Midterm 4 Flashcards
What is the main goal in recovery after being victimized? Why?
Empowerment because violence robs an individual of their power
What is empowerment according to Cattaneo and Goodman?
a meaningful shift in the experience of power attained through the interaction with the social world
What is direct aggression?
overt verbal or physical behaviors intended to inflict harm
What is indirect aggression?
behaviors intended to harm another’s social relationships or status
What did Card et al ‘s meta-analysis show about the forms of aggression and gender?
boys use more direct aggression,
girls use more indirect aggression
What % of perpetrators of violent crime were male?
87%
What % of victims of violent crime were male?
74%
What are the 4 types of abuse?
Physical, verbal, emotional, sexual
Men are more likely to injure their partner, T/F?
True
Victims of family violence are more likely to be female, T/F?
True
Which province has the highest IPV rates?
Saskatchewan, Manitoba 2nd
What is the I^3 Theory?
high instigation
high impellance
low inhibition
What is intimate terrorism?
repeated IPV, control tactics that isolate their partner
What are some consequences of IPV?
Fear, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, mistrust, isolation, PTSD, physical injury, physical symptomology due to stress, depression, and anxiety
What is the Redress Project?
Awareness for aboriginal women, increase inhibition is the goal
What are some results when a woman reports greater control during their help-seeking?
Greater satisfaction with justice system
More likely to report future incidents
When they get a fair legal outcome, less depression and greater life satisfaction
What does greater empowerment in recovery lead to?
less PTSD symptoms
What do women need to feel more empowered?
social support, effective coping, social services support
What % of women leave relationships?
85%
What is sexual assault?
unwanted sexual contact
What % of women have been sexually assaulted? Men?
30%, 8%
What is rape?
sexual penetration without consent (also with an object)
What % of assailants walk free?
99.7%
People who have been sexually assaulted are more likely to have:
depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD, sleep disruptions, pain in the body, fatigue
How do reactions influence recovery?
greater recovery when believed, listened to, emotionally supported, provided with tangible assistance
How does a women’s relationship with health and doctors differ to men’s?
women: visit doctors more frequently, are hospitalized and have more operations, have chronic medical conditions
Who lives longer
women at 84, men at 80
How is life expectancy changing for both genders?
It is rising, the gap between genders is also becoming smaller
What is the morbidity-mortality paradox?
phenomenon in which women tend to have a higher rate of morbidity (sickness) but lower rates of mortality (death) than men
Why do women live longer?
Biology (X chromosomes, hormones, evolution and pregnancy)
Gender roles
What are the most common causes of death for both genders?
Cancer and heart disease
Who is more likely to die in accidents, suicide, and homicide?
men
how do gender norms affect exercise?
Men are supposed to be strong and fast and women are supposed to be slim
What % of women were uncomfortable in a gym because of evaluative concerns? Men?
44%, 8%
What is the minority stress theory?
belonging to a stigmatized group can create unique stressors which combine to increase vulnerability to health issues
How do sexual minority Canadians differ from heterosexual Canadians in terms of health care?
sexual minority Canadians had a greater probability of dying from preventable conditions than heterosexual Canadians like heart disease, suicide, and accidents
What is a psychological disorder/condition?
a persistent and significant disruption or disturbance of thought, emotion, or behavior, that causes significant distress or impairment in functioning
What are the guidelines for an illness to be in the DSM?
the pattern/behavior is not a culturally sanctioned response, or a conflict between the individual and the society/government
What is the prevalence rate of psychological disorders in Manitoba in 2018?
28% of adults, 44% women, 27% men
Why do Indigenous people experience more mental health conditions?
lower socio-economic status, minority stress theory, trauma
What types of mental disorders are women more subjected to?
Mood disorders ex depression anxiety phobias
What types of mental disorders are men more subjected to?
substance abuse and antisocial personality disorder
What is the transdiagnostic approach?
different psychological disorders are manifestations of a few core, heritable, underlying dimensions. A gene makes an individual more vulnerable to disorders
What is internalized expression of a disorder?
emotions and behaviors are directed inwards, to the individual
What is an externalized expression of a disorder?
emotions and behaviors are directed outward. Aggressive
What factors might cause an individual to express a disorder internally?
rumination, sexual abuse, estrogen, neuroticism
What factors might cause an individual to express a disorder externally?
emotional suppression, impulsivity, lower effortful control, more callous-unemotional traits, testosterone.
What is gender dysphoria?
clinically significant distress arising from the difference between one’s psychological sense of gender and the gender that others assign to them
What are the 3 forms of gender dysphoria?
physical, social, mental/emotional
What is deadnaming?
Using someone’s old name
What’s so good about a diagnosis?
feels real and valid, helps you understand yourself, won’t feel alone
How many transgender people are intersex?
transwomen: 6%, transmen: 2%
What is a medical transition?
medical transition means medical intervention to change sex (hormones, genital surgery, chest surgery)
What is the most popular medical transition?
Hormones
Why are some transgender people not interested in genital surgery?
money and risks, hormones can cause cancer to develop
What is internalized transphobia?
self-directed transphobic attitudes held by transgender individuals
What does greater internalized transphobia predict?
depression, anxiety, substance abuse, suicidality
What can gender confirmation not fix?
Trauma and past experiences
How many people detransition?
13%
Why do people detransition?
55% say they did not get adequate information, 82.5% made decision because of external factors (family, work, school, violence)
What is an eating disorder? name some
serious medical condition that effect both psychological and physical health.
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, muscle dysmorphia
Which disorder has the highest mortality rate?
Anorexia nervosa, more than 1/2 caused by suicide
What is orthorexia?
obsession with eating healthy
Rates of eating disorders are higher among:
western societies, adolescent and young women, transgender people, gay men, athletes in aesthetic sports
What are risk factors of eating disorder?
bad parent-child relationship
childhood sexual abuse
low self-esteem
perfectionism
body dissatisfaction
What is self-objectification
to view the self as an object whose value is dependent on appearance
What is the objectification theory?
taught to internalize an outsider’s perspective on their physical selves, resulting in a chronic preoccupation with appearance
What is muscle dysmorphia?
constant thoughts of eating, training, smallness, punishing workouts
What are some treatments for psychological disorders?
medication, therapy, self-help, exercise, self-compassion and mindfulness, practicing gratitude, focus on social relationships
What are 3 major themes of the psychology of gender?
critical thinking and systematic research, interconnectedness of nature and nurture, status, power, and intersectionality
