

The CNS is a target organ for all toxic chemicals

A

False

37
Q

T/F

Dehydration will increase the intensity of toxic effects

A

True

38
Q

T/F

Lowering adipose content as part of weight loss program can increase the intensity of toxic effects of lipophilic chemicals

A

True

39
Q

T/F

Only the free form of a chemical in plasma can cause biologic effects

A

True

40
Q

T/F

Renal dysfunction can decrease intensity of toxic effects

A

False

41
Q

T/F

Liver damage will increase the percentage of a chemical in plasma that is bound to albumin

A

False

**would increase free form chemical

42
Q

T/F

Chemicals that undergo hepato-biliary excretion in addition to urinary excretion can be expected to have a relatively shorter duration of effects compared to chemicals that undergo only urinary excretion.

A

False

43
Q

T/F

Methemoglobinemia is characterized by “chocolate cyanosis” or arterial blood

A

True

** nitrogen oxides decrease transport of O2

44
Q

T/F

Carbon monoxide has the smell of bitter almonds

A

False

**odorless and tasteless

45
Q

T/F

Nitrous oxide is a dental anesthetic that can cause methemoglobinemia

A

True

** nitrogen oxides decrease transport of O2

46
Q

T/F

The enzyme that detoxifies superoxide anion in the body is catalase

A

False

**reductase

47
Q

T/F

Activation of molecular oxygen form “reactive oxygen species” is catalyzed by lead ions.

A

False

**lipid peroxidation, Fenton Rxn, Fe2+

48
Q

T/F

Hydration of the stratum corneum will decrease the toxic effects of chemicals that are absorbed through the skin

A

True

49
Q

T/F

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase will cause skeletal muscle relaxation and sinus tachycardia

A

False

** inhibiting ACh-esterase causes contraction and inability to relax

(i think tachycardia is true tho)

50
Q

T/F

Lead poisoning can cause iron-deficiency-like anemia, basophilic stilling, and GI cramps

A

True

Toxicology (2 decks)

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