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VM 609 Therio > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What two animals have diffuse type placentas?

A

Mare and sow

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2
Q

What is the term for increasing uptake in sheep 2-3 weeks prior to breeding?

A

flushing

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3
Q

When can ultrasound be used to diagnose pregnancy in a ewe?

A

20+ days

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4
Q

When does a ewe return to heat if she is not bred?

A

16-17 days

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5
Q

What is the most important vaccination for weanling lambs?

A

clostridium toxoid

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6
Q

What hormones are present in CIDRs for ewes? When are CIDRs used?

A

PMSG/ECG

used for out of season estrus

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7
Q

What synthetic progesterone is used to prime ewes?

A

melengesterol acetate

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8
Q

When can you use prostaglandins in sheep?

A

ONLY during breeding season

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9
Q

What 2 drugs are used to induce parturition in ewes?

A

dexmethasone and estradiol

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10
Q

Can prostaglandins be used to induce parturition in sheep?

A

NO, but may use to abort before day 60 (TQ), goats are different

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11
Q

What are some causes of infertility in sheep?

A

asynchronous mating, EED, starvation, Se deficiency, high temp, too much nutrition, estrogenic compounds

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12
Q

What is the cut off for EED to have sheep return to heat?

A

12-14 days

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13
Q

What are the 3 main infectious causes of abortion in ewes?

A

Vibrio(campy), toxoplasmosis, chlamydia

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14
Q

What are some important ways to control abortions in sheep?

A

vaccinate, control cats, hygeine, mass antibiotics

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15
Q

When should you intervene on a sheep dystocia?

A

1-1.5 hours with no progress

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16
Q

What is unique about vaginal prolapse in sheep?

A

happens during late gestation

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17
Q

What bacteria causes epididymitis in rams?

A

brucella ovis

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18
Q

What is the length of the estrous cycle in goats?

A

21 days

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19
Q

What is the gestation length of sheep? goats?

A

Sheep: 138 days, goats are 2-3 days longer

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20
Q

How can you induce parturition in goats?

A

same as ewe + prostaglandin

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21
Q

What are important causes of abortion in goats?

A

lepto, toxo, chlamydia, salmonella

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22
Q

What disease is associated with the “polled” gene in goats that causes infertility?

A

spermatic granuloma

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23
Q

What is the main action of estrogen in the cow uterus?

A

increases oxytocin receptors

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24
Q

What happens when oxytocin binds to oxytocin receptors in the uterus?

A

increase myometrial contractions –> PGF2a –> degranulation of corpus luteum

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25
Q

What is the normal maximum duration of second stage labor in a mare?

A

30 mins

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26
Q

What can happen if the umbilical cord is ruptured early in a foal?

A

deprives foal of normal BV

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27
Q

What is the cause of prema placenta?

A

failure of chorioallantois to rupture (red bag)

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28
Q

When is a foal considered premature? dysmature?

A

premature: 325 days, has symptoms

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29
Q

What is neonatal maladjustment syndrome?

A

appears normal at birth, develops neurological signs due to hypoxic brain injury

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30
Q

What drug should not be used in neonatal maladjustment syndrome in foals?

A

alpha antagonists = cardiodepressant, dangerous

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31
Q

What is the prognosis of neonatal maladjustment syndrome in foals?

A

50% survive with treatment

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32
Q

What are the classifications of failure of passive transfer in foals?

A

adequate = >800mg/dl
partial fpt = 400-800
total fpt =

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33
Q

What is the most common bacteria involved in neonatal septicemia in foals?

A

e. coli

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34
Q

Where can signs of septicemia in foals be seen?

A

joints, eyes, meninges

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35
Q

What are the onset of signs for septicemia in an in utero infection? post natal infection?

A

in utero: at birth

post natal: day 3

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36
Q

What is the therapeutic plan for septic foals?

A

broad spectrum antibiotic (penicillin G + amikacin)
Nsaids
Anti-ulcer medication

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37
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

type 2

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38
Q

What percent of neonatal isoerythrolysis cases are caused by hemolysins? agglutinins? (foals)

A

hemolysins - 80%

agglutinins - 20%

39
Q

What amount of mare blood could be transfused to a foal with neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

1-2L of mare RBCS (washed)

40
Q

What are the disturbances in serum chemistry of foals with a ruptured bladder?

A

BUN elevated
Creatinine slightly elevated
Na, Cl are decreased
K is elevated

41
Q

What is an important differential of ruptured bladders in foals? How can you help differentiate?

A

meconium impaction - foal will have hind legs under body, not caudally

42
Q

What should be done before a ruptured bladder foal goes to surgery?

A 
saline IV
glucose IV (drives K inside cells)
43
Q

What is the estrous cycle length in elk?

44
Q

What is the gestation period for elk?

45
Q

What is the breeding season for elk?

A

sept 1 - nov 1

46
Q

What should vaccination protocol be for elk?

A

same as cow and sheep dzs

47
Q

What are 2 zoonotic diseases associated with elk rearing?

A

TB and brucellosis

48
Q

What is the season for ostrich to lay eggs?

49
Q

How should egg bound ostriches be treated?

A

increase temp, nutrition,

50
Q

How long does it take for ostrich eggs to hatch?

51
Q

What are the main differences between alpaca and llama?

A

alpaca are smaller and have finer wool

52
Q

When do male camelids have puberty? females?

A

males - 21 monthsfemales - 12-13 months

53
Q

What hormone induces ovulation in camelids?

A

nerve growth factor release after copulation

54
Q

What is the gestation time in camelids? Where does the pregnancy develop?

A

345dleft horn 100%

55
Q

What are the 3 vaccinations that should be given to camelids?

A

clostridium tetanus toxoid, lepto

56
Q

What is the length of gestation in a cow?

57
Q

What day are embyros flushed from cows?

58
Q

When does the fetus send signals to cow for pregnancy? What signal?

A

15-16d by bIFN tau

59
Q

What is the cause of hydroallantois in cows? When does it occur?

A

placental dysfunction at 5th month

60
Q

What is the cause of hydroamnios in cows?

A

abnormal calf

61
Q

What is the ferguson reflex?

A

oxytocin relased in response to fetal presence in birth canal

62
Q

What is the definition of dystocia in cattle?

A

inability to deliver calf after 4 hours of pushing

63
Q

What are the 2 main defences against mastitis?

A

teat end and somatic cell response

64
Q

What are the main differences between contagious and environmental mastitis?

A

contagious - persistent, subclinicalenvironmental - transient, clincal

65
Q

What are the 3 majory contagious mastitis pathogens?

A

Strep agalactiaeStaph aureusMycoplasma bovis

66
Q

What are the 3 most important fomites in contagious mastitis?

A

milking clustertowelshands

67
Q

What is the best prevention for contagious mastitis?

A

post milking deat disinfection (dipping)

68
Q

When is “blitz” treatment indicated in contagious mastitis?

A

only for st. agalactiae and if btscc is approaching 750,000

69
Q

What does blanket IMM antibiotic treatment help with?

A

prevention of some pathogens during dry period

70
Q

What other CS are associated with mycoplasma mastitis?

A

polyarthritis, resp dz, otitis media

71
Q

What are the major pathogens that cause environmental mastitis?

A

coliform bacteria, streptococci other than st. agalactiae

72
Q

What are the cutoffs for early, late embryonic death and abortion?

A

EED - b/w days 17-24
LED - b/w 25-42
Abortion: after day 42

73
Q

What is the most common type of protozoan abortion in cattle?

A

neosporum caninum

74
Q

When does abortion occur in cattle with brucella?

75
Q

When does abortion occur in cattle with lepto?

76
Q

When does abortion occur in cattle with campy?

A

mid-late term

77
Q

When does abortion occur with neospora caninum?

78
Q

What species of fungus causes most abortion in cattle? What time do they abort?

A

aspergillus

late term

79
Q

What samples are needed to diagnose cattle abortion?

A

placenta - most important
fetus - try to submit whole
+/-maternal blood

80
Q

What is important in preventing contamination to a mares vagina?

A

transverse vestibular fold

81
Q

Where does fertilization occur in the horses repro tract?

82
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in mares?

83
Q

Term for acute systemic illness caused by infection of the uterus within 10 days of parturition.

A

puerperal metritis

84
Q

What are teh 3 pathogens that cause clinical metritis?

A

e coli, t. pyogenes, fusobacterium necrophorum

85
Q

What is an important virulence factor for e. coli in cattle metritis?

86
Q

How is metritis treated?

A

ceftiofur, ampicillin, supportive

87
Q

Term for presence of purulent uterine discharge in vagina post partum in cattle.

A

clinical endometritis

88
Q

What is the treatment for endometritis?

89
Q

What causes pyometra in cows?

A

tritrichomonas foetus

90
Q

How is pyometra treated in cows?

91
Q

What is the path behind cystic ovarian disease?

A

lack LH surge to induce ovulation

92
Q

How do you tell follicular from luteal cysts in COD in cattle?

A

progesterone conc - follicular cysts secrete little to no progesterone

93
Q

What two biochemical methods can be used to diagnose pregnancy in cows?

A

progesterone

pregnancy specific protein B

VM 609 Therio (2 decks)

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