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VM 609 Therio > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What two animals have diffuse type placentas?

A

Mare and sow

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2
Q

What is the term for increasing uptake in sheep 2-3 weeks prior to breeding?

A

flushing

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3
Q

When can ultrasound be used to diagnose pregnancy in a ewe?

A

20+ days

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4
Q

When does a ewe return to heat if she is not bred?

A

16-17 days

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5
Q

What is the most important vaccination for weanling lambs?

A

clostridium toxoid

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6
Q

What hormones are present in CIDRs for ewes? When are CIDRs used?

A

PMSG/ECG

used for out of season estrus

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7
Q

What synthetic progesterone is used to prime ewes?

A

melengesterol acetate

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8
Q

When can you use prostaglandins in sheep?

A

ONLY during breeding season

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9
Q

What 2 drugs are used to induce parturition in ewes?

A

dexmethasone and estradiol

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10
Q

Can prostaglandins be used to induce parturition in sheep?

A

NO, but may use to abort before day 60 (TQ), goats are different

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11
Q

What are some causes of infertility in sheep?

A

asynchronous mating, EED, starvation, Se deficiency, high temp, too much nutrition, estrogenic compounds

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12
Q

What is the cut off for EED to have sheep return to heat?

A

12-14 days

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13
Q

What are the 3 main infectious causes of abortion in ewes?

A

Vibrio(campy), toxoplasmosis, chlamydia

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14
Q

What are some important ways to control abortions in sheep?

A

vaccinate, control cats, hygeine, mass antibiotics

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15
Q

When should you intervene on a sheep dystocia?

A

1-1.5 hours with no progress

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16
Q

What is unique about vaginal prolapse in sheep?

A

happens during late gestation

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17
Q

What bacteria causes epididymitis in rams?

A

brucella ovis

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18
Q

What is the length of the estrous cycle in goats?

A

21 days

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19
Q

What is the gestation length of sheep? goats?

A

Sheep: 138 days, goats are 2-3 days longer

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20
Q

How can you induce parturition in goats?

A

same as ewe + prostaglandin

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21
Q

What are important causes of abortion in goats?

A

lepto, toxo, chlamydia, salmonella

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22
Q

What disease is associated with the “polled” gene in goats that causes infertility?

A

spermatic granuloma

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23
Q

What is the main action of estrogen in the cow uterus?

A

increases oxytocin receptors

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24
Q

What happens when oxytocin binds to oxytocin receptors in the uterus?

A

increase myometrial contractions –> PGF2a –> degranulation of corpus luteum

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25
What is the normal maximum duration of second stage labor in a mare?
30 mins
26
What can happen if the umbilical cord is ruptured early in a foal?
deprives foal of normal BV
27
What is the cause of prema placenta?
failure of chorioallantois to rupture (red bag)
28
When is a foal considered premature? dysmature?
premature: 325 days, has symptoms
29
What is neonatal maladjustment syndrome?
appears normal at birth, develops neurological signs due to hypoxic brain injury
30
What drug should not be used in neonatal maladjustment syndrome in foals?
alpha antagonists = cardiodepressant, dangerous
31
What is the prognosis of neonatal maladjustment syndrome in foals?
50% survive with treatment
32
What are the classifications of failure of passive transfer in foals?
adequate = >800mg/dl partial fpt = 400-800 total fpt =
33
What is the most common bacteria involved in neonatal septicemia in foals?
e. coli
34
Where can signs of septicemia in foals be seen?
joints, eyes, meninges
35
What are the onset of signs for septicemia in an in utero infection? post natal infection?
in utero: at birth | post natal: day 3
36
What is the therapeutic plan for septic foals?
broad spectrum antibiotic (penicillin G + amikacin) Nsaids Anti-ulcer medication
37
What type of hypersensitivity is neonatal isoerythrolysis?
type 2
38
What percent of neonatal isoerythrolysis cases are caused by hemolysins? agglutinins? (foals)
hemolysins - 80% | agglutinins - 20%
39
What amount of mare blood could be transfused to a foal with neonatal isoerythrolysis?
1-2L of mare RBCS (washed)
40
What are the disturbances in serum chemistry of foals with a ruptured bladder?
BUN elevated Creatinine slightly elevated Na, Cl are decreased K is elevated
41
What is an important differential of ruptured bladders in foals? How can you help differentiate?
meconium impaction - foal will have hind legs under body, not caudally
42
What should be done before a ruptured bladder foal goes to surgery?
``` saline IV glucose IV (drives K inside cells) ```
43
What is the estrous cycle length in elk?
21 days
44
What is the gestation period for elk?
247 days
45
What is the breeding season for elk?
sept 1 - nov 1
46
What should vaccination protocol be for elk?
same as cow and sheep dzs
47
What are 2 zoonotic diseases associated with elk rearing?
TB and brucellosis
48
What is the season for ostrich to lay eggs?
Jan - Oct
49
How should egg bound ostriches be treated?
increase temp, nutrition,
50
How long does it take for ostrich eggs to hatch?
42 days
51
What are the main differences between alpaca and llama?
alpaca are smaller and have finer wool
52
When do male camelids have puberty? females?
males - 21 monthsfemales - 12-13 months
53
What hormone induces ovulation in camelids?
nerve growth factor release after copulation
54
What is the gestation time in camelids? Where does the pregnancy develop?
345dleft horn 100%
55
What are the 3 vaccinations that should be given to camelids?
clostridium tetanus toxoid, lepto
56
What is the length of gestation in a cow?
280d
57
What day are embyros flushed from cows?
7 days
58
When does the fetus send signals to cow for pregnancy? What signal?
15-16d by bIFN tau
59
What is the cause of hydroallantois in cows? When does it occur?
placental dysfunction at 5th month
60
What is the cause of hydroamnios in cows?
abnormal calf
61
What is the ferguson reflex?
oxytocin relased in response to fetal presence in birth canal
62
What is the definition of dystocia in cattle?
inability to deliver calf after 4 hours of pushing
63
What are the 2 main defences against mastitis?
teat end and somatic cell response
64
What are the main differences between contagious and environmental mastitis?
contagious - persistent, subclinicalenvironmental - transient, clincal
65
What are the 3 majory contagious mastitis pathogens?
Strep agalactiaeStaph aureusMycoplasma bovis
66
What are the 3 most important fomites in contagious mastitis?
milking clustertowelshands
67
What is the best prevention for contagious mastitis?
post milking deat disinfection (dipping)
68
When is "blitz" treatment indicated in contagious mastitis?
only for st. agalactiae and if btscc is approaching 750,000
69
What does blanket IMM antibiotic treatment help with?
prevention of some pathogens during dry period
70
What other CS are associated with mycoplasma mastitis?
polyarthritis, resp dz, otitis media
71
What are the major pathogens that cause environmental mastitis?
coliform bacteria, streptococci other than st. agalactiae
72
What are the cutoffs for early, late embryonic death and abortion?
EED - b/w days 17-24 LED - b/w 25-42 Abortion: after day 42
73
What is the most common type of protozoan abortion in cattle?
neosporum caninum
74
When does abortion occur in cattle with brucella?
late term
75
When does abortion occur in cattle with lepto?
anytime
76
When does abortion occur in cattle with campy?
mid-late term
77
When does abortion occur with neospora caninum?
mid term
78
What species of fungus causes most abortion in cattle? What time do they abort?
aspergillus | late term
79
What samples are needed to diagnose cattle abortion?
placenta - most important fetus - try to submit whole +/-maternal blood
80
What is important in preventing contamination to a mares vagina?
transverse vestibular fold
81
Where does fertilization occur in the horses repro tract?
ampulla
82
How long is the estrous cycle in mares?
21 days
83
Term for acute systemic illness caused by infection of the uterus within 10 days of parturition.
puerperal metritis
84
What are teh 3 pathogens that cause clinical metritis?
e coli, t. pyogenes, fusobacterium necrophorum
85
What is an important virulence factor for e. coli in cattle metritis?
FimH
86
How is metritis treated?
ceftiofur, ampicillin, supportive
87
Term for presence of purulent uterine discharge in vagina post partum in cattle.
clinical endometritis
88
What is the treatment for endometritis?
no tx
89
What causes pyometra in cows?
tritrichomonas foetus
90
How is pyometra treated in cows?
PGF2a
91
What is the path behind cystic ovarian disease?
lack LH surge to induce ovulation
92
How do you tell follicular from luteal cysts in COD in cattle?
progesterone conc - follicular cysts secrete little to no progesterone
93
What two biochemical methods can be used to diagnose pregnancy in cows?
progesterone | pregnancy specific protein B

VM 609 Therio (2 decks)

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