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Geo 100 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

World Cultural Realms

A
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2
Q

Functional region

A

a region marked less by it’s sameness than it’s dynamic structure

  • a spatial system focused on a central core
  • A region formed by a set of places and their practical integration

(also known as nodal region)

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3
Q

Relative Location

A

In relation to something else, ex: “he’s closer to the desk than me”; qualitative

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4
Q

Convergent Lift

A
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5
Q

Biosphere

A

Atmosphere, lithosphere and lithosphere combined

  • Resources (opportunities) vs. Tolerance (constraints)
  • Biogeography
    • studies the geographic distribution of living organisms
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6
Q

Biomes

A

global scale ecosystem classification sceheme (climates, soil etc.)

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7
Q

Transition Zone

A
  • An area of spatial change where the peripheries of two adjacent realms or regions with
    • marked gradual shift (rather than a sharp break)
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8
Q

Map

A

A 2-D representation of the Earth’s surface that is:

  1. Projected
  2. Reduced
  3. Generalized
  4. Explained
  • Concept of ________ is inseperable from location
  • Aid in understanding of patterns in space
  • Visual means of communications of these relationships
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9
Q

Third World

A

Everyone Else. (Not Economically stable, not fitting into 2nd world because it’s less devel.)

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10
Q

First World

A

West. Europe, USA + Canada, New Zealand, South Korea, Japan

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11
Q

Equal Area Map

A

Area is preserved in this type of projection

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12
Q

Periphery vs. Core

A

_________ ex: Farms

__________ ex: Downtown

______ supports the _________

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13
Q

Conformal Map

A

Shape is preserved in this map projection

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14
Q

Absolute location

A

Quantitative (number attached) ex: “he is 10 metres from the desk”

  • Graticule
  • Latitude + Longitude
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15
Q

Thematic map

A

based on a topic/theme

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16
Q

Line scale

A
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17
Q

What are some concepts in Human Geography?

A

Location, distribution, process + interrelationships

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18
Q

What is a Natural Landscape?

A

the original landscape that exists before it is acted upon by human culture

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19
Q

Culture VS Environment

A

The environement does not control culture and innovation

Reaction to opportunities and constraints, people are the deciding factors not environements

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20
Q

Peters Projection

A
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21
Q

Stream discharge possible factors

A
  • Climate
    • Precipitation (amount and timing)
    • Temperature (evaporation + seasonality)
    • Vegetation
    • Geology
      • Bedrock (porosity permeability)
      • Groundwater
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22
Q

Generalized map characteristics

A
  • Detail through simplification, selection, combintion or smoothhing
  • May be a result of necessity (i.e. scale reduction)
  • May be the mapmakers choice (i.e. information converged)
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23
Q

Realm

A

the result of interaction between human societies and natural elements

geographic _________ change over time

clusters of humans

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24
Q

Koppen Climate System

A
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25
Q

Word scale

A

ex: 1cm to 1km

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26
Q

What is Systematic Geography?

A

Examines the topic with little regard to location

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27
Q

Longitude

A

measures positions east & west (meridians)

  • Starting point for longitude in Greenwich, England
    • “Prime Meridian”
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28
Q

What is a topographic map?

A

A detailed map of the surface features of land

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29
Q

Change in distribution suggests what?

A

Processes

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30
Q

Convective lift

A

heat energy

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31
Q

Place Attributes are always changing

A

No ______ is static, they evolve

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32
Q

Solar Radiation

A
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33
Q

Global pressure and wind belts

A
  • NE + SE trade winds
  • Intertropical convergence (ITC)
  • Westerlies
  • Subtropical highs
  • Subpolar lows
  • Cordis
  • Weather comes from west to east (Westerlies)
  • Tropics have trade winds from East
  • Clouds close to Equator (lots)
  • Lift -> cloud -> precipitation
  • 4 types of lift (convergent, mechanical, convection and frontal)
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34
Q

What is a bathymetric map?

A

A bathymetric chart is the submerged equivalent of an above-water topographic map. Bathymetric charts are designed to present accurate, measurable description and visual presentation of the submerged terrain.

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35
Q

Second World

A

Soviet Union, China, Eastern Europe (communist and socialist)

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36
Q

What is culture?

A

Learned attitudes and behaviours

Cultural traits: language, games, objects and techniques

Cultural complex: language and religion

Cultural region: spatially defined

Largest cultural realm: several related regions considered together

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37
Q

Carrying capacity + logistical strategy

A

S-Shaped chart

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38
Q

Graticule

A

a network of lines representing meridians and parallels, on which a map or plan can be represented.

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39
Q

Reduction (Reduced)

A
  • Linear distances must be made smaller then reality by means of scale reduction
  • Scales can be word, line or representative fractions
  • Small scale map vs. large scale map
    • Small: larger area covered (country shown vs. town)
    • Large: more detail, way zoomed in (towns shown vs. country)
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40
Q

Regions

A

The criteria we use to identity and define them

  • Each _______ is a product of the processes and interactions that define them
  • Formal vs. functional
  • Location + spatial extent
  • Hierarchy
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41
Q

Representative Fraction (RF) Scale

A

1: 50,000

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42
Q

Global Realm

A

Based on a spatial criteria

Largest geo. units, the inhabiyed world can be divided into them (based on physical and human aspects)

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43
Q

Sense of place

A
  • Subjective/emotional response to a place
  • Behavioural response to a place
  • Territory + boundaries (boundaries surround our territories)
  • Ex: Tourism
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44
Q

Mathusian Population Chart

A
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45
Q

Mercator Projection

A
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46
Q

Global human regions

A

Deals with the human landscape

ex: population or cultural geography

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47
Q

Terrestrial Radiation

A

Infra-red radiation, long wave, outgoing

  • Water vapor (invisible)
  • CO2
  • Methane

Without the radiation processes, the earth would be 30 degrees cooler

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48
Q

Human enviro. interaction

A

Some suggest this is the crux of geo

Opportunities vs. Constraints

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49
Q

What are the 5 main themes of Geography?

A

Location, Place, Movement, Human/Environement Interaction, Regions

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50
Q

What is Dualism?

A

The first natural subdivision of geography (physical vs. human)

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51
Q

Topographical map

A

Indication of how land rises and falls (i.e. relief/elevation)

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52
Q

Explained map characteristic

A
  • Marginal information provides additional information

OR

  • helps decode the map
    • i.e. legend/key (colour has meaning)
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53
Q

Low pressure system

A
  • Divergence in upper atmosphere
  • Convergence in lower atmospehere
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54
Q

What is Geography?

A

A field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. A literal translation would be “to write about the earth”.

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55
Q

What is a unifying concept in Geography?

A

Space

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56
Q

Major Concepts with “Place”

A
  1. Place attributes are always changing
  2. Mental Maps
  3. Sense of Place
  4. Places interact
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57
Q

Ecosystem

A

inclues both abiotic and biotic matter

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58
Q

Latitude

A

Measures the position north or south (parallels)

  • Starts at the equator
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59
Q

Formal region

A

marked by a certain degree of similarity in one or more phenomena

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60
Q

High pressure system

A
  • Clear skies, cold air (winter), warm temp (summer)
  • Convergence in upper atmosphere
  • Divergence in lower atmosphere
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61
Q

Places interact

A
  • An understandable or at least identifiable ways
    • Spactial interaction
  • Distance
    • Linear
    • Time distance
    • psychological distance
  • Distance decay
    • interaction tends to decrease with increasing distance from something
  • Accessibility of places
    • Physical/psychological/cultural limitations
  • Connectivitity of Places
    • Quantity + quality of routes between places
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62
Q

Location

A

The foundation of Geographic thought, where?

  • Relative vs. Absolute location
  • Latitude & Longitude
  • Maps (& map projections)
  • Topographical vs. Thematic
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63
Q

What is regional geography?

A

Attention is paid to unique characteristics of a particular region such as natural elements, human elements, and regionalization which covers the techniques of delineating space into regions.

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64
Q

Polyconic Projection

A
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65
Q

Place

A

LOCATION describes SITE whereas _______ describes SITUATION.

  • Location & site describe internal characteristics
  • ______ & Situation describe external characteristics + relationships with other places
  • _______ the combination of human features and physical features that gives relative geographic characteristics

EXAMPLE:

  • Regina:
    • Site: Latitude & Longitude
    • Flat glacial lake plain 573 m above sea level (ASL)
    • Situation: Southern SK
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66
Q

Brandt line

A
67
Q

What are some concepts covered in Physical geography?

A

Deals with the way geographical phenomena are studied. EX: Systematic (Topical), Regional

68
Q

Historical geo

A

Carl O. Sauer (1889-1975) founder

Said a lanscape and it’s cultures in it can only be understood if all it’s influenced thru history are taken into account too

69
Q

Developpement

A

Economic growth =/= developped

The test for this is the ability for a society to properly feed, clothe, shelter and educate it’s population

70
Q

Hydrologic Cycle

A
71
Q

What is a physical landscape?

A

the physical elements of landforms such as (ice-capped) mountains, hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human elements including different forms of land use, buildings and structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions.

72
Q

Projection (Projected)

A

A 2D representation of a 3D surface must then be projected which can cause distortions in some parts of a map.

  • Area, shape, distance and direction will not be preserved
  • Area is preserved in an equal area map
  • Shape is preserved in a conformal map
  • Distance is preserved in an equidistant map
  • Direction is preserved in an azimuthal map
73
Q

Movement

A

Suggests change or evolution of spatital distributions or patterns and allows us to also examine the temporal aspect of spatial change

  • Processes (mechanisms of change)
    • Physical
      • Geomorphology (landscape evolution)
      • Biogeography (ecological succession)
    • Human
      • Culture geography (diffusion/immigration)
      • Transport. geography (goods/services)
      • Medical/health geography (pattern of spead of disease)
74
Q

Hydrosphere

A
  • Unique properties
  • Occurs naturally as solid liquid and gas
  • Most universal solvent
  • Aside from Hg it has the highest surface tension of liquids
  • Very high heat capacity
  • High transparency

ETC

75
Q

Population Geography

A
  • World pop = ~6.87 bill
  • Population growth = demographic equation
    • Natural increase: births-deaths
    • A change in the population: births - deaths + (immigration-emmigration)
  • Agricultural revolution = population explosion
76
Q

What is Human Geography?

A

The branch of the social sciences that deals with world, its people and their communities, cultures, economies and interaction with the environment by emphasizing their relations with and across space and place. Basically: how humans affect things

77
Q

What does Space dictate?

A

There exists location because of ________.

78
Q

What is Geomorphology?

A

the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near Earth’s surface.

79
Q

Mental maps

A
  • Combines information + interpretation
  • What we know vs. what we feel
  • Can be accurate but can show biases
80
Q

Frontal Lift

A
81
Q

Orographic/Mechanical Lift

A
82
Q

Longitude & Latitude

A
  • Spherical Coordinate System
  • Degrees, minutes, seconds; ex: 1°=60’, 1’=60”
  • Decimal degrees (10° 15’= 10.25°)
  • Grid is superimposed on the Earth
    • Each coordinate has a unique coordinate on Earth
83
Q
A

World Cultural Realms

84
Q

a region marked less by it’s sameness than it’s dynamic structure

  • a spatial system focused on a central core
  • A region formed by a set of places and their practical integration

(also known as nodal region)

A

Functional region

85
Q

In relation to something else, ex: “he’s closer to the desk than me”; qualitative

A

Relative Location

86
Q
A

Convergent Lift

87
Q

Atmosphere, lithosphere and lithosphere combined

  • Resources (opportunities) vs. Tolerance (constraints)
  • Biogeography
    • studies the geographic distribution of living organisms
A

Biosphere

88
Q

global scale ecosystem classification sceheme (climates, soil etc.)

A

Biomes

89
Q
  • An area of spatial change where the peripheries of two adjacent realms or regions with
    • marked gradual shift (rather than a sharp break)
A

Transition Zone

90
Q

A 2-D representation of the Earth’s surface that is:

  1. Projected
  2. Reduced
  3. Generalized
  4. Explained
  • Concept of ________ is inseperable from location
  • Aid in understanding of patterns in space
  • Visual means of communications of these relationships
A

Map

91
Q

Everyone Else. (Not Economically stable, not fitting into 2nd world because it’s less devel.)

A

Third World

92
Q

West. Europe, USA + Canada, New Zealand, South Korea, Japan

A

First World

93
Q

Area is preserved in this type of projection

A

Equal Area Map

94
Q

_________ ex: Farms

__________ ex: Downtown

______ supports the _________

A

Periphery vs. Core

95
Q

Shape is preserved in this map projection

A

Conformal Map

96
Q

Quantitative (number attached) ex: “he is 10 metres from the desk”

  • Graticule
  • Latitude + Longitude
A

Absolute location

97
Q

based on a topic/theme

A

Thematic map

98
Q
A

Line scale

99
Q

Location, distribution, process + interrelationships

A

What are some concepts in Human Geography?

100
Q

the original landscape that exists before it is acted upon by human culture

A

What is a Natural Landscape?

101
Q

The environement does not control culture and innovation

Reaction to opportunities and constraints, people are the deciding factors not environements

A

Culture VS Environment

102
Q
A

Peters Projection

103
Q
  • Climate
    • Precipitation (amount and timing)
    • Temperature (evaporation + seasonality)
    • Vegetation
    • Geology
      • Bedrock (porosity permeability)
      • Groundwater
A

Stream discharge possible factors

104
Q
  • Detail through simplification, selection, combintion or smoothhing
  • May be a result of necessity (i.e. scale reduction)
  • May be the mapmakers choice (i.e. information converged)
A

Generalized map characteristics

105
Q

the result of interaction between human societies and natural elements

geographic _________ change over time

clusters of humans

A

Realm

106
Q
A

Koppen Climate System

107
Q

ex: 1cm to 1km

A

Word scale

108
Q

Examines the topic with little regard to location

A

What is Systematic Geography?

109
Q

measures positions east & west (meridians)

  • Starting point for longitude in Greenwich, England
    • “Prime Meridian”
A

Longitude

110
Q

A detailed map of the surface features of land

A

What is a topographic map?

111
Q

Processes

A

Change in distribution suggests what?

112
Q

heat energy

A

Convective lift

113
Q

No ______ is static, they evolve

A

Place Attributes are always changing

114
Q
A

Solar Radiation

115
Q
  • NE + SE trade winds
  • Intertropical convergence (ITC)
  • Westerlies
  • Subtropical highs
  • Subpolar lows
  • Cordis
  • Weather comes from west to east (Westerlies)
  • Tropics have trade winds from East
  • Clouds close to Equator (lots)
  • Lift -> cloud -> precipitation
  • 4 types of lift (convergent, mechanical, convection and frontal)
A

Global pressure and wind belts

116
Q

A bathymetric chart is the submerged equivalent of an above-water topographic map. Bathymetric charts are designed to present accurate, measurable description and visual presentation of the submerged terrain.

A

What is a bathymetric map?

117
Q

Soviet Union, China, Eastern Europe (communist and socialist)

A

Second World

118
Q

Learned attitudes and behaviours

Cultural traits: language, games, objects and techniques

Cultural complex: language and religion

Cultural region: spatially defined

Largest cultural realm: several related regions considered together

A

What is culture?

119
Q

S-Shaped chart

A

Carrying capacity + logistical strategy

120
Q

a network of lines representing meridians and parallels, on which a map or plan can be represented.

A

Graticule

121
Q
  • Linear distances must be made smaller then reality by means of scale reduction
  • Scales can be word, line or representative fractions
  • Small scale map vs. large scale map
    • Small: larger area covered (country shown vs. town)
    • Large: more detail, way zoomed in (towns shown vs. country)
A

Reduction (Reduced)

122
Q

The criteria we use to identity and define them

  • Each _______ is a product of the processes and interactions that define them
  • Formal vs. functional
  • Location + spatial extent
  • Hierarchy
A

Regions

123
Q

1: 50,000

A

Representative Fraction (RF) Scale

124
Q

Based on a spatial criteria

Largest geo. units, the inhabiyed world can be divided into them (based on physical and human aspects)

A

Global Realm

125
Q
  • Subjective/emotional response to a place
  • Behavioural response to a place
  • Territory + boundaries (boundaries surround our territories)
  • Ex: Tourism
A

Sense of place

126
Q
A

Mathusian Population Chart

127
Q
A

Mercator Projection

128
Q

Deals with the human landscape

ex: population or cultural geography

A

Global human regions

129
Q

Infra-red radiation, long wave, outgoing

  • Water vapor (invisible)
  • CO2
  • Methane

Without the radiation processes, the earth would be 30 degrees cooler

A

Terrestrial Radiation

130
Q

Some suggest this is the crux of geo

Opportunities vs. Constraints

A

Human enviro. interaction

131
Q

Location, Place, Movement, Human/Environement Interaction

A

What are the 5 main themes of Geography?

132
Q

The first natural subdivision of geography (physical vs. human)

A

What is Dualism?

133
Q

Indication of how land rises and falls (i.e. relief/elevation)

A

Topographical map

134
Q
  • Marginal information provides additional information

OR

  • helps decode the map
    • i.e. legend/key (colour has meaning)
A

Explained map characteristic

135
Q
  • Divergence in upper atmosphere
  • Convergence in lower atmospehere
A

Low pressure system

136
Q

A field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. A literal translation would be “to write about the earth”.

A

What is Geography?

137
Q

Space

A

What is a unifying concept in Geography?

138
Q
  1. Place attributes are always changing
  2. Mental Maps
  3. Sense of Place
  4. Places interact
A

Major Concepts with “Place”

139
Q

inclues both abiotic and biotic matter

A

Ecosystem

140
Q

Measures the position north or south (parallels)

  • Starts at the equator
A

Latitude

141
Q

marked by a certain degree of similarity in one or more phenomena

A

Formal region

142
Q
  • Clear skies, cold air (winter), warm temp (summer)
  • Convergence in upper atmosphere
  • Divergence in lower atmosphere
A

High pressure system

143
Q
  • An understandable or at least identifiable ways
    • Spactial interaction
  • Distance
    • Linear
    • Time distance
    • psychological distance
  • Distance decay
    • interaction tends to decrease with increasing distance from something
  • Accessibility of places
    • Physical/psychological/cultural limitations
  • Connectivitity of Places
    • Quantity + quality of routes between places
A

Places interact

144
Q

The foundation of Geographic thought, where?

  • Relative vs. Absolute location
  • Latitude & Longitude
  • Maps (& map projections)
  • Topographical vs. Thematic
A

Location

145
Q

Attention is paid to unique characteristics of a particular region such as natural elements, human elements, and regionalization which covers the techniques of delineating space into regions.

A

What is regional geography?

146
Q
A

Polyconic Projection

147
Q

LOCATION describes SITE whereas _______ describes SITUATION.

  • Location & site describe internal characteristics
  • ______ & Situation describe external characteristics + relationships with other places
  • _______ the combination of human features and physical features that gives relative geographic characteristics

EXAMPLE:

  • Regina:
    • Site: Latitude & Longitude
    • Flat glacial lake plain 573 m above sea level (ASL)
    • Situation: Southern SK
A

Place

148
Q
A

Brandt line

149
Q

Deals with the way geographical phenomena are studied. EX: Systematic (Topical), Regional

A

What are some concepts covered in Physical geography?

150
Q

Carl O. Sauer (1889-1975) founder

Said a lanscape and it’s cultures in it can only be understood if all it’s influenced thru history are taken into account too

A

Historical geo

151
Q

Economic growth =/= developped

The test for this is the ability for a society to properly feed, clothe, shelter and educate it’s population

A

Developpement

152
Q
A

Hydrologic Cycle

153
Q

the physical elements of landforms such as (ice-capped) mountains, hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human elements including different forms of land use, buildings and structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions.

A

What is a physical landscape?

154
Q

A 2D representation of a 3D surface must then be projected which can cause distortions in some parts of a map.

  • Area, shape, distance and direction will not be preserved
  • Area is preserved in an equal area map
  • Shape is preserved in a conformal map
  • Distance is preserved in an equidistant map
  • Direction is preserved in an azimuthal map
A

Projection (Projected)

155
Q

Suggests change or evolution of spatital distributions or patterns and allows us to also examine the temporal aspect of spatial change

  • Processes (mechanisms of change)
    • Physical
      • Geomorphology (landscape evolution)
      • Biogeography (ecological succession)
    • Human
      • Culture geography (diffusion/immigration)
      • Transport. geography (goods/services)
      • Medical/health geography (pattern of spead of disease)
A

Movement

156
Q
  • Unique properties
  • Occurs naturally as solid liquid and gas
  • Most universal solvent
  • Aside from Hg it has the highest surface tension of liquids
  • Very high heat capacity
  • High transparency

ETC

A

Hydrosphere

157
Q
  • World pop = ~6.87 bill
  • Population growth = demographic equation
    • Natural increase: births-deaths
    • A change in the population: births - deaths + (immigration-emmigration)
  • Agricultural revolution = population explosion
A

Population Geography

158
Q

The branch of the social sciences that deals with world, its people and their communities, cultures, economies and interaction with the environment by emphasizing their relations with and across space and place. Basically: how humans affect things

A

What is Human Geography?

159
Q

There exists location because of ________.

A

What does Space dictate?

160
Q

the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near Earth’s surface.

A

What is Geomorphology?

161
Q
  • Combines information + interpretation
  • What we know vs. what we feel
  • Can be accurate but can show biases
A

Mental maps

162
Q
A

Frontal Lift

163
Q
A

Orographic/Mechanical Lift

164
Q
  • Spherical Coordinate System
  • Degrees, minutes, seconds; ex: 1°=60’, 1’=60”
  • Decimal degrees (10° 15’= 10.25°)
  • Grid is superimposed on the Earth
    • Each coordinate has a unique coordinate on Earth
A

Longitude & Latitude

Geo 100 (4 decks)

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