Final Flashcards
1
Q
What repro problem in mares results in small ovaries and absent ovulation fossa?
A
Turners syndrome (X, O)
2
Q
Why should mare endometrial culture be done before cytology?
A
Can introduce infection with cytology done first
3
Q
What indicates contamination in a mare cytology and culture?
A
bacteria without inflammatory cells
4
Q
What procedure is done on mares to give a prognosis for the mare to carry a foal to term?
A
endometrial biopsy
5
Q
What is the best time for identifying cervical defects in mares?
A
under progesterone influence
6
Q
What are the two most common bacterial causes of endometritis in mares?
A
e. coli and strep equi zooepidemicus
7
Q
What are the two most common fungal causes of endometritis in mares?
A
candida albicas
aspergillus
8
Q
What causes equine contagious metritis?
A
Taylorella equigenitalis
9
Q
How is endometritis in mares diagnosed?
A
US and culture
10
Q
How is endometritis in mares treated?
A
antibiotics
ecbolics - contraction
uterine flsuhing
corticoids
11
Q
What are the two most common causes of ovarian enlargement in mares?
A
granulosa theca cell tumor
anovulatory hemorrhagic follicle
12
Q
How is granulosa theca cell tumor treated in mares?
A
surgery - colpotomy
13
Q
What is the best test for granulosa theca cell tumor in mares?
A
antimullerian hormone test, also do progesterone (to rule out preg)
14
Q
What are the two types of endometrial cysts in mares?
A
Lymphatic
Glandular - less common
15
Q
What causes infertility with endometrial cysts?
A
prevent embryo from implanting
16
Q
What is the signalment for hemorrhagic follicles in mares?
A
older than 16 yrs
cloprostenol shot
spring and fall
17
Q
What is the treatment for hemorrhagic follicles?
A
not much known about pathogenesis, spontaneous, give prostaglandin
18
Q
What causes pyometra in mares?
A
defective cervical drainage
19
Q
What is unique about stallions during off season in regard to their testicles?
A
decreased # of sertoli cells
20
Q
What should not be used in washing the stallions penis?
A
soap or anti-septic
21
Q
What causes coital exanthema in horses?
A
EHV type 3
22
Q
Why can’t a mare be a carrier for EVA?
A
testosterone dependent - only males can be carriers
23
Q
How can you tell if a stallion is a persistant carrier for EVA?
A
positive blood Ab –> then do viral isolation of semen
24
Q
How is EVA prevented?
A
vaccine for colts(6-9 months)
25
What is the most common cause of scrotal enlargement?
fluid accumulation in vaginal cavity (b/w parietal and vaginal tunic) (hydrocele)
26
What systemic diseases can cause scrotal enlargement?
septic peritonitis
hemoperitoneum
ascites
27
What pathologies can cause damage to the scrotal wall?
habronema, cutaneous neoplasia, trauma, dermaitis
28
What is the difference between scrotal hernia and inguinal hernia in stallions?
scrotal hernia is outside vaginal cavity
29
What is the main cause of inguinal hernias in stallions?
breeding activity
30
What is the difference between testicular rotation and torsion?
rotation is less than 180 degrees, normal blood supply, no tx
31
What is the most common testicular neoplasia in stallions?
seminoma
32
What should be done if a horse has testicular neoplasia?
do rectal - feel for metastases
33
What can be done to diagnose a cryptorchid in horses if not seen on US?
hormone testing - AMH (anti mullerian) test
34
What test can confirm if there was an ejaculation from a stallion?
alkaline phosphatase in semen
35
Where do stallions accumulate sperm to in spermiostasis?
extra-current ducts
36
Where can sperm be blocked in spermiostasis?
ampulla
37
What can urospermia in stallions indicate?
can be sporadic or neurologic
38
By what route should prostaglandin be given to mares?
always IM
39
What are the benefits/cons of doing a stallion open castration?
can see if hemostasis
| higher risk of eventration
40
How should the emasculator be held when castrating? How long should it stay on?
nut to nut!
| 1 minute for every year of age, up to 5
41
What is the primary sign of internal hemorrhage in a horse castration?
tachycardia
42
What 3 horse breeds are prone to eventration because of large inguinal rings?
standardbreds, saddlebreds, draft breeds
43
What is the most common type of a cryptorchid horse?
unilateral and inguinal
44
Which side cryptorchid in horse is most likely to be abdominal?
left
45
What is the etiology of cryptorchid?
failure of gubernaculum
46
What test is used for geldings with retained cryptorchid?
AMH (should be high if have testicle)
47
What is the term for failure of detumescense in horses? (constant erection)
priapsim
48
What is the term for penis does not retract in horses?
paraphimosis
49
What drugs are contraindicated in paraphimosis in horses?
tranqulizers, phenothiazines may worsen or cause paralysis
50
What surgical technique is used to creat a scar to retract penis in paraphimosis?
boltz technique
51
What is the most common neoplasia of the stallion penis?
squamous cell carcinoma
52
What surgical technique is performed if a caslicks alone doesnt restore dorsal seal on mares? What is the last resort?
perineal body reconstruction, epesioplasty
| last resort: perineal body transection
53
What is a 2nd degree laceration in a mare? How treated?
involves mucosa, perineal body, vestibule, and anal sphincter
tx: perineal body reconstructioon + caslicks
54
What is a 3rd degree laceration in a mare? How treated?
rectovaginal septum lacerated
| tx: reconstruct rectovaginal septum
55
How long should you wait before repairing a perineal laceration in mare?
30 days
56
When should surgical repair be done on a mare with a cervical laceration?
during estrus or diestrus
57
How long do have from when the mares water breaks to deliver a live foal?
90 minutes
58
What is the most common complication in mare ceserean section?
hemorrhage from uterine incision
59
How should the uterine in a mare be stitched up after c section?
whipstitch uterine edges
simple continuous reduces blood loss
then use utrecht to close
60
What are indications for using midline celiotomy in uterine torsions for mares?
concurrent intestinal lesion
61
What technique should be done on a mare uterine torsion if less than 320d pregnant?
flank laporatomy
62
What are the two main complications from ovary removal in mares?
hemorrhage and hypotension (reflexive)
63
What are the ways that rectovaginal fistulas can be repaired in a mare?
make it a 3rd degree RV tear
vaginal mucosal flap
close rectal and vestibular flaps closed seperately
64
What is a good dose of motile sperm for breeding a mare for cold shipped semen? frozen semen?
cold 500 million
| frozen - 300 million
65
What size should the mares follicle be before doing AI?
30-40 mm + uterine edema
66
How long until you do AI after you give deslorelin to mare?
36 hr
67
What does the embryo produce that allows it to enter uterus of mare?
PGE2 (relaxes uterus, maintains preg)
68
When is the embyro fixation in the mare?
day 16
69
What do the endometrial cups in the mare produce? When?
eCG, day 35 (luteinizes follicles to help with progesterone)
70
When does the primary CL produce progesterone in mares? secondary CLs?
primary - ovulation to 100d
secondary - 35 to 100d
placenta takes over after that
71
What maintains pregnancy in the mare from 150d to term?
5alpha dihydroprogesterone
72
What do the fetal gonads produce during pregnancy?
Androgens -> DHEA ->estrogen for uterus
| pregnenolone -->progesterone
73
When should the first pregnancy diagnosis be performed on a mare?
14-15 d post ovulation (before fixation), check for twinning
74
What day for preg check for mare will you see a heart beat?
25 days
75
When on ultrasound is the embryo in the middle of the yolk sac?
30 days
76
What is the problem with aborting mares after 35 days?
has endometrial cups - will not return to heat in the season
77
What kind of placenta do horses have?
microcotyledonary, diffuse, epitheliochorial
78
What are the definitions for embryonic loss and fetal loss in mares?
embryonic - less than 40d
| fetal - greater than 40d
79
What is a sign of ruptured pre pubic tendon in pregnant mares?
blood in mammary gland, poor prognosis
80
What fungus causes abortion, prolonged gestation, retained placentas in mares?
fescue toxicosis
81
What can be done about fescue toxicosis in mares?
take off pasture 30d prior to foaling, give dopamine antagonist to reverse some effects
82
When should pregnant mares be vaccinated for EHV1?
5, 7, and 9 months
83
What 2 viruses cause abortion in mares?
EHV 1 and EVA
84
What are the 4 types of placentitis in mares?
ascending - most common
nocardioform - common in kentucky, lesions around body and base of horns
diffuse - leptospira, inflammed cord, abortion storm
multifocal - candida albicans, rare
85
What is the main bacteria that causes ascending placentitis and abortion?
strep equi ssp zooepidemicus
86
What are the clinical signs of ascending placentitis in mares?
premature mammary gland development, vulvular discharge
| produces prostaglandings - abortion
87
What is gold standard for diagnosing ascending placentitis?
US - placental seperation, combined thickness of uterus and placenta
false positives - amnion, fetal extremities
88
How is nocardio placentitis diagnosed in mares?
PCR
89
What abortion disease is linked with eastern tent caterpillars?
mare reproductive loss syndrome
90
What happens to pH of mammary gland right before foaling?
becomes acidic, more accurate than electrolytes
91
When does the feet of the equine feet get locked in the uterine horn?
5 months
92
How long should stage 3 parturition occur in the mare?
less than 3 hours
93
What 2 problems does a retain placenta cause in a mare?
metritis and laminitis
94
What are the 5 different dark/terminal pig breeds?
berkshire, duroc, hampshire, poland china, spot
95
What are the 3 white/maternal pig breeds?
chester white, landrace, yorkshire
96
What pig breeds have erect ears?
breeds that end in shire and tamworth
97
What age do sows go through puberty?
5-8 months
98
What is the most common method used to induce puberty in gilts?
boar effect
99
How long after farrowing can pigs go into fertile heat?
21 days (4-7 days after weaning)
100
When does ovulation occur in gilts/sows?
2/3 way through estrus (36 hours avg)
101
Why cant you short cycle a gilt?
CL refractory to exogenous prostaglandins until day 12 of diestrus
102
What is used to induce estrus in non cycling gilts?
PG 600 (PMGS = FSH, HCG = LH)
103
What can be used to cycle sows in US?
altrenogest (synthetic progesterone) in feed
104
What happens if sows are underfed/underdosed with synthetic progestogens?
cystic ovarian dz, failure to cycle, variable farrowing rates
105
When/how is there maternal recognition of pregnancy in sows?
day 11 via estrogenic compounds produced by embryos (reroutes prostaglandin away from blood)
106
What kind of placenta do pigs have?
diffuse epitheliochorial, microcotyledonary (same as horses)
107
How long is pig gestation?
114 days
108
What is the number one method of pregnancy diagnosis in sows?
non-return to estrus in 18-24 days post breeding
109
When does immunocompetence occur in pig fetus?
70 days
110
How long do the stages of farrowing occur in pigs?
1 - 2-12 hrs
2: 2-4 hrs (piglets every 15 mins)
3: none given, rare retained placentas
111
What are the 2 main causes of porcine dystocia?
uterine inertia
| fetal maldisposition
112
How is uterine intertia treated?
oxytocin every 30 mins IM
| DO NOT USE IF OBSTRUCTION
113
When and why do you induce partruition in sows?
prostaglandins 18-36 hrs before farrowing, makes sure that someone is there to watch
also fostering, same piglet size, etc
114
What should be done if a sow has a uterine prolapse?
euthanize/slaughter
115
What should be done with sows that have vaginal prolapse if near term? if not near term?
near term: repair, open back up when farrowing
| if not near term: cull
116
How can you tell if a sows vaginal discharge is metritis?
normal lochia 1-5 days postpartum
| other CS, malodorous = metritis
117
What pig disease is characterized by CV crisis w/ subsequent pulmonary edema in late gestation? How tx?
puffer sow syndrome
| tx: calcium, corticoids, antihistamines
118
If fetal death in sows occurs less than 14 days, what happens? What about 14-35 days?
119
When does mummification ocurr in sows?
after 35 days (mineralization)
120
What are the two most common nonifectious causes of infertility in sows?
hydrosalpinx (2ndary to bursitis or peritonitis -->adhesions)
2nd - cystic ovarian dz
121
What disease causes SMEDI in sows?
porcine parvovirus
122
When does porcine parvovirus cause CS?
until farrowing, usually in naive replacement gilts
123
How is porcine parvo prevented?
vax, acclimization of replacement gilts
124
In bovine herd health, what should be investigated and reduced immediately?
introduction of the dz, cross contamination and amplification
125
What amount of control samples should you take when investigative a disease compared to case samples?
4:1
126
What are the CS of trichomonas in cows?
takes 45d, pyometra and abortion
127
How is trichomonas treated in cows?
dont - cull non pregnants and bulls
128
What causes vibriosis in cows?
campy fetus subsp. venerealis
129
How is campy spread between cows?
through AI, semen, fomites
130
What are CS of vibriosis/campy in cows?
infertility, mild endometritis, occasional abortion (30-70d)
131
How is campy controlled/prevented?
vaccine (different from trich)
132
What is the treatment for penile hematomas in bulls?
hydrotherapy, abs, antiinflammatories, for months
133
What disease occurs in young bulls?
seminal vesiculitis
134
What causes testicular degeneration in bulls?
increase temp -->reduced spermatozoal membrane glycoprotein (CD52)
135
What are primary/secondary abnormalities in a bovine breeding soundness exam for a bull?
primary: vesiculitis
2ndary: testicular function?/epididymal fxn
136
What bull breeds have tendency to prolapse of the prepuce?
polled breeds
137
What is the minimum normal morphology for bull semen for BSE? What is minimum motility?
morph: 70% normal cells
motility: greater than 30%
138
What should scrotal circumference be for bulls?
30-34 cm
139
What is the location of epidural anesthesia in cows?
S4-C1
140
What are teh 2 places to do an episiotomy in a cow?
10 OR 2 o clock
141
What breed of cows most commonly prolapses uterus and vagina?
herefords
142
Which side do you do a C section on cow?
left side
143
What closure pattern should be used for cow uterus?
inverting - utrecht, cushings, lembert
144
What is the most common cow teat surgery indication?
stenosis (streak canal) TQ
145
What do dogs have around their ovary that other animals dont have?
ovarian bursa
146
What is split heat in dogs?
show signs of pro estrus but do not ovulate, then return to heat later. associated with first heat in dogs
147
What types of dogs have longer interestrus?
older smaller dogs
148
What is the purpose of anestrus in dogs?
essential for endometrial repair
149
How long does anestrus last in dogs?
90-150 d
150
How long does estrus last in dogs?
9 d
151
What type of cytology is seen in dogs with estrus?
>90% cornified, anuclear
152
What kind of ovulation do dogs have?
2N oocyte, must undergo reduction division before fertilization
153
What is different in dogs with progesterone?
preovulatory rise in progesterone, caused by estral luteinization of follicles
154
What is vaginal cytology right at the beginning of diestrus?
50% cornification, PMNs return
155
When is the fertile period for dogs?
4 to 8 d after LH surge
156
What kind of placenta do dogs have?
endotheliochorial placentation, zonary
157
When can you see on US in dogs the zonary placenta, heart beat, kidney and intestinal motility?
placenta 27 d
heart beat 23 d
kidney 39d
intestines 57d
158
What happens with prolactin and progesterone at the time of canine paturition?
prolactin goes up, progesterone goes down
159
What are the signs of impeding parturition in dogs?
drop in temp
relaxation of pelvic muscles
nesting, shivering, more friendly
160
How many days from LH surge will parturition take place in dogs?
65d
161
How long do the parturition stages take in dogs?
stage 1: 6-12 hrs
stage 2: 3-6 hrs
stage 3: 15 mins after each pup
162
How long does lochial discharge last in dogs? how long does uterine involution take?
lochia: 3 weeks
| uterine involution: 12-15 wks
163
WHen should you intervene on a dog parturition?
brown or green discharge
longer than 2-4 hrs with no puppy
irregular straining
if 2nd stage lasts more than 12 hours
164
Whats the most important control factor for chronic egg laying in avians?
decrease calories
165
What drugs can be used to treat chronic egg laying in avians?
leuprolide acetate or deslorelin implant
166
What does mutliple eggs indicate in egg binding in avians?
non-oviductal eggs, rupture --> need surgery
167
What is the treatment for stable birds with egg binding?
pain relief, fluids, calcium, oxytocin or PGF2a
168
What is treatment for toxic/declining birdsd with egg binding?
ovacentesis, abs
169
What are the CS of egg related peritonitis in birds?
abdominal swelling, neurologic signs = yolk stroke
170
What causes ovarian cysts in birds? CS?
chronic estrogen stimulation
| CS - increased medullary bone, ascites
171
How are ovarian cysts treated in birds?
hormones - leuprolide, deslorelin
172
In what avian species is prolapse of the phallus a problem?
ratites and waterfowl
173
What are CS of estrogen toxicosis in ferrets?
pancytopenia
| tx with spay
174
How long is gestation in rabbits?
28d
175
What is the most common repro disorder in female rabbits? CS?
uterine adenocarcinoma
| CS - subclinical, hematuria
176
How long is estrous cycle and gestation length in guinea pigs?
estrous - 15 d
| gestation 62 d
177
What is a common ovarian disease in guinea pig sows?
cystic ovaries - ovariectomy
178
What age must guinea pigs be bred by?
6 months
179
Why is egg dystocia more chronic in reptiles?
dont have as big of eggs, not an emergency
180
What is ddx for egg dystocia in reptiles?
follicular atresia - delayed ovulation
181
What species of reptile get egg related coelemitis? CS?
bearded dragons
cs - bloated, depression
tx - sx
182
What are the etiologic agents of canine acute mastitis?
e coli, staph, strep
183
What is the MOA for hypocalcemia in post partum dogs?
increased permeability of muscles to ions - requires less stimulus --> tetanus and increased temp
184
How is brucella canis diagnosed in bitches?
rapid card agglutination test - follow up with serology
185
What is the most common leptospira serovar that causes abortion in dogs?
bratislava
186
What 3 dog viruses cause abortion?
herpes, parvo, distemper
187
What are the CS of brucella canis in dogs?
diskospondylitis, abortion from 30-57 d
188
How is pregnancy terminated in dogs (3 ways)?
PGF2a - hospitilization
dopamine agonist (inhibits prolactin)
aglepristone (EU) (inhibits progesterone)
189
When is the appropriate time to terminate a pregnancy in dogs?
after 30 days - confirm pregnancy
190
How long does involution of placental sites take in bitches?
12 weeks
191
What causes sub involution of placental sites in dogs?
trophoblast cells - invade endometrium
192
What must be present to cause pyometras in dogs?
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
193
What bacteria can cause pyometras in dogs?
e coli, staph aureus, strep, pseudomonas, proteus
194
What 2 agents can cause primary adult vaginitis in dogs?
brucella canis or herpes
195
What is the sequelae of chronic follicular cysts in dogs?
hyperestrogenism
196
What are the 2 most common ovarian neoplasias in dogs?
adenocarcinoma, granulosa cell tumor
197
What is the treatment for hypoluteoidism in pregnant dogs?
progesterone supplementation
198
When does vaginal prolapse occur in dogs?
time of peak of estrogen
199
What are the 3 degress of vaginal prolapse in dogs?
1 - not yet protruding past vulva
2 - through vulvuar lips
3 - entire vagina - doughnut shaped mass
200
How are vaginal prolapses treated?
surgical treatment preferred
201
What are the 3 fractions of semen in dogs?
pre seminal - cleans urethra
second fraction - sperm rich
third fraction - seminal glands
202
What is used for chemical sterilization in dogs?
zinc arginine, zinc gluconate
203
When can you diagnose cryptorchidism in dogs?
6 months
204
What bacteria causes orchitis in dogs?
brucella canis
205
What is the most common testicular tumor in dogs? What are the next 2 common?
most common - sertoli cell tumor
| also seminoma and leydig
206
What testicular tumor is only in scrotal testes (not in cryptorchid)??
interstitial/leydig cell tumor
207
What ist the cause of hydroceles in dog testis?
secondary to compromised lymphatic drainage
208
What are 2 infectious causes of scrotal dermatitis in dogs?
brucellosis, rocky mountain spotted fever
209
What are the 3 most common types of scrotal neoplasia in dogs?
SCC, melanoma, mast cell tumor
210
What are the 3 treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia in dogs?
1. castration
2. finasteriede
3. osaterone acetate (anti androgen)
211
What are CS of acute bacterial prostatitis in dogs?
septicemia, overtly ill
212
What is a sequale of chronic prostatis in dogs?
prostatic abscess
213
What is the prognosis for prostatic neoplasia?
poor - grave, surgery unrewarding
214
What is gynecomastia in dogs correlated with what neoplasm?
sertoli cell tumors
215
What is the treatment for retrograde ejaculation in dogs?
sympathomimetic drugs
